Skeletal system lab
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Transcript of Skeletal system lab
SKELETAL SYSTEM
The Skeletal System
from
Various Authors
Dense Regular Connective Tissue
e.g. TENDON & LIGAMENTS- large amounts of collagen
Dense Irregular Connective Tissue
e.g. DERMIS & CAPSULES of organs
Fibrocartilage
Fibrocartilage
Fibrocartilage
Elastic Cartilage
Bone Cells
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Cranium
Frontal (1)• forehead• roof of nasal cavity• roofs of orbits• frontal sinuses• supraorbital foramen• coronal suture
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Cranium
Parietal (2)• side walls of cranium• roof of cranium• sagittal suture
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Cranium
Occipital (1)• back of skull• base of cranium• foramen magnum• occipital condyles• lambdoid suture
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Cranium
Temporal (2)• side walls of cranium• floor of cranium• floors and sides of orbits• squamous suture• external acoustic meatus• mandibular fossa• mastoid process• styloid process• zygomatic process
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Cranium
Sphenoid (1)• base of cranium• sides of skull• floors and sides of orbits• sella turcica• sphenoidal sinuses
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Cranium
Ethmoid (1)• roof and walls of nasal cavity• floor of cranium• wall of orbits• cribiform plates• perpendicular plate• superior and middle nasal conchae• ethmoidal sinuses• crista galli
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Facial Skeleton
Maxillary (2)• upper jaw• anterior roof of mouth• floors of orbits• sides of nasal cavity• floors of nasal cavity• alveolar processes• maxillary sinuses• palatine process
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Facial Skeleton
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Facial Skeleton
Palatine (2)• L shaped bones located behind the maxillae• posterior section of hard palate• floor of nasal cavity• lateral walls of nasal cavity
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Facial Skeleton
Zygomatic (2) • prominences of cheeks• lateral walls of orbits• floors of orbits• temporal process
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Facial Skeleton
Lacrimal (2)• medial walls of orbits• groove from orbit to nasal cavity
Nasal (2)• bridge of nose
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Facial Skeleton
Vomer (1)• inferior portion of nasal septum
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Facial Skeleton
Inferior Nasal Conchae (2)• extend from lateral walls of nasal cavity
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Facial Skeleton
Mandible (1)• lower jaw• body• ramus• mandibular condyle• coronoid process• alveolar process• mandibular foramen• mental foramen
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Infantile Skull
Fontanels – fibrous membranes
5. What are the major features of a bone? (anatomy)
6. Describe the main features of the skull as seen from the lateral, frontal, internal, and inferior views.(axial skeleton)
7. What is the importance of the vertebral column? (axial skeleton)
a. What are the functions of the vertebral column? b. What are its 4 major curvatures? c. Why are there regional differences in the
vertebrae?
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Skeletal Organization
5. What are the major features of a bone? (anatomy)
6. Describe the main features of the skull as seen from the lateral, frontal, internal, and inferior views.(axial skeleton)
7. What is the importance of the vertebral column? (axial skeleton)
a. What are the functions of the vertebral column? b. What are its 4 major curvatures? c. Why are there regional differences in the
vertebrae?
WHAT ARE FUNCTIONS OF THE VERTEBRAL COLUMN?
