Sino-African Initiative 2012-2014

2

1 Sister Cities International Overview

and SAI Introduction

2 Lessons Learned and Best Practices

4 Nairobi – Denver – Kunming

8 Osogbo – Asheville/Raleigh – Xiangyang

12 Zomba – Urbana – Haizhu District

16 Conclusion

17 Acknowledgements

Sister Cities International’s Sino-African Initiative was one of the first trilateral programs of its kind, involving cities with vastly diverse cultures and backgrounds, in the midst of different steps in their ladders of

development. Despite language barriers, time zone obstacles, and municipal governance differences, ten cities in China, Kenya, Malawi, Nigeria, and the United States came together to implement projects in water, health, and sanitation, and improve their own communities.

I saw firsthand the truly moving effort of these cities – from the beginning discussions of each partnership to the construction and operation of completed results. I commend the inspiring work of the Sino-African Initiative project members from Asheville, Denver, Haizhu District, Kunming, Nairobi, Osogbo, Raleigh, Urbana, Xiangyang, and Zomba. They have boldly set an example and shown us that through mutual respect, understanding, and cooperation, our communities will connect globally, and thrive locally.

Mary D. Kane President and CEO Sister Cities International

Foreword Table of Contents

1

Overview and Introduction

Sister Cities International is a 501(c)(3) nonprofit, nonpartisan association that has been working since 1956 to advance peace and prosperity through cultural, educational, humanitarian, and economic development

exchanges. Sister Cities International represents over 500 communities with partnerships in over 2,000 cities and 140 countries around the globe and serves as a hub for institutional knowledge and best practices in citizen diplomacy.

Sister Cities International was created at President Eisenhower’s 1956 White House conference on citizen diplomacy, where he envisioned an organization that could be a champion for peace and prosperity by fostering bonds between people from different communities around the world. Sister Cities International strives to strengthen the sister cities network through strategic institutional partnerships, grants, programs, and support for its members. Membership in Sister Cities International is open to cities of all sizes, counties, states, international cities, and individuals. Sister Cities International motivates and empowers private citizens, municipal officials, and business leaders to conduct long-term, mutually beneficial sister city, county, or state relationships.

What is a Sister City?A sister city, county, or state relationship is a broad-based, long-term partnership between two communities in two countries. A sister city, county, or state relationship is officially recognized after the highest elected or appointed official from both communities sign an official agreement of partnership.

A sister city organization manages the sister city relationships of a community and may include representatives from municipal governments, non-governmental organizations, the private sector, and other civic organizations.

SAI IntroductionSister Cities International’s Sino-African Initiative (SAI), a two-year program funded through a grant from the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, was designed to address the manner in which Chinese, African, and U.S. cities can collaborate on economic development and urban poverty issues in Africa. By working with Chinese, African, and U.S. public diplomacy networks, local municipal governments, and businesses, this initiative aimed to create strategies that ensured development and poverty alleviation projects addressed community needs, and promoted transparent business practices and government accountability. Activities for this program included research and program design, conference and training sessions, and exchanges and construction.

In 2012, Sister Cities International staff completed research on trilateral cooperation by analyzing national, sector, and urban related government policies in U.S., China, and African countries as well as interviewing relevant experts and government officials. With research results that indicated potential for trilateral collaboration, SAI proceeded with three trilateral sister city pilot projects focused on water, health, and sanitation in 2013. U.S. cities with both African and Chinese sister cities submitted proposals for SAI, and distinguished external judges then selected proposals that demonstrated strong sister city relations and project potential.

Sister Cities International held its opening Sino-African Initiative Conference in Nairobi, Kenya from January 30-February 2, 2013. It served as a platform for all three U.S.-African-Chinese trilateral partnerships to learn more about the larger context of their projects, share knowledge between cities, and plan out the details of their trilateral projects. The conference concluded with Memorandum of Understanding signings between the trilateral partnerships to pledge to their projects.

Implementation of the three pilot projects occurred during 2013. Each project had construction and exchange components. The construction provided additional infrastructure for the cities and the exchanges offered opportunities for knowledge sharing between the cities. The successful trilateral projects concluded by February 2014, with a Sino-African Initiative Closing Conference in Washington, DC during March 2014.

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Lessons Learned and Best Practices

These lessons learned and best practices apply most directly to trilateral partnerships within the parameters of Sister Cities International’s framework, and trilateral projects that include construction and exchange

components. However, they hold relevance to trilateral partnerships and projects in all types of contexts. These lessons and practices are derived from trilateral partnership exchanges, project reports, interviews, and Sister Cities International staff research.

