Skeletal System
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Transcript of Skeletal System
Skeletal System
Axial SkeletonChapter 7
Divisions of the Skeletal System• The adult human skeleton consists of 206 named
bones.• Infants have more bones because not all bones have
fused.• Axial skeleton – 80 bones– Longitudinal axis (center of the body)– Bones arranged along the axis: skull bones, auditory
ossicles, hyoid bone, ribs, breastbone, and backbone• Appendicular skeleton – 126 bones– Upper and lower limbs (extremities), girdles (connect limbs
to axial skeleton)
Axial Skeleton• Skull– Cranium 8– Face 14
• Hyoid 1• Auditory Ossicles 6• Vertebral Column 26• Thorax– Sternum 1– Ribs 24
• Total 80
Appendicular Skeleton• Pectoral (Shoulder) girdles– Clavicle 2– Scapula 2
• Upper limbs (extremities)– Humerus 2– Ulna 2– Radius 2– Carpals 16– Metacarpals 10– Phalanges 28
Appendicular Skeleton• Pelvic (hip) girdle– Hip, pelvic, or coxal bones 2
• Lower limbs (extremities)– Femur 2– Fibula 2– Tibia 2– Patella 2– Tarsals 14– Metatarsals 10– Phalanges 28
• Total 126
Types of Bones
• Long Bones• Short Bones• Flat Bones• Irregular Bones• Sesamoid Bones• Sutural
Types of Bones Based on Shape
Bone Surface Markings
• Depressions and Openings– Sites allowing the passage of soft tissue (nerves,
blood vessels, ligaments, tendons) or formation of joints.
• Processes– Projections or outgrowths on bone that form
joints or attachment points for connective tissue, such as ligaments and tendons).
Depressions and Openings
• Fissure – narrow slit• Foramen – opening (hole)• Fossa – shallow depression (trench)• Sulcus – furrow (groove)• Meatus – tubelike opening (passageway)
Processes
• Processes that form joints– Condyle – Large, round protuberance at the end
of a bone (knuckle)– Facet – smooth, flat articular surface– Head – rounded articular projection supported on
the neck of a bone
Processes
• Processes that form attachment points– Crest – prominent ridge or elongated projection– Epicondyle – projection above a condyle– Line – long narrow ridge or border– Spinous process – sharp, slender projection– Trochanter – very large projection– Tubercle – small, rounded projection– Tuberosity – large, rounded projection
Mastoiditis
• Inflammation of the mastoid air cells subsequent to a middle ear infection.
• The infection may spread to the brain.
Cleft Palate and Cleft Lip
• Failure of the palatine processes of the maxillary bone to unite during embryogenesis.
• Cleft lip is a split in the upper lip.• Speech and swallowing may be affected.• Children with this may be prone to many
middle ear infections.
Temporomandibular Joint Syndrome
• TMJ• Dull pain around the ear• Tenderness of the jaw• A clicking or popping noise when opening or closing
the mouth• Limited or abnormal opening of the mouth• Headache• Tooth sensitivity
TMJ Treatment• Applying moist heat or ice• Chiropractic• Eating a soft diet• Pain relievers• Muscle retraining• Adjusting or reshaping the teeth• Orthodontic treatment• Surgery
Principle Foramina of the Skull
• Carotid • Hypoglossal • Infraorbital • Jugular • Lacerum • Magnum • Mandibular
Principle Foramina of the Skull• Mastoid• Mental• Olfactory• Optic• Ovale• Rotundum• Stylomastoid• Supraorbital
Fontanels
• Membrane-filles spaces between the cranial bones
• “soft spots”• Allow the skull to change shape as it passes
through the birth canal
Fontanels• Anterior fontanel– Between the parietal bones and the frontal bone
• Posterior fontanel– Between the parietal bones and the occipital bone
• Anterolateral fontanels– Between the frontal, parietal, temporal, and sphenoid
bones• Posterolateral fontanels– Between the parietal, occipital, and temporal bones
Medical Terminology
• Kyphosis – exaggeration of the thoracic curve• Lordosis – an exaggeration of the lumbar curve or
cervical curve• Lumbar spine stenosis – narrowing of the spinal
canal• Scoliosis – lateral bending of the vertebral column