Skeletal & Muscular SystemsGrade 12

Alyson Slomko

Skeletal System

Provides the basic framework for the body

Plays a crucial role in movement

Protects internal organs and tissues from trauma

206 Bones

Bones store calcium and phosphorus

Bone Marrow produces new red and white blood cells and platelets

Consists of Axial Skeleton and Appendicular Skeleton

Structure of the Skeletal System

More Basic Information About Skeletal System

Axial Skeleton: Consists of 80 bones Includes the skull, spine, ribs, vertebrae and

sternum

Appendicular Skeleton: Composed of the remaining 126 bones of the

upper and lower limbs, shoulders and hips

Axial & Appendicular Skeletons

Types of Bones

Long Bones

Short Bones

Irregular Bones

Flat Bones

Ossification

Cartilage

Long Bones

Bones of legs and arms

Diaphysis: main column of the long bone that contains yellow bone marrow (fats)

Epiphysis: end of the long bone that forms joints and contains red marrow (blood cells)

Short, Flat & Irregular Bones

Short Bones: bones that are almost equal in length and width Wrists and ankles

Flat Bones: thinner and flatter bones Ribs, skull, shoulder blade

Irregular Bones: irregularly shaped Facial bones and vertebrae

Cartilage & Ossification

Cartilage: strong, flexible connective tissue Found at the end of the

long bones, nose and outer ear

Acts as cushion, reduces friction and allows smooth motion

Ossification: process by which bone in formed, renewed and repaired

Joints

Ball-and-Socket

Hinge

Pivot

Gliding JointsTendon

Ligament

Formed when rebound head fits into rounder cavity of joining bone

Provides the widest range of motion in all directions

Ball-and-Socket Joint

Examples: hip and shoulder

Hinge: allows for bending and straightening and promotes rotation Elbow, knee, ankle and fingers

Pivot: limited rotation Neck and head

Hinge & Pivot

An oval shaped part that fits into a curved space

Allow bones to slide over one another

Gliding Joints

Example: wrist

Ligaments & Tendons

Ligament: bands of fibrous, slightly elastic connective tissue that attaches bone to bone and stabilize movement at joint

Tendons: fibrous cord that attaches muscle to bone

Connected to Bone by tendons

Performs work in the body Voluntary: allows you to make movement

when you want or need to Involuntary: process that happens without

conscious control

Muscular System

Types of Muscle

Smooth

Muscle

Skeletal

Muscle

Cardiac

Muscle

Acts on the lining of passageways and internal organs

Involuntary

Examples: blood vessels, digestive tract, lungs, bladder

Smooth Muscle

Attached to the bone and causes body movements

Voluntary

Flexor: muscle that closes a joint

Extensor: muscle that opens a joint

Skeletal Muscle

Type of striated muscle that forms the walls of the heart

Involuntary

The heart contracts about 100,000 times a day

Cardiac Muscle

Major Muscle Groups (Skeletal)

Arms

Abdomen

Shoulders

Back

Chest

Legs

Atrophy: decrease in size and strength Overuse: strain (tendon), sprain (ligament),

tear, soreness, cramps Tendonitis: inflammation of a tendon

Hernia: when organ tissue protrudes through an area of weak muscle

Muscular Dystrophy: inherited disorder in-which skeletal muscle are progressively destroyed

Problems Associated with the Muscular System

Needs of the Muscular System

Weight bearing activity

Flexibility Proper warm-up Protein RICE (rest, ice,

compression, elevation)