Site factors Site – the physical land on which a settlement is built Situation – the settlement...
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Transcript of Site factors Site – the physical land on which a settlement is built Situation – the settlement...
Site factorsSite – the physical land on which a settlement
is builtSituation – the settlement in relation to its
surrounding area
Different sitesWet point sites – the site of a settlement close
to a water supply such as a spring line settlement on a chalk escarpment
Different sitesDry-point site – the site of a settlement which
avoids land prone to flooding such as a gravel mould or the valley side
Dry-point site - Ely
Different sitesBridging points – a settlement located where
a river is forded or bridged
Defensive siteThis type of site was originally selected as it
offered people protection
Durham – the meander (bend of the river) acts a natural barrier
Edinburgh
Different sitesA site that is particularly good for resources –
fuel supply (wood), food supplies, building materials
Shelter and aspect – in Britain it is an advantage to be sheltered from the strong prevailing south-westerly and cold northerly winds, and to have a south-facing aspect, as this gives most sunshine, heat and light (Torquay)
Nodal pointsThis site is where two crossroads join up and
a town develops in the middle.They can develop into ‘trading centres’.
Towns near seas and rivers could also develop into trading centres
Gap towns – these develop on flat land in between two hilly pieces of land
Site factors todayMany of the site factors in the past are now
insignificant today as modern technology means we can build anywhere we want to
It now comes now down to a purely economic argument
Settlement hierarchy
FunctionFunction of a settlement – this describe what
a settlement doesDifferent functions – commercial,
administrative, residential, tourism, market towns, mining towns, industrial/manufacturing, ports, route centres, cultural/religious
Functions – change over timeFunctions change over time and may lose
their significance over time. New ones may become important after time.
Settlement shape - dispersed
Settlement pattern - linear
Settlement pattern - nucleated
Sphere of influenceThis is the area served by a settlement, shop
or service
The Burgess model
Limitations of the Burgess modelIt assumes that the landscape of cities do not changePhysical features - land may restrict growth of certain
sectors Commuter villages - commuter villages defy the theory
since they are located far away from the city Shopping centres, industry and science parks being
located outside the cityUrban regeneration and gentrification - more expensive
property can be found in 'low class' housing areas Many new housing estates were built on the edges of
cities in Britain The model does not work well for cities are made up of
towns joining together
LEDC land use model
Characteristics of Urban zonesSee video link to youtube video
UrbanisationThis is the increase in the proportion of
people living in urban areas
The problems of urbanisation – New York - MEDCHigh cost of landUrban decayImmigrantsTraffic congestionUnemploymentCrimePollutionWater SupplyClimateOvercrowded and poor quality housing
NewcastleProblems
The decline of the ship building and coal mining industry
Unemployment – 34%Urban decayLarge proportion of single mothersGraffitiCrimeLitter
Newcastle Solutions
The Tyne and Wear Development Corporation (TWDC) (1987) Invested millions of pounds Acquired and cleared derelict land, built new
infrastructure, setting up schemes with the private sector to bring new homes and amenities
Four themes Created new business districts for modern office
developments and industrial estates Increasing employment by giving grants to existing and
new businesses, and by introducing training programmes Reviving the riversides as a place to live by providing new
homes, cultural, shopping and leisure facilities Improving the environment by reclaiming land,
landscaping, restoring historic buildings and creating parks, walkways and cycleways
TWDC - continuedNewcastle business park – cost £140 million –
built on a derelict industrial estate – British airways – employs 4,000 people
Newcastle arena – 10,000 seat stadium for major sporting events and music concerts
The Hanging Gardens – a landscaped gardenNewcastle quayside – transformed into a new
business quarter with high-quality offices, pubs, restaurants, leisure facilities, new homes and a hotel – cost £170 million
The West End City Challenge (TWECC)Set up in 1991 and sent £37.5 millionAims
Create new jobsImprove educational achievementsSupport training and employment
opportunities
The West End City Challenge (TWECC)Alarm clocks for seven year olds so they get
to school on timeCCTV to prevent crimeJohn Marley Centre – training for 1,000
studentsImprovement and renovation of older housing
notably in Scotswood VillageExtending the breweries – created 280 jobs
Shanty TownsSao PauloProblems
Poor quality housingVery crampedNo sewerLack of clean waterLack of electricity
Shanty town solutionsThe council provided the residents with the
necessary materials to improve their lives – the residents build new houses for themselves – Self-help schemesResidents given:
Breeze-blocks Sinks Roofing tiles Water tank Electricity wires Bathroom with toilet Underground sewers Improved roads and streets
Advantages of self-help schemesDone in stagesCan create community spiritThe cost of building is fairly cheap so more
houses can be provided
Urban SprawlUrban sprawl – the spread of towns and cities
into the rural-urban fringe and countrysideBuildings in the rural-urban fringe:
Science parksGolf coursesOut of town shopping centresFootball groundsBy-passesHobby farming – people owning small pieces of
land which spread into the rural-urban fringeHousing estates
Preventing urban sprawlGreen belts – Green land in the countryside
which surrounds many towns and cities. This is often protected and should not be built upon
Brownfield sites – these are derelict industrial sites in cities which are then cleared and new building generally residential are built. This reduces the need to build into the countryside