Lessons LearnedDuring project development and design –

• Strong preexisting relationships between at least some of the project members helped bring the trilateral partnerships together. Uncertainty about relationship dynamics, project structure, and partnership roles made it difficult for some cities to commit to this new program. In each case, the Chinese cities did not have sister city relationships with the African cities. For these cities, Sister Cities International’s relationship with the Chinese People’s Association with Friendship in Foreign Countries, and the strong relationships between the individual U.S. and Chinese cities helped encourage Chinese cities to participate in these projects.

• Project members needed to play two types of roles during the projects, making the participant selection process very important. They facilitated more sister city connections and encouraged trilateral cooperation, or they provided technical expertise and shared technical knowledge. While these roles were not clearly required at the onset of the program, the most mutually beneficial projects and exchanges had project members and delegations with a good balance of both types of people.

• African cities were eager to work with their U.S. and Chinese partners, but in a balanced way. These projects were intended to focus on the African cities and they could not become too dominated by either the Chinese or American cities. At the same time, the projects needed to have components that gave the Chinese and American cities ownership over their share of work. An equilibrium among the partners was necessary to push forward the projects.

• All projects needed to be mutually beneficial and appealing to U.S., Chinese, and African cities. The construction components directly supported the African cities, but the exchanges benefited all parties. The Chinese cities’ presence also tended to bring about more business discussions during exchanges while the U.S. cities’ presence tended to encourage more knowledge transfer between cities.

During Project Implementation –

• Trilateral partnerships needed to accept one set of procurement rules. These rules promoted transparency and accountability.

• The project activities that publicly involved the entire trilateral partnership left stronger and very positive impressions on the local community. Activities that involved only one side of the partnership did not have the same kind of effect.

• Community involvement bolstered the success of the projects. In each African city, the construction project directly involved the leaders of the renovated buildings. In addition, projects received acceptance when local communities could offer their thoughts and ideas.

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Best PracticesStrengthening the Trilateral Partnership

• Select both project members who are interested in strengthening the trilateral sister city partnership and those who have technical expertise in the field. This allows the relations between sister cities to expand in breadth and depth, maintaining different avenues of discussion while addressing specific problems.

• Designate liaison roles for each city. Apart from clear positions such as project managers, project supervisors, financial or procurement officers, identifying a liaison role for the partnership helps ensure that regular, managed communication continues.

Forming the Project Structure

• Create a project proposal system that lays out the structure and relational dynamics. In SAI, to form the projects, African cities assessed the needs and indicated the resources they required. The U.S. and Chinese cities then offered resources to supplement the needs of the African cities. To form the trilateral partnerships, almost all of the cities received letters of support from their mayors for participating in the program, and in some cases, two mayors would jointly invite a third to form the trilateral partnership and join in the program. This application system created balanced, city-supported trilateral projects and partnerships that clarified the roles of each city from the start.

• Identify project activities that should be implemented trilaterally, bilaterally, or unilaterally. One of the major benefits of trilateral projects is that there are more resources available. However, one of the most difficult activities is coordinating three distinctly different partners. SAI suggests that the following activities can be broken down to manage the trilateral partnership and receive the maximum benefits:

• Trilateral – Knowledge sharing activities, such as project development and exchanges.

• Bilateral – Project logistics, such as coordination for exchanges.

• Unilateral – Operational activities, such as construction management and supplies procurement.

Implementing the Project

• Agree upon a procurement system at the beginning of the program.

• If desirable, assign a third party to take part in areas that might need oversight or quality control. These areas include approving procurement documents, acting as the financial authority over projects to ensure better transparency, and inspecting all construction.

• Incorporate site visits and exchanges throughout the construction process of the project to allow time for discussion about the infrastructure. Integrate exchanges closely with training affiliated with the construction projects.

• Include as much time for formal or informal knowledge sharing as possible in the exchanges.

Nairobi, Kenya Denver, USA Kunming, China

At a glance:Nairobi, Kenya• Population (county, 2009): 3,138,2951

• Geography: Located in southeastern Kenya, situated next to the Rift Valley by the Nairobi, Ngong, and Mathare rivers

• GDP (2009): USD 12 billion2 • Economy: Commerce, tourism, manufacturing,

agriculture• Nairobi receives most of its water supply from the Tana

Basin and groundwater. However the water supply is not always reliable during periods of drought and issues with the water distribution system, leakages, and illegal connections.3

Denver, Colorado, USA• Population (city, 2012): 634,2654 • Geography: Located in the center of the Front Range

Urban Corridor, between the Rocky Mountains to the west and the High Plains to the east

