Size of Nuclei

T&R Figure 12.2 R = ro A1/3

Shell model for NucleiFrom E. Segre “Nuclei and Particles”

3-D Harmonic Oscillator

Spherical Square well

Trends in Nuclear Stability

T&R Figure 12.5See also Nudat2 at:http://www.nndc.bnl.gov/nudat2/

Trends in Nuclear Stability

T&R Fig. 12.6

S-Process

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S-process

Types of Radiation•Alpha ():

•4He nucleus; very easy to stop (paper, dead skin etc.)•Beta ()

•Electrons or positions, relatively easy to stop•Gamma ()

•High-energy photons (of nuclear origin)•X-rays

•High-energy photons (of atomic origin)•Auger Electrons •Neutron (n)•Ion

Types of Radiation

http://www.nndc.bnl.gov/nudat2/reColor.jsp?newColor=dm

Alpha Decay

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Alpha1spec.pngT&R Fig. 12.11

Lecture 23Potential Barrier: Alpha decay

The deeper the “bound” state is below the top of the barrier, the lower will be the kinetic energy of the alpha particle once it gets out, and the slower will be the rate of tunneling (and hence the longer the half-life). Figures from Rohlf “Modern Physics from to Zo”.

Beta Radiation Decay

http://education.jlab.org/glossary/betadecay.html

Beta Radiation Decay- Neutrinos

The energy of theparticle (electron or positron) is not fixed, this led Pauli to suggest that another unobserved (unobservable?) particle must also be involved in the decay. The “neutrino” was the name given by Fermi a few years later after he developed a theory for the above curve (and after Chadwick discovered the neutron). About 10 of the CALM respondents last night did not quote this as the reason for the energy distribution in beta decay).

Typical Decay scheme

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamma_ray

Most alpha, beta, EC, n, fission etc. decay (but not all, 210Po for example) leave the daughter nucleus in an excited state, and a gamma ray is (eventually) produced to take the daughter to its ground state.

Typical Decay scheme II

http://www.nucleide.org/DDEP_WG/Nuclides/Na-22_tables.pdf

Nuclei can decrease their proton number by one in three ways, positron emission (the most common)Electron capture (much more rarely; see next slide), or proton emission (very rare).

Electron CaptureAn alternative to positron emission (in which a proton converts to a neutron within the nucleus by emitting a positively charged particle) is “electron capture” in which an atomic electron is absorbed by the nucleus (also converting the proton to a neutron). This event will most likely take place when the energy available in the decay is less than that needed to create a positron.•What kind of electron would most likely be involved?• What signatures might you expect from such an event?•Examples: 7Be, 37Ar, 41Ca, 49V, 51Cr, 53Mn, 57Co, 58Ni

http://www.euronuclear.org/info/encyclopedia/e/electroncapture.htm