SKELETONS AND JOINTS. FUNCTIONS SHAPE AND SUPPORT – provides a frameSHAPE AND SUPPORT – provides...

SKELETONS AND SKELETONS AND JOINTSJOINTS

FUNCTIONSFUNCTIONS

• SHAPE AND SUPPORT – SHAPE AND SUPPORT – provides a frameprovides a frame

• MOVEMENT – MOVEMENT – occurs where bones meetoccurs where bones meet

• PROTECTION – PROTECTION – surrounds vital organssurrounds vital organs

• BLOOD PRODUCTION – BLOOD PRODUCTION – made in bone made in bone marrowmarrow

FUNCTION - SHAPE AND FUNCTION - SHAPE AND SUPPORTSUPPORT

• Provides a framework to support all Provides a framework to support all organs, muscles and other organs, muscles and other components of the bodycomponents of the body

• Determines shape and size of the Determines shape and size of the body e.g. taller people have longer body e.g. taller people have longer bonesbones

FUNCTION - MOVEMENTFUNCTION - MOVEMENT

• Where 2 bones meet is called a JOINT.Where 2 bones meet is called a JOINT.• Movement occurs at the joint when Movement occurs at the joint when

muscles on either bone that meets at the muscles on either bone that meets at the joint contracts.joint contracts.

• This is called ARTICULATIONThis is called ARTICULATION• The joints with the greatest range of The joints with the greatest range of

movement are the shoulder, elbow and movement are the shoulder, elbow and wrist, and the hip, knee and ankle.wrist, and the hip, knee and ankle.

FUNCTION - PROTECTIONFUNCTION - PROTECTION

• The skeleton provides a protective The skeleton provides a protective ‘cage’ around vital organs of the ‘cage’ around vital organs of the body.body.

• The The ribsribs protect the protect the heart and lungs.heart and lungs.• The The skullskull protects the protects the brain.brain.• The The pelvispelvis protects the protects the abdomen.abdomen.• The The vertebral columnvertebral column protects the protects the

spinal chord.spinal chord.

FUNCTION - BLOOD FUNCTION - BLOOD PRODUCTIONPRODUCTION

• Blood contains both red and white Blood contains both red and white blood cells.blood cells.

• Red cells carry oxygen to the muscles.Red cells carry oxygen to the muscles.• White cells fight infection in the body.White cells fight infection in the body.• Blood cells are produced in the BONE Blood cells are produced in the BONE

MARROW inside the MARROW inside the long boneslong bones of the of the body. body.

TYPES OF BONETYPES OF BONE• There are There are 33 main types of bone. main types of bone.

• LONG – LONG – found in the arms and legs. They are found in the arms and legs. They are the ‘levers’ of the body where a lot of movement the ‘levers’ of the body where a lot of movement happens e.g. humerus, radius, ulna etc.happens e.g. humerus, radius, ulna etc.

• FLAT – FLAT – plate-like bones that have a large plate-like bones that have a large surface area for protective purposes e.g. cranium, surface area for protective purposes e.g. cranium, scapula, pelvis etc.scapula, pelvis etc.

• IRREGULAR – IRREGULAR – serves a protective function serves a protective function e.g. the vertebrae protect the spinal chord.e.g. the vertebrae protect the spinal chord.

BONES AND MOVEMENTBONES AND MOVEMENT

• OVERHEAD CLEAR IN OVERHEAD CLEAR IN BADMINTONBADMINTON – – – Long bonesLong bones (humerus, radius, ulna, (humerus, radius, ulna,

phalanges and metacarpals).phalanges and metacarpals).– Flat bonesFlat bones (scapula, clavicle). (scapula, clavicle).– Irregular bonesIrregular bones (carpals). (carpals).

What bones are involved in a golf swing, What bones are involved in a golf swing, throwing a javelin, and kicking a ball?throwing a javelin, and kicking a ball?

SYNOVIAL JOINTSSYNOVIAL JOINTS

• Synovial joints are enclosed within a Synovial joints are enclosed within a synovial capsulesynovial capsule..

• Synovial fluidSynovial fluid lubricates the joint for lubricates the joint for smooth movement.smooth movement.

• CartilageCartilage covers the end of the bones covers the end of the bones in the joint and acts as a shock in the joint and acts as a shock absorber.absorber.

• LigamentsLigaments attach bone to bone and attach bone to bone and provide stability at the joint.provide stability at the joint.