• GDP (metro area): USD 167.89 billion5 • Economy (metro area): Aerospace,

telecommunications, technology, energy industries, distribution hub for the American west6

• Due to Colorado’s semi-arid climate and lack of precipitation, Denver often suffers from droughts. Denver recycles wastewater at its water treatment plant to ensure that there is always enough clean water to serve households in Denver.7

Kunming, Yunnan Province, China• Population (city, 2010): 6,432,2128 • Geography: Located at the edge of Lake Dian, in the

middle of the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau, surrounded by temples and lake-and-limestone hill landscapes

• GDP of Kunming: USD 44.1 billion9 • Economy: Biotech, information technology, minerals,

tea, rubber, tobacco, manufactures (steel, nonferrous metals, chemicals, machine tools), biotech, and information technology10

• Kunming’s water supply comes from a number of nearby reservoirs. Kunming also experiences periods of drought, including a severe drought in these last few years that caused the city to implement strict water conservation measures.

1. “County Data Sheet,” Kenya Open Data, https://www.opendata.go.ke/Counties/County-Urbanization-Nairobi/g4vq-85ds 2. “The 10 Traits of Globally Fluent Metro Areas: Nairobi,” The Brookings Institution, http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/Multimedia/Interactives/2013/tentraits/Nairobi.pdf. 3. Foster, Stephen and Albert Tuinhof, “The Role of Groundwater in the Water Supply of Greater Nairobi, Kenya,” World Bank, 2005, http://www.un-igrac.org/dynamics/modules/SFIL0100/view.php?fil_

Id=190. 4. “Denver (city), Colorado,” U.S. Census Bureau, http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/08/0820000.html. 5. “Economic Growth Widespread Across Metropolitan Areas in 2012,” Bureau of Economic Analysis, U.S. Department of Commerce, http://www.bea.gov/newsreleases/regional/gdp_metro/2013/pdf/

gdp_metro0913.pdf. 6. “Denver, CO,” Forbes, http://www.forbes.com/places/co/denver/. 7. “Tours,” Denver Water, http://www.denverwater.org/EducationOutreach/Tours/. 8. “Overview of Kunming,” Xinhua, http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/special/2012-10/11/c_131900329.htm. 9. “Overview of Kunming,” Xinhua, http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/special/2012-10/11/c_131900329.htm.10. “Kunming,”U.S. Commercial Service, http://export.gov/china/doingbizinchina/regionalinfo/secondtiercities/eg_cn_025691.asp.

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Background: Sister City Relationships

First established in 1975, the sister city relationship between

Nairobi and Denver has seen a revival of activity in recent years.

Situated on high plateaus, Nairobi and Denver have become

bustling regional hubs with diverse populations. Both cities

represent regional economic engines, with Nairobi as a key

commercial hub in East Africa and Denver as a headquarters

base for many major American companies. Over the past

three decades, the two cities have collaborated on cultural,

humanitarian, health, education, and water and sanitation

projects and exchanges. Activities have evolved to encompass

high school youth exchanges, medical supplies delivery, dance

troupe exchanges, and micro-lending initiatives.

Former mayors of Denver and Kunming signed their sister city

agreement in 1985. The ties between the cities developed

through a Denver resident’s role as a Chinese translator for

the Flying Tigers in his native area of Kunming during World

War II. Because travel between the U.S. and China was rare

in the 1980s, this relationship opened doors between the two

communities. Kunming, like Denver, is located on a plateau

and surrounded by lush forests and mountains. Similar to

Denver’s reputation as a distribution hub, Kunming serves as

a booming commercial hub between China, Southeast Asia,

and India. Denver and Kunming have participated in many

exchanges focusing on healthcare, arts and culture, and

education in the past two decades. Programming has evolved

to include cultural festivals, language exchange programs,

trade and economic development talks, and teacher

exchanges.

Madaraka Primary School Project

Project Overview Madaraka Primary School in Nairobi serves students from

several informal settlements, including Kibera. 800 pupils

attended Madaraka Primary School eight years ago, but that

number had decreased to 378 students by 2013. Lower

student enrollment led to less funding because the Kenyan

government’s free primary education program provided schools

1,020 Kenyan Shillings per pupil per year. With less funding,

the school could not afford to renovate its toilet and water

system, which in turn negatively impacted the environment

and effectiveness of time spent at school. At the same time,

a better toilet and water system can attract more students to

attend the school and provide additional funding to maintain

the new system. The trilateral partnership of Nairobi, Denver,

and Kunming focused on water and sanitation issues, including

renovating the toilet block as well as holding trilateral water and

sanitