Different types of Instructional Materials

Different types ofInstructional MaterialsDioramasGreek word di meaning through and orama meaning that which is seen, a sight.The word diorama literally means to see through or through that which is seen.Dioramas are statics displays creating a realistic scene. It consist of a three dimensional foreground. Usually models of people, animals, equioment, vehicles or buildings and a flat background, usually a photograph, drawing or painting. Also called exhibit in a Box.Diorama

Dioramas as teaching aid AdvantageDioramas can be used to reproduce scenes from the past or depict scenes in the future. LimitationsDioramas demands enough space in a room. Preparation of Dioramas may take a lot of time.

Utilization GuidelinessThe diorama must be large enough to be easily seen.The diorama must attract attention.The diorama must be well lighted.The diorama must be built around one central idea.The captions of the diorama must be short and simple.The diorama must convey the message at a glance.The materials in the diorama must not be crowded together.Flash cardsFlash cards are valuable materials for drill activities particularly in the teaching of Mathematics, English, and Filipino.It comes in the form of picture cards, word cards, phrase cards, sentence cards or mathematical cards.fLASHCARD

Flash cards as teaching aid AdvantagesFlash cards can be an important means of fixing skills and automatizing response of students.Flash cards can be easily made from recycled materials.Flash cards are easy to use and can be easily carried. LimitationsFlash cards may be small to be seen by the entire class. If flashing is too snappy, the students could find difficulty in recognizing what is in the flash card. Utilization GuidelinessThe flash cards must be bold and big enough to be seen by everybody in the class.Flash cards in a snappy manner to develop fast thinking or response.Flash the cards from back to the front.Answers or labels should be written at the back of the flash card so that the teacher will be able to check whether the answer is correct is correct.Hold the flash cards firmly at the chest level.Charts (flipcharts)Charts are graphic or pictorial representations of a large mass of information or show progression thru times and space of people or events, ideas and objects.Kinds of chart include ( data chart,pictorial chart, schematic chart, diagrammatic chart, multiple leaf chart, phantom view chart, development or progress chart, table chart, time and tabular chart, stream or tree chart and flow or organizational chart.)flipchart

Charts as teaching aid AdvantagesCharts can present summaries of information.Charts can be easily made by students. These can be easily used because they do not requires special equipment.Charts can be moved with ease from one place to another. LimitationsCharts cannot show motionBig charts can be cumbersome to handle.Charts can be outdated. Utilization GuidelinesPlan well to make sure charts fit the lesson.Parts of the charts should be clear, neat, and detailed enough for vivid viewing.Avoid crowding the graphics to be shown.When identifying a portion, a pointer could be used.In presenting the chart, attach it on the wall, rather than holding it.

Puppets(hand , rod or stick, marionettes puppets)Puppets can bring a new dimension to teaching and provide teachers and students with a vibrant dynamic way to communicate and express ideas, information, literature and feelings.Hand puppets- like finger puppets, sock puppets which fit the hand like a glove and are operated from below by fingers.Rod puppet and stick puppets- which are operated from below the stage by a combination of rods and springs or sticks.Marionettes or string puppets- which are figures with moving limbs. These are operated from the above by means of strings.STICK PUPPETS

AdvantagesPuppets make a strong link to literacy and social skills.Puppets can provide a way to assess student learning and how much students have internalized what they have been taught or read LimitationsPuppetry require a great deal of money and labor.Content may get out of context if puppetry is for old. studentsUtilization GuidelinesThe teacher should introduce it to the students carefully and see to it that the class take it seriously.Emphasize to the class the appropriate actions , expressions, voice, and interpretation rather than clothing or scenery.Choose characters as appropriately as possible

Brief all students before the activity. Describe the situation and indicate what non-participants should do.There should be follow-up discussions after it.

Comic strip or strip drawingStrip drawings are recommended for their story value in adaptation of the classics.Comics is a form of cartooning in which the same cast of characters form a story in sequence of closely related drawings, designed to entertain the readers with lots of caption.COMIC STRIP

Comic strip as teaching aidAdvantageIncrease interest in the subject.It is easy to read so its encourages reading.It provides excitement.Individualize and personalizes instruction for certain types of pupil.Limitations Pictures are generally small.There could be misinterpretation in the size or perspective of the picture.Choosing the right picture could be a problem for some teachers. Some pictures cannot depict the totality of the message intended to presented by the teacher.Utilization GuidelinesOrganize the collection of pictures similar to a filing system.Pictures should be easily seen, accurate, and attractive.Teachers should move around the class to show smaller pictures.Students should be motivated to make their own collection of pictures from newspaper or magazine clippings for future references.

Techers and pupils should discuss together what they find in the picture.Reading pictures can be rewarding if the students are given guides on what we see and how to see the pictures. It could also be better to consider using illustrated images that contain text-redundant information, as these can facilitate learning in various subjects.Graphic OrganizersGraphic organizers ( some of which are also called concept maps, entity relationship charts, and mind maps ) are a pictorial way of constructing knowledge and organizing information.31GRAPHIC ORGANIZERS

Graphic organizer as teaching aidAdvantage Graphs are made to summarize data, hence facilitate learning.

Limitations Graphs can be easily misinterpreted.Utilization GuidelinesGraphic organizers can be drawn free hand or printed.

Pop-upsA movable book has pictures that either move or stand up at the turn of a page.Pop-ups

Pop-ups as teaching aidAdvantagesThe pop-up enhance chance of conversion.It bring the users full attention to what is in the content of the pop-up.

Limitations Be careful that you dont use many page in pop-ups.Pop-up book are generally small.Utilization GuidelinesPictures should easily seen, accurate and attractive.Teachers should move around the class to show the pop-up book.The message of the book should be clear.Thank you !!! Prepared by : Sitti Marra B. AzibBSED FILIPINO II-A