• TendonsTendons attach muscle to bone. attach muscle to bone.

SYNOVIAL JOINTSSYNOVIAL JOINTS

PROPERTIES OF CARTILAGE, PROPERTIES OF CARTILAGE, LIGAMENTS AND TENDONSLIGAMENTS AND TENDONS

CARTILAGECARTILAGE LIGAMENTLIGAMENTSS

TENDONSTENDONS•Smooth and toughSmooth and tough

•Slightly flexible (for Slightly flexible (for impact)impact)

•No blood vesselsNo blood vessels

•Shock absorber Shock absorber between bonesbetween bones

•Prevents bones from Prevents bones from wearing away by wearing away by rubbing against each rubbing against each otherother

•ToughTough

•Non-elasticNon-elastic

•Many fibresMany fibres

•Attaches muscle to Attaches muscle to bonebone

•Transfers force from Transfers force from muscle to bone, muscle to bone, creating movementcreating movement

•Tough and flexibleTough and flexible

•Connects 2 bones Connects 2 bones togethertogether•Prevents easy Prevents easy dislocation (stabilises dislocation (stabilises the joint)the joint)•Restricts excessive Restricts excessive movementmovement

TYPES OF MOVEMENTTYPES OF MOVEMENT

• FLEXIONFLEXION - - reducingreducing the angle the angle between 2 bones at a jointbetween 2 bones at a joint

e.g. e.g. bending at the elbow in a bending at the elbow in a bicep bicep curlcurl


• EXTENSIONEXTENSION – – increasingincreasing the the angle (straightening) between 2 angle (straightening) between 2 bones at a jointbones at a joint

e.g. e.g. straightening the knee to straightening the knee to kick a kick a ballball


• ROTATIONROTATION – – movement around an movement around an axis point (swivelling) axis point (swivelling)

e.g. e.g. turning your head to the turning your head to the side to side to breath when swimmingbreath when swimming


• ABDUCTION ABDUCTION – taking a limb – taking a limb awayaway from the central body linefrom the central body line

e.g.e.g. an outwards kick in karatean outwards kick in karate


• ADDUCTIONADDUCTION – taking a limb – taking a limb towardstowards the central body line the central body line (across the body)(across the body)

e.g. a left hook in boxinge.g. a left hook in boxing

TYPES OF SYNOVIAL JOINTTYPES OF SYNOVIAL JOINT

•BALL AND SOCKETBALL AND SOCKET – – one end of a one end of a bone is rounded (like a ball) and fits into a hollow bone is rounded (like a ball) and fits into a hollow socket at the end of the other bone.socket at the end of the other bone.

• Where? – Where? – shoulder (clavicle and humerus) shoulder (clavicle and humerus) and hip (pelvis and femur).and hip (pelvis and femur).

• MovementMovement – – rotation, flexion and extension, rotation, flexion and extension, adduction and abduction (greatest range of adduction and abduction (greatest range of movement).movement).

e.g. bowling in cricket,e.g. bowling in cricket, overhead clear in overhead clear in

badminton.badminton.


•HINGEHINGE – – 2 bones meet at either end and 2 bones meet at either end and are connected by ligaments to stop dislocation.are connected by ligaments to stop dislocation.

• Where? – Where? – knee (femur and tibia/fibula) and knee (femur and tibia/fibula) and elbow (humerus and radius/ulna).elbow (humerus and radius/ulna).

• MovementMovement – – flexion and extension only.flexion and extension only.

e.g. kicking a ball e.g. kicking a ball bicep curlbicep curlpress-ups.press-ups.


•GLIDINGGLIDING – – small bones move over small bones move over one another to allow flexibility.one another to allow flexibility.

• Where?Where? – – hands (carpals/metacarpals) hands (carpals/metacarpals) and feet (tarsals/metatarsals).and feet (tarsals/metatarsals).

• MovementMovement – – flexion and extension flexion and extension through hands and feetthrough hands and feet

e.g. pointing toes in gymnastics.e.g. pointing toes in gymnastics.


•PIVOTPIVOT – the end of 1 bone has a ‘peg’ – the end of 1 bone has a ‘peg’ that fits into a ‘ring’ formed by the other that fits into a ‘ring’ formed by the other bone.bone.

• Where?Where? – – cranium and spinal column cranium and spinal column (neck).(neck).

• MovementMovement – rotation. – rotation.

e.g. e.g. turning head to the turning head to the side to breath in side to breath in swimming.swimming.

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