SITE INVESTIGATION FOR LOCATION OF

ALBERTA FOREST SERVICE TREE NURSERY

by

W. D. HOLLAND and I. K. EDWARDS

NORTHERN FOREST RESEARCH CENTRE INFORMATION REPORT NOR-X-68

JUNE 1973

CANADIAN FORESTRY SERVICE DEPARTMENT OF THE ENVIRONMENT

5320 - 122 STREET EDMONTON, ALBERTA, CANADA

Site Investigation for Location of

Alberta Forest Service

Tree Nursery

To provide assistance to the Alberta Forestry Service (A. F. S. )

on the selection of a site for a new coniferous tree nursery, the

Canadian Forestry Service (C. F. S. ) participated in an examination of

soil maps, field trips for examination and soil sampling of candidate

sites, and limited laboratory analyses of chemical and physical

characteristics of the soils sampled.

This investigation is a preliminary one. When potentially

suitable sites have been identified, it is recommended that they be

examined in more detail.

Methods

An examination of soil maps and reports (2, 4, 5 , 6, 7, 8, 9,

13) was conducted in order to select candidate nursery sites most

likely to possess the best biological qualities of soil and climate,

in combination with physical factors such as topography, elevation,

drainage, and wind erosion hazard. In addition, economic restraints

such as nearness to irrigation water, labor supply, power, and road

access were considered. The specific soil requirements (10, 11, 12)

are for a loamy sand texture in the surface and subsurface horizons,

preferably overlying a porous, gravelly substratum at depth. In

addition, a pH in the range of 5.5 to 6.5 is desirable, along with

organic matter content of 5 to 8%, and low quantities of soluble salts.

A. F. S. personnel were accompanied on a field trip for the

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purpose of site examination, description and soil sampling. Sites

that had obvious limitations (e.g. stoniness, impeded drainage) were

not sampled in detail. On virgin sites, the soil sampling was for the

L-H, Ae, Bm, and C horizons, and on cultivated sites the sampling was

Ah, Bm, and C horizons.

The soil samples were analyzed for texture, pH, electrical

conductivity and organic matter content. Texture was determined by

the Bouyoucos hydrometer method (1) but without prior removal of

organic matter. Where silt-pIus-clay was less than 10 percent, the

weight of the very fine sand fraction was also determined. The pH and

electrical conductivity were determined by the soil paste method

(3, p.48 and p.229). The Walkley-Black wet oxidation method was used

for the determination of organic matter (3, p.2l9). Alkaline samples

were tested for the presence of carbonates using 10 per cent hydrochloric

acid.

Samples of water for irrigation purposes were not collected

at this time. A.F.S. information is that water sources are very

similar in salts and pH. However, the water source must be thoroughly

analyzed before a final site is chosen.

Results and Discussion

Figure 1 shows the areas examined. Their legal and general

descriptions, and the soil sample identification are given in Table 1.

Site 2 was found to have restricted subsurface drainage; hence it was

not suitable for further soil sampling. Site 4 had a severely rolling

topography, indicating probable frost pockets, slopes unsuitable for

tree nursery machinery, and poor location; thus, the soil was not

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sampled. Likewise, Site 5 was eliminated for soil sampling, because

of silty surface texture and economic restraints resulting from poor

location. Site 8 was not soil sampled, again mostly because of location.

Site 11 was felt to be reasonably similar to Site 6 and so was not sampled

at this time. Site 12 was eliminated because of topography. The soils of

Site 16 (4; Table 32, Page 72) are similar to Site 6 and were not sampled.

Site 17 was eliminated becaUie of obvious salt accumulations on the

east side of Lost Point Lake and rolling topography on the west side.

Figures 2 to 12 are portions of published soil maps. They

locate the soils examined and illustrate the soil pattern.

A generalized site analysis is presented in Table 2. Site

limitations, soil limitations, and economic restraints are tabulated.

