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Situation awareness and driving performance in a simulated navigation task Author: R. MA and D. B. Kaber Ergonomics (2007)

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Introduction Driving is considered to be a complex task requiring perception, comprehension and projection of states of the roadway environment Situation awareness (SA) encompasses three of these aspects of driving performance and has been found to be critical to decision making in complex tasks (Endsley 1995a).

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Introduction Gugerty & Tirre (2000) (1) (Navigation knowledge) (2) (Local scene comprehension) (3) (Knowledge of spatial orientation) (4) (Knowledge of vehicles status) Gugerty & Tirre (2000) (1) (Navigation knowledge) (2) (Local scene comprehension) (3) (Knowledge of spatial orientation) (4) (Knowledge of vehicles status)

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Introduction (Level 1 SA) (Level 1 SA) (2) (Level 2 SA) (2) (Level 2 SA) (3) (Level 3 SA) (3) (Level 3 SA)

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Introduction Ma and Kaber (2005) investigated the effects of adaptive cruise control (ACC see also Stanton and Young 2005) and mobile phone use on driver SA and performance in a lead-car following task primarily involving operational behaviours. They also found significant positive correlations between SA and aspects of driving performance

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Objects The objectives of the current research were to investigate the potential mediating effect of in-vehicle navigation aids and aid reliability on the relationship of driver SA (at multiple levels) with performance in a strategic driving and navigation task.

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Experiment Task Task This study used a home-grown virtual reality-based driving simulator There were three construction sites on the suburb roadways and participants were required to make five or more turns to navigate the sites and reach the destination There were different types of traffic signs including speed limit (30 or 45 mph) speed limit (30 or 45 mph) stop signs stop signs street name signs street name signs

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Experiment Half of the participants received navigation instructions from a remote experimenter via a Motorola T720 mobile phone Half of the participants received navigation instructions from a remote experimenter via a Motorola T720 mobile phone Other participants received navigation information from an automated aid presented on an IBM laptop placed directly adjacent to the primary virtual reality simulation display Other participants received navigation information from an automated aid presented on an IBM laptop placed directly adjacent to the primary virtual reality simulation display In all navigation trials, participants had a paper map, which showed the entire suburb navigation area In all navigation trials, participants had a paper map, which showed the entire suburb navigation area

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Experiment Variables Variables navigation aid type (i.e. human or automation), between-subjects level of navigation aid reliability manipulated (100%, 80% and 60% reliable conditions)as a within-subjects The navigation aiding provided drivers with turning information (street names) and speed limit information. All of the information was correct according to the street signage The navigation aiding provided drivers with turning information (street names) and speed limit information. All of the information was correct according to the street signage

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Experiment Reliable Reliable The 100% reliable navigation condition required drivers to make five turns and they spent an average of 11.7 min in reaching the destination from the freeway exit. The 80% reliable navigation condition required drivers to make six turns and average navigation time was 14.2 min. The 60% reliable navigation condition required seven turns and an average driving time of 15.1 min.

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Experiment Reliable Reliable Telemarketing survey the paper copy of the map was marked with an optimal route for navigation The telemarketing survey was communicated by the human through the mobile phone or by the automation aid through the laptop display

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Experiment Dependent variables Dependent variables driving performance (the number of errors drivers; speed control) Driver SA was assessed at the end of each trial using an adaptation of the SA global assessment technique (SAGAT; Endsley 1995b)

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Experiment- SAGAT

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Participants and procedures A total of 20 students they were required to have at least 3 years of driving experience to participate. The average age of participants was 28.1 years and the sample had an average of 8.5 years of driving experience

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Participants and procedures Training () Training (very much like that of a real vehicle) Wizard-of-oz technique was used Wizard-of-oz technique was used

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Results Driving performance Driving performance F(3,79)=5.00, P