Six Weeks in-Service Course Pn Murniza Muhamad

8/14/2019 Six Weeks in-Service Course Pn Murniza Muhamad

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Six Weeks In-Service Course

Pn Murniza Muhamad


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GIGANTISM


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The creosote bush is native to arid regions of the southwestern United

States and South America. These plants exhibit an interesting type of

growth in which the crown of an individual plant splits into large lobes,

each of which then bends back into the soil and develops its own roots

and branches. One particular cluster in the Mojave Desert is estimatedto be approximately 11,700 years old.


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LIFE CYCLE OF FERN


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skills

Explain the meaning of growth

Describe the pattern of growth by showing

the changes in quantity, shape, size and

rate of growth


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Definition

Growth is the permanent and

irreversible increase in the parameter

quantity (length, height, mass, surface

area, volume and size)


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Three phases of growth:

Cell division

Cell enlargement / expansion /assimilation

Cell differentiation


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GROWTH

The Pattern of growth for plants and

animals as shown by sigmoid curve

The sigmoid curve is the S-shaped curve that hasintrigued people throughout history. The curve sums up

the story and time line of life itself; we start slowly, we

experiment and falter, we then grow rapidly, then wax,

and wane. It is the product life cycle, it is the biological

life cycle. It describes the rise and fall of empires,dynasties, companies, and individuals. It also describes

the course of love and relationships.


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Cells division or mitosis

- the basis of growth

- gave the living world an opportunity to increase

the size of the organisms.

Cell enlargement / expansion

Plants - cell grow by add some organic materialto their cytoplasm, or

- addition of water, into the large central

vacuole, accounts for 90% of plant cells

expansionAnimals - cells grow by synthesizing a protein-

rich cytoplasm, a metabolically

expensive process

Involved assimilation


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Assimilation - taking substances from the

environment and synthesisnew molecules to increase the

existence molecules (body cell).

- total cytoplasm increased

Cytoplasm increased referred as increased the

number of organelles in the cell like

mitochondria, ribosome and etc.


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Cell differentiation

The process ofspecialization of cells with

the same set of genetic information to

produce a diversity of cell types

Differentiation reflects the synthesis of

different proteins in different types of

cells.


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Growth involves the increasing of protoplasm of an

organism.

Growth can be estimated by measuring a particular

parameter over a period of time.

The best parameter and commonly used to measure

growth are:- Length

Height

Mass

Surface Area

Measuring Growth


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The parameter chosen should be

appropriate to the organism whose growth

is to be measured.

In certain experiment, the best parameter

that suitable to be used in determining

growth are fresh mass and dry mass.


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Fresh mass

Method : the mass without internal water removed

Advantages :

Easy and convenient

No need to kill the organism so its growth can bemeasured repeatedly

Disadvantage:

inaccurate and unbalanced measurement fluctuation or varying water volume in the live

organism (water ~ 70-90% wet mass)

Shows greater variation due to the environment or theorganism behavior


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Dry mass

Method :

Mass of organism after removing all the water fromits body (drying process)

Kill the specimen

Dry in the oven (~110 C)

Cool the sample in the dryer, repeatedly measured

the weight and cool until get a constant weight

dry mass value

Advantages : Accurate measurement of the amount of organ

matter present


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Isometric and allometric growth

Isometric (isos, same; metron, measure) growth occurs when an organ grows at the same

mean rate as the rest of the body.

change in size of the organism is not accompaniedby a change in shape of the organism.

The relative proportion of the organs and whole body

remain the same.

eg: fish and certain insects.


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Allometric ( allos, other; metron, measure)

growth occurs when an organ grows at a

different rate from the rest of the body.

a change in size of the organism is

accompanied by a change in shape of the

organism.


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This pattern of growth is characteristic of

mammals and illustrates the relationshipbetween growth and development.

In almost all animals the last organs to

develop & differentiate are reproductiveorgans.

can be observed only in those organismswith external genital organs.


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Allometric growth in humans. Note the changes in theproportion of body parts from 2 months to 25 years.

G O


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GROWTH IN HUMAN

The growth patterns show a smooth &

gradual sigmoid-shaped curve.

In human, for example, there are two phases

ofrapid growth; one during the early years of

life (infant), the other during adolescence.

Between these two phases there is a periodof relatively slow growth (childhood).


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Human growth curve


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Human growth curve:

i. Prenatal growth (before birth)

ii. Postnatal growth (after birth)

The sequential major growth phases of a

human:-

a. Infant phase:

~ Growth rate is very rapid & is irrespective of

whether the baby is male or female


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d. Adult phase:

~Growth rate is zero & most individuals would

have attained maturity.~ males 18 years old, while

female 16 years old

e. Ageing phase:

~ Growth rate is negative

~ size will start to decrease starting from the

age of about 30 years.


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male


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Below the point of the fleshy cotyledons isis the hypocotyls and above it is the

epicotyl.

At the tip of the epicotyl is the plumule,

consisting of the shoot tip with a pair of

miniature leaves.


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The hypocotyls terminates in the

radicle, or embryonic root.

The embryo of a grass seed isenclosed by two sheath, a coleorhiza,

which covers the young root and a

coleoptile, which cover the youngshoot.


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Seed Germination

In a seed, the embryo with its food supply is

encased within a sometimes rigid, relatively

impermeable seed coat that may need to be

abraded before germination can occur. Weather and passage through an animals

digestive tract may be necessary for

germination to begin.


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When temperature, light and water conditions are

appropriate, germination can begin. In some

cases, a period of chilling is required prior to

germination. This adaptation protects seeds from germinating

until after the cold season.

At germination, the mobilization of the food

reserves is critical. Hormones control this process.


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Fig. 7.3.2(a). Seed germination


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LETS DO AN ACTIVITY!

Germinate some seeds and record

observations on the growth of seedings

Six Weeks in-Service Course Pn Murniza Muhamad

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