Table 3 contains the laboratory results of the physical and chemical

analyses conducted. Interpretation of these results are incorporated

into Table 2.

Laboratory Analyses

Texture:

Results of the laboratory analyses are shown in Table 3.

Most of the soils are sandy loam in texture, with a silt plus clay

content of 29 percent or greater. Site 6 is sand (more than 92 percent),

Site 13 is a loam and portions of Site 7 are clay loam. The ideal

texture for a conifer nursery has been described (10) as loamy sand

i.e. 10-25 percent silt plus clay. On this baSiS, most of the sites

are unsuitable. Site 6 had only 1.2 percent very fine sand and the

total of this fraction plus silt plus clay amounted to less than 9

percent. The next finer texture is Site 15 (silt plus clay = 29 percent)

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but the loamy B horizon makes it unsatisfactory. Therefore Site 6 ,

while not of ideal texture, i s preferred above the others.

pH

Most of the sites are moderately acid to neutral (pH 5 .6-7. 0)

in the A horizons but pH generally increases with depth. Sites 1,

3 and 6 are moderately acid throughout their profiles and are most

suitable. Sites 7, 10, 13 and 15 have acid topsoil but alkaline

subsoils and are less satisfactory. Sites 9 and 14 have alkaline A

horizons and would be unsuitable.

Electrical Conductivity

The soluble salt concentration as expressed by electrical

conductivity was low in all samples. No problems from soil salinity

should develop on any of the sites sampled.

Carbonates

Free carbonate was detected in portions of the B horizons

of Sites 9 and 13 and would make them unsuitable. The C horizons of

Sites 7, 9 and 15 are very calcareous and, unless drainage can be

improved, these sites should be avoided. In such areas, it is possible

that an elevation of the water table could bring carbonates into the

root zone.

Organic Matter

The organic matter content in the A horizon is low at all sites

except those with the heavier loam and clay loam textures. However, where

the L-H horizon is present,(Sites 1, 3 and 6) this could be plowed into

the underlying A horizon during preparation of the site. Peat could be

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applied, when necessary, to supplement the natural organic matter

present.

On the basis of laboratory analysis, Site 6 appears to be

most suitable. Next in decreasing order of suitability are Sites

14 and 15.

Conclusion

Tables 2 and 3 indicate that the following sites are

definitely unsuitable for location of a nursery: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 , 7, 9,

10, 12, 13, 14, 15 , and 17.

Possibly suitable sites are 6 , 8, 11, and 16. The soils of

these sites appear to be similar in such characteristics as texture,

drainage, topography and vegetation. Site 6 (South Heart River) has

desirable soil characteristics (Table 3) but is in a possible frost

pocket and should be carefully monitored climatically before a

location decision is made. Site 8 (Sandhill Lake) is also mapped as

Heart soil series and appears to be very similar to Site 6 but is not

in a frost pocket. However, the frost-free period at Fairview is short,

being only 105 days (8) and the location of Site 8 is slightly remote

(i. e. about 15 miles from Fairview).

Site 11 (southwest of Grande Prairie) has two soil series in

the area; Heart and Leith. The Heart soils appear similar (7) to

Site 6 in all respects, but the Leith soil has some disadvantages

to the extent that it has a high pH and fine textured subhorizons

(7, page 67). The area would have to be surveyed and sampled in more

detail to determine whether there is a sufficient acreage of Heart soil

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to meet the needs of a nursery. Other advantages of this site are its

proximity to a service and labor centre, accessibility, and availability

of irrigation water (from the Wapiti River).

Site 16 (Egremont) has favorable soil characteristics

similar to Site 6. The reference (4, Table 32, page 72) indicates

the similarity of the Nestow soil series to the Heart soil sampled

at Site 6, Table 3. Its location is an advantage in that it is

close to administration services, and is centrally located in the

province. Also, according to the reference (4, page 72) the pH and

texture are suitable. An examination of Site 16 indicated sufficient

acreage occurs, see Appendix I.

