Skeletal system includes both:
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Transcript of Skeletal system includes both:
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Axial skeleton
• Skull
• Auditory ossicles and hyoid bone
• Vertebral column
• Thoracic cage
• Appendicular skeleton
• Pectoral and pelvic girdles
• Upper and lower limbs
Skeletal system includes both:
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Figure 7.1b The Axial Skeleton
Figure 7.1b
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• Consists of the cranium and the bones of the face
• The cranium encloses cranial cavity
• Facial bones surround and protect the entrances to the respiratory and digestive tracts
• Superficial landmarks include the sutures
• Lambdoid
• Coronal
• Sagittal
• Squamous
The skull
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 7.2
Figure 7.2 Cranial and Facial Subdivisions of the Skull
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Figure 7.3 The Adult Skull
Figure 7.3a, b
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Figure 7.3 The Adult Skull
Figure 7.3c
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Figure 7.3 The Adult Skull
Figure 7.3d
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Figure 7.3 The Adult Skull
Figure 7.3e
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• one occipital bone
• foramen magnum
• two parietal bones
• one frontal bone
• frontal sinuses
Focus: The Individual Bones of the Skull Cranial Bones
• two temporal bones
• auditory ossicles
• one sphenoid
• one ethmoid
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Figure 7.4 The Sectional Anatomy of the Skull
Figure 7.4a
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Figure 7.4 The Sectional Anatomy of the Skull
Figure 7.4b
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Figure 7.5 The Occipital and Parietal Bones
Figure 7.5
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Figure 7.6 The Frontal Bone
Figure 7.6
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Figure 7.7 The Temporal Bones
Figure 7.7
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Figure 7.8 The Sphenoid
Figure 7.8
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Figure 7.9 The Ethmoid
Figure 7.9
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• Maxillary bones
• Mandible
• Palatine bones
• Nasal bones
• Vomer
Facial bones
• Inferior nasal conchae
• Zygomatic bones
• Lacrimal bones
• Hyoid
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• Largest facial bones
• Form the upper jaw and most of the hard palate
Maxillae
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Figure 7.10 The Maxillary and Palatine Bones
Figure 7.10
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• Palatine bones
• Small “L” shaped bones
• Form the posterior hard palate and floor of the nasal cavity
• Nasal bones
• Superior border of external nares
Palatine and Nasal Bones
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• Vomer
• Inferior portion of the nasal septum
• Zygomatic bone
• Temporal process articulates with zygomatic process of temporal bone
• Lacrimal bones
• Smallest bones of the face
• Sit medially in orbit
Vomer, Zygomatic and Lacrimal bones
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Figure 7.11 The Smaller Bones of the Face
Figure 7.11
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• Mandible
• Bone of the lower jaw
• Hyoid
• Suspended by stylohyoid ligaments
• Supports the larynx
Mandible and Hyoid bones
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Figure 7.12 The Mandible and Hyoid Bones
Figure 7.12a
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Figure 7.12 The Mandible and Hyoid Bones
Figure 7.12b, c
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• Seven bones in the orbital complex
• Nasal complex = bones that enclose the nasal cavities and paranasal sinuses
The orbital and nasal complexes
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Figure 7.14 The Orbital Complex
Figure 7.14
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• Fontanels permit skulls of infants and children to continue growing
Skulls of infants and children
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• Vertebrae, sacrum, coccyx
• 7 cervical vertebrae
• 12 thoracic vertebrae
• 5 lumbar vertebrae
• Sacrum and coccyx are fused vertebrae
Vertebral column
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Figure 7.16 The Vertebral Column
Figure 7.16
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• Four spinal curves
• Primary (accommodation) curves = thoracic and sacral
• Secondary (compensation) curves = lumbar and cervical
Spinal curvature
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• Typically has a body and vertebral arch
• Superior and inferior articular processes
• Separated by intervertebral discs
Vertebral anatomy
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Figure 7.18 Vertebral Anatomy
Figure 7.18
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• Cervical
• Has distinctive shape
• Large relative size of vertebral foramen
• Costal processes with transverse foramina
• Notched spinous processes
Vertebral regions
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Figure 7.19 The Cervical Vertebrae
Figure 7.19
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• Heart-shaped body
• Long slender spinous processes
• Articulations for ribs
Thoracic vertebrae
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Figure 7.20 The Thoracic Vertebrae
Figure 7.20a
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Figure 7.20 The Thoracic Vertebrae
Figure 7.20b, c
Animation: Axial DissectionsPLAY
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• Most massive
• Least mobile
• Subjected to great stresses
Lumbar vertebrae
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Figure 7.21 The Lumbar Vertebrae
Figure 7.21
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• Protects reproductive, digestive and urinary organs
• Articulates with pelvic girdle and fused elements of coccyx
Sacrum
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Figure 7.22 The Sacrum and Coccyx
Figure 7.22
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• Thoracic vertebrae
• Ribs
• Sternum
• Ribs and sternum forms the rib cage
Thoracic cage
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Figure 7.23 The Thoracic Cage
Figure 7.23a
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Figure 7.23 The Thoracic Cage
Figure 7.23b
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• Ribs 1-7 are attached to vertebrae
• 8-12 are vertebrochondral ribs
• 11-12 are floating ribs
The ribs
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• Has a head, neck, tubercle and a body
• Costal groove marks pathway of blood returning to the heart
Typical rib
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• Manubrium
• Body
• Xiphoid process
The Sternum consists of
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Figure 7.23 The Thoracic Cage
Figure 7.23
Animation: Axial DissectionsPLAY