• Supports-– the weight of the head and the trunk;
• Protects-– the spinal cord;
• For exit of -– spinal nerves from the spinal cord;
• Site for-– Muscle attachment;
• Allows movement of-– Head and trunk;
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Vertebral Column
• cervical vertebrae (7)• thoracic vertebrae (12)• lumbar vertebrae (5)• sacrum • coccyx
WHAT ARE THE 4 MAJOR CURVATURES OF THE
VERTEBRAL COLUMN?• Cervical region
– Anterior curvature
• Thoracic region– Posterior curvature (abnormal post. curvature-kyphosis;
abnormal lateral curvature-scoliosis)
• Lumbar region– Anterior curvature (abnormal ant.curvature-lordosis;
abnormal lateral curvature-scoliosis )
• Sacral & coccygeal regions– Posterior curvature
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Vertebral Column
• cervical curvature• thoracic curvature• lumbar curvature• sacral curvature• rib facets• vertebra prominens• intervertebral discs• intervertebral foramina
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Cervical Vertebrae
• Atlas – 1st; supports head• Axis – 2nd; dens pivots to turn head• transverse foramina• bifid spinous processes• vertebral prominens – useful landmark
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Thoracic Vertebrae
• long spinous processes• rib facets
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Lumbar Vertebrae
• large bodies• thick, short spinous processes
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Sacrum
• five fused vertebrae• median sacral crest• posterior sacral foramina• posterior wall of pelvic cavity• sacral promontory
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Coccyx
• tailbone• four fused vertebrae
8. What is the thoracic cage? Why is it important? What makes up the thoracic cage? (axial skeleton)
9. What are the bones of the pectoral girdle and the upper limb? Why are these important? (appendicular skeleton)
10.What are the bones of the pelvic girdle and the lower limb? (appendicular skeleton)
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Thoracic Cage
• Ribs• Sternum• Thoracic vertebrae• Costal cartilages• Supports shoulder girdleand upper limbs• Protects viscera• Role in breathing
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Ribs
• True ribs (7)• False ribs (5)
• floating (2)
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Rib Structure
• Shaft• Head – posterior end; articulates with vertebrae• Tubercle – articulates with vertebrae• Costal cartilage – hyaline cartilage
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Sternum
• Manubrium• Body• Xiphoid process
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Pectoral Girdle
• shoulder girdle • clavicles• scapulae• supports upper limbs
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Clavicles
• articulate with manubrium• articulate with scapulae (acromion process)
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Scapulae
• spine• supraspinous fossa• infraspinous fossa
• acromion process• coracoid process• glenoid cavity
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Upper Limb
• Humerus• Radius• Ulna• Carpals• Metacarpals• Phalanges
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Humerus
• head• greater tubercle• lesser tubercle• anatomical neck• surgical neck• deltoid tuberosity• capitulum• trochlea• coronoid fossa• olecranon fossa
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Radius
• lateral forearm bone• head• radial tuberosity• styloid process
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Ulna
• medial forearm bone• trochlear notch• olecranon process• coronoid process• styloid process
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Wrist and Hand
• Carpals (16)• trapezium• trapezoid• capitate• scaphoid• pisiform• triquetrum• hamate• lunate
• Metacarpals (10)
• Phalanges (28)• proximal phalanx• middle phalanx• distal phalanx
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Pelvic Girdle
• Coxae (2)• supports trunk of body• protects viscera
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Coxae
• hip bones•acetabulum
• ilium• iliac crest• iliac spines• greater sciatic notch
• ischium• ischial spines• lesser sciatic notch• ischial tuberosity
• pubis• obturator foramen• symphysis pubis• pubic arch
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Greater and Lesser Pelves
Greater Pelvis• lumbar vertebrae posteriorly• iliac bones laterally• abdominal wall anteriorly
Lesser Pelvis• sacrum and coccyx posteriorly• lower ilium, ischium, and pubis bones laterally and anteriorly
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Male and Female Pelves
Female• iliac bones more flared• broader hips• pubic arch angle greater• more distance between ischial spines and ischial tuberosities• sacral curvature shorter and flatter• lighter bones
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Lower Limb
• Femur• Patella• Tibia• Fibula• Tarsals• Metatarsals• Phalanges
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Femur
• longest bone of body• head• fovea capitis• neck• greater trochanter• lesser trochanter• linea aspera• condyles• epicondyles
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Patella
• kneecap• anterior surface of knee• flat sesamoid bone located in a tendon
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Tibia
• shin bone• medial to fibula• condyles• tibial tuberosity• anterior crest• medial malleolus
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Fibula
• lateral to tibia• long, slender• head• lateral malleolus• does not bear any body weight
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Ankle and Foot
• Tarsals (14)• calcaneus• talus• navicular• cuboid• lateral cuneiform• intermediate cuneiform• medial cuneiform
• Metatarsals (10)
• Phalanges (28)• proximal• middle• distal
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Ankle and Foot
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Life-Span Changes
• decrease in height at about age 30• calcium levels fall• bones become brittle• osteoclasts outnumber osteoblasts• spongy bone weakens before compact bone• bone loss rapid in menopausal women• hip fractures common• vertebral compression fractures common
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Clinical Application
Types of Fractures
• green stick• fissured• comminuted• transverse• oblique• spiral
Human Anatomy and Physiology I
Unit 4 Part A: The Skeletal System
Oklahoma City Community College
The Bones of theHuman Skeletonand Cranium
Bones of the Cranium
Frontal View
Frontal
Frontal View
Parietal
Frontal View
Temporal
Frontal View
Nasal
Frontal View
Vomer
Frontal View
Zygoma
Frontal View
Maxilla
Frontal View
Mandible
Frontal View
FrontalParietal
Temporal
Zygoma
Nasal
Vomer
Maxilla
Mandible
Frontal View
Bones of the Orbit
Nasal
Sphenoid
Bones of the Orbit
Ethmoid
Bones of the Orbit
Lacrimal
Bones of the Orbit
Lacrimal
Ethmoid
Sphenoid
Bones of the Orbit
Nasal
Lateral View
Frontal
Lateral View
Parietal
Lateral View
Temporal
Lateral View
Nasal
Lateral View
Zygoma
Lateral View
Maxilla
Lateral View
Mandible
Lateral View
Sphenoid
Lateral View
Occipital
Lateral View
Mastoid Process
Lateral View
External Auditory Meatus
Lateral View
Frontal
Nasal
ZygomaMaxilla
Mandible
Parietal
Sphenoid
Temporal
Occipital
External Auditory Meatus
Mastoid Process
Lateral View
Superior View
Frontal
Superior View
Parietal
Superior View
Temporal
Superior View
Vomer
Superior View
Sphenoid
Superior View
Occipital
Superior View
ForamenMagnum
Superior View
VomerFrontal
Parietal
Occipital
Temporal
ForamenMagnum
Sphenoid
Superior View
Inferior View
Inferior View
Inferior View
Inferior View
Inferior View
Occipital Bone
Inferior View
Inferior View
Inferior View
Inferior View
Inferior View
Occipital Bone
Inferior View
Sutures
Sagittal
Sutures
Frontal(Coronal)
Sutures
Squamous
Sutures
Lambdoid
Sutures
Frontal(Coronal)
Sagittal
Squamous
Lambdoid
Sutures
Bones of the Skeleton
Clavicle
Scapula
Costals (Ribs)
Sternum
Vertebra
Humerus
Ulna
Radius
Sternum
ClavicleScapula
Costals (Ribs)Humerus
VertebraUlna
Radius
Bones of the Hand
Carpals
Bones of the Hand
Metacarpels
Carpals
Bones of the Hand
Phalanges
Metacarpals
Carpals
Bones of the Hand
8. What is the thoracic cage? Why is it important? What makes up the thoracic cage? (axial skeleton)
9. What are the bones of the pectoral girdle and the upper limb? Why are these important? (appendicular skeleton)
10.What are the bones of the pelvic girdle and the lower limb? (appendicular skeleton)
Sacrum
Ilium
Ischium
Pubis
Femur
Patella
Tibia
Fibula
Ilium
Ischium
Femur
Fibula
SacrumPubis
Patella
Tibia
Bones of the Foot
Bones of the Foot
Tarsals
Bones of the Foot
Metatarsals
Tarsals
Bones of the Foot
Phalanges
Metatarsals
Tarsals