Each of the above sites is subject to wind erosion and should

any be selected, it is recommended that clearing be done in such a way

as to provide shelterbelts for the nursery.

It is recommended that further investigation be concentrated

on Sites 6, 11, and 16.

References

1. Bouyoucos, G.J. 1951. A recalibration of the hydrometer method

for making mechanical analysis for soils. Agron.

J. 43: 434-438.

2. Bowser, W.E., A.A. Kjearsgaard, T.W. Peters and R.E.Wells, 1962.

Soil Survey of Edmonton Sheet (83-H). Canada Dept. of

Agriculture. Soil Survey Report No. 21.

3. Jackson, M.L. 195 8. Soil Chemical Analysis. Prentice Hall Inc.,

Englewood Cliffs, N. J. 498 pp.

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4. Kjearsgaard, A.A. 1972. Soil survey of the Tawatinaw map sheet

(83-1). Alberta Institute of Pedology Report No. S-72-29.

5 . Lindsay, J.D., S. Pawluk and W. Odynsky. 1962. Exploratory Soil

Survey of Alberta Map Sheets 74-M, 74-L, 74-E and 73-L (north

half). Research Council of Alberta. Preliminary Soil Survey

Report No. 63-1.

6. Odynsky, Wm., A. Wynnyk and J.D. Newton. 195 2. Reconnaissance

Soil Survey of the High Prairie and McLennan Sheets. Alberta

Soil Survey Report No. 17.

7. Odynsky, WID., A. Wynnyk and J.D. Newton. 195 6 . Reconnaissance

Soil Survey of the Grande Prairie and Sturgeon Lake Sheets.

Alberta Soil Survey Report No. lS.

S. Reader, S.W. and Wm. Odynsky. 1965 . Reconnaissance Soil Survey of

the Cherry Point and Hines Creek Area. Alberta Soil Survey

Report No. 23.

9. Scheelar, M.D. and Wm. Odynsky. 1965. Reconnaissance Soil Survey

of the Grimshaw and Notikewin Area. Alberta Soil Survey

Report No. 25 .

10. Stoecke1er, J.H. and G.W. Jones. 1957. Forest Nursery Practice

in the Lake States. Forest Service, U.S. Dept. of Agriculture.

Agriculture Handbook No. 110.

11. Stoeckeler, J.H. and P.E. Slabaugh. 1965. Conifer Nursery Practice

in the Prairie-Plains. U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest

Service. Agriculture Handbook 279.

12. Van den Driessche, R. 1969. Forest Nursery Handbook. British

Columbia Forest Service, Research Notes No. 4S.

- 8 -

13. Wynnyk, A. , J.D. Lindsay and Wm. Odynsky. 1969. Soil Survey of

the Whitecourt and Barrhead Area • . Alberta Soil Survey

Report No. 27.

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Table 1

AIlEAS ElWUNt:D FOR NI::W A.F.S. TREE NURSERY

Site Legal General 5011 Sa"",le Soil Horizon and Laboratory So l1 110. D"scriptlon Location No. Depth in Inches Salllpie No.

1 Tp. 66, R. 13, W. 4th Mer. North ahore of Beaver W731 L-H 5-0 1 Lake, Lac La Siche Ae 0-3 2

Bm 3-10 3 Be 10-22 4 C 22 + 5

2 Tpe • . 68 , 69, Rs. 13 , 14, Owl River area, north W. 4th Mer. ehore of Lac La Biche

3 Tp. 67, R. 23, W. 4th Mer. Northwe8t of Athab88ca W732 L-H 2-0 6 Ae 0-4 7 AS 9-12 8 8m 17-22 9

4 Tp. 67, R. 22, W. 4th Mer. Northeaet of Athabaaca

5 Tpe. 70 6 71, Re. 14 6 15, East Prairie Metis W. 5th Mer. Reeerve No. 4;

aoutheast of Enilda and High Prairie

6 Tp. 76, R. 17, W. 5th South Heart River W733 L-H 2-0 10 Mer. north of High Prairie Ahe 0-8 11

Bm 8-14 12 C 37-40 13

7 Tp. 83, R. 22, W. 5th Mer. Shaft •• bury Settlement, W734 Ah 0-6 14 Southwest of Peace River C 6-12 15

Ck 30 16

W734(centre)Ah 0-6 17

W734(west) Ah 0-6 18

8 Tps. 82 6 83, Rs. 4 6 5, Sandhill Lake area; W. 6th Mer. southwest of Lake George

and northwest of Fairview

9 Tp. 71, R. 5, W. 6th Mer. East of Grande Prairie W735 Ah 0-6 19 Bm 6-14 20 Ck 14-18 21

10 Tps, 70 60 71, Rs. 6 , 7, West of Grande Prairie W736 Ah 0-14 22 W. 6th Mer. Bm 23

11 Tp. 70, R. 6, W. 6th Mer. South of Grande rrairie

12 TI'. 59, Rs. H & 12, W. Southeast of Whitccourt 5th HH.

13 Tp. S.'), R, 21, W. 4th 51s miles north�"st of W737 Ah 0-10 24 Her. Fort SaskatchewIln - on Bm 10-22 25

.outh bank of river

14 Tp. 55, R. 22 Gem Sod Farms - NE W738 Ah 0-6 26 W. 41h H('r. of Fort Saskatchewan -

on north bank

15 Tp, 55, 1(, 22, 1 mUe eas t of W739 Ah 0-12 27 W. 4th Her. Ge .. Sod t'arm 11m 12-24 28

Ck 24 + 29

16 Tp. 58, R. 22, W. 4th Mer. West of Egremont

17 Tp. 56, R. 23, W. 4th Her. Lost Point Lake (both sidu)

Candidate Site No.

1

2

3

4

S

* 6

7

8

9

10

*11

12

13

14

15

*16

17

General LocaU.m

leaver Lake. Lac La liche

Owl River. Lac La Itch.

Northweat of Athabaaca

Northeaat of Athaba.ca

East Prairie Keti. Reserve No. 4

South Heart River; north of High Prairie.

Shaft.sbury Settle­ment: Peace River

Sandhill Lake area; northw •• t of Fairview

Eaat of Grande Prairie

Weat of Grande Prairie

South of Grande Prairie.

Southeast of White-court.

Sis .. 11ea NE of Fort Saskatchewan - on aouth bank.

Ge .. Sod Farma

1 mUe Mst of Gem Sod F.rm.

W.at of Egremnnt

Loat PoI nt J.ake

- 10 -

Table 2 SITE ANAl.YSIS roR NEW A.F.S. TREE NURSERY

Site Limitationa

SOil pattern; the 8uit­able 80il (aampled) is a long narrow strip varying from So-IOO feet in width. occurring juat above the beach.

Topography too rolling. Reatricted drainage in aubaoU.

Cold climate: ahortage of acr.age.

Rolling topography.

P088ible frost pocket.

Severe rabbit damage noted.

None appsrent.

Rolling topography. Climatic limitation.

Some wind erosion hazard.

Nonu Ilppar('nt.

Rolling topography on west.alde.

SoU Limitations

Host of the area is a stony clsy loam till - NOT 8uitable for tree nursery. Texture unsuitable. Sandy loam on aurface. Sandy clay loam below.

Thin deposit of sandy 80il overlying poorly drained clay.

Some gravelly outcrops on aouth edge of area. Tex­ture unsuitablo. Silt plus clay too high.

Soil field textures too dlty.

Texture too coarse. Very fin. sand plus 8ilt plUB clay too low ( < 9% ). Variable Boil texture -too much ailt and clay: hiah pH; evidence of soil cruating. Texture un­Buitable.

Texture unsuitable. Silt plU8 clay too high. pH too high.

pH too high. Texture un8uitable. Silt plU8 clay too high. Wet clayey II C horizon.

2 80il 8eries encountered.

Texture - too much 8ilt and clay; B horizon calcareous.

Texture - 8ilt plus clay too high.

Texture - A horizon ssndy 10_. B horhon loam.

Nona apparent.

Too much alksli on east side.

* These alle. arc pOSHlbly gullabl ... �Ior" deLuJled .... ml'llnll Is recOllllllend"d.

Economic Restraints

Too fsr from labor aourcc.

High lift for irriga­tion water: would probably have to buy 3 quarter8 of land in order to assemble 8ufficient acreage.

Too far from labor.

Too far fro .. service centre.

Advantag"s

Long growing sea.on.

Power and road acceS8 Suitable 80il pH. must be provided. Land clearing required.

Cost of land.

Too far frnm labor; power and road required; land clear­ing required. Long irrigstion line need­ed from Lake George.

Source of irriga­tion water.

Coat of land.clearing.

Privately owned; land c08ta probably high.

Cost oC land.

Cost of land ond clearing.

Climatic hot-house effect.

Close to labor supply.

Close to labor, irrigation water.

So11, topogr"phy, air draJnsge, IIv",(�ar to be advantageous.

Close to ad�111tntratlon: central ahipp!nl;; labor.

Candidate Laboratory Site Site No. Location Horizon No.

1 W731 L-H 2 Ae

1 3 Bm 4 BC 5 C

6 W732 L-H 3 7 Ae

S AB 9 Bm

10 W733 L-H 6 11 Ahe

12 Bm 13 C

14 W734 Ah 15 C

7 16 Ck

17 W734 Ah Centre

18 W734 Ah West

19 W735 Ah 9 20 Bm

21 Ck

10 22 W736 Ah 23 Bm

13 24 W737 Ah 25 Bm

14 26 W738 Ah

27 W739 Ah 15 28 Bm

29 Ck

a Very Fine Sand fraction. 1.2%

* Carbonates present: effervescence with 10% He1

Table 3

SOIL ANALYSIS - PROSPECTIVE A.F.S. NURSERY SITES

Organic Elect. Depth Sand Silt Clay Textural Class Matter pH Conductivity Carbonates (inches) (%) (%) (%) (%) (mmhos/cm)

5-0 55.2 6.6 0.18 0-3 56.4 31.6 12.0 Sandy loam 1.7 6.8 0.05 3-10 50.4 27.6 22.0 Sandy clay loam 1.6 6.5 0.05

10-22 76.4 9.6 14.0 Sandy loam 0.4 6.4 0.03 22+ 88.4 5.6 6.0 Sand 0.2 6.4 0.01

2-0 29.3 6.0 0.07 0-4 62.4 27.6 10.0 Sandy loam 0.6 6.1 0.03 9-12 5S.4 27.6 14.0 Sandy loam 0.3 6.4 0.09

17-22 72.4 19.6 8.0 Sandy loam 0.2 6.2 0.09

2-0 92.4

a S.6 5.3 0.03 O-S 3.6 4.0 Sand 2.4 5.6 0.02 8-14 92.4 3.6 4.0 Sand 0.3 6.1 0.01

37-40 92.4 3.6 4.0 Sand 0.2 6.1 0.01

0-6 66.0 20.0 14.0 Sandy loam 3.8 6.1 0.03 6-12 68.0 16.0 16.0 Sandy loam 0.7 6.3 0.03

30 80.4 7.6 12.0 Sandy loam 1.0 7.6 0.11 * ..... .....

0-6 36.0 34.0 30.0 Clay loam 10.0 7.0 0.04

0-6 38.0 28.0 34.0 Clay loam 5.6 6.8 0.04

0-6 66.0 22.0 12.0 Sandy loam 5.1 7.S 0.07 6-14 50.0 22.0 28.0 Sandy clay loam 1.1 7.S 0.07 Tr

14-1S 54.4 23.6 22.0 Sandy clay loam 1.7 7.9 0.03 *

0-14 66.0 22.0 12.0 Sandy loam 3.9 6.8 0.07 70.0 14.0 16.0 Sandy loam 0.8 7.5 0.03

0-10 43.2 37.4 19.4 Loam 5.9 6.7 0.05 10-22 50.4 34.0 15.6 Loam 1.4 7.6 0.14 •

0-6 65.2 17.4 17.4 Sandy loam 4.0 7.2 0.07

0-12 71.4 15.6 13.0 Sandy loam 4.1 6.6 0.06 12-24 35.2 41.4 23.4 Loam 1.1 7.4 0.07 24+ 57.4 28.6 14.0 Sandy loam 0.8 7.7 0.10 •

Site No.

6

11

16

Table 4

ESTIMATED AVAILABLE ACREAGES BY AIR PHOTO INTERPRETATION

Legal Des cription

Tp. 76, R. 17, W. 5th Mer.

Tp. 70, R. 6, W. 6th Mer.

Tp. 5 8, R. 22, W. 4th Mer.

General Location

South Heart River, north of High Prairie

South of Grande Prairie

Wes t of Egremont

Section

� of Sec. 3 N� on· Sec. 4 � of Sec. 9 � of Sec. 10

Secs. 19 & 20

� of Sec. 20 N� of Sec. 21 � of Sec. 28 � of Sec. 29

Es timated Acreages

97 acres 125 "

190 "

125 "

Total 537 acres

200 acres

.. 57 acres

�

102 "

75 "

107 "

Total 341 acres

- 13 -

NORTHWEST TERRITORIES 6ooIr20-o ____ �T�8�0 _ _r_-�1I�60=---..!1�1 .. !.:0---�'"--ll10�0

590

Z � .$ 0 ! iii2 '" :s:

8 � t-ao:

8 .... 570 570

U. S. ,...

Figure 1. Location of Candidate Nurs ery Sites .

I

�. . '

.14

PRELIMINARY SOIL SURVEY AND �' THe ALIERTA SH£ET 73 -L INORTH MAL"

Seel. i" MU" e • • . ,.

RATING MAP'

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.. " ,', .

Tp.69

Tp68' I

Tp.67

Tp.66

I Tp.65

r :jl /', Tp.65

I Tp.64 r,,'·'· ' .. LAKE Tp.64 ! r.!:.' , ',.', I., I �·Jo·"'· \.'\- .--. -\ ttl-o --. �·-,-·""""""�;"".,,,·,.;.. ..... tf.>a:.:::>"'_..ll.-I..L"""'.:..I ...... o.:.,.""" .... IoC"" .... "'U�....L��':=;;"'�iIoIOi�""�i:O'i __ '';':';;L __ --4S4eJO' 'I� .� R.IJ RI2 . R.I

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'. C. ... rh"."'.f L.ttct •• ftC! F"ore.l, 'Pro"tACt of AIM".

LEGEN D

Posture and Woodlond .. . . .. .. . �

Doubtful Arable Land ........ .. Potential Arable Land.. ........

.

Level and Undulat,ng Topography CJ �"'" .01' •• T .... �phy ... . .. . � Rolling Topography. ... .. . . Hilly Topography .... . . . . . . .

Figure 2.

Rough Brak.n Land. .. ......... .. • ..

LO:cat'ion ·d.f. CandidateS1te NUiAber i .. " . . t · ,; .

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15' R15

Figure 3.

15 -

831 NORTH H,ALF

Tp69

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Tilo7

Location of Candidate Site Number 2.

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Figure 5. Location of Candidate Site Number 5.

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Figure 6. Location of C andidate S

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Figure 7. Location of Cand idate Site Number 7.

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- 20 -

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NO or 1: 190.080

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Figure 8. Location of Cand.idate Site NUllber 8.

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Tp.71

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Figure 9.

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- 21 -

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Figure 12.

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Location of Candidate Site Number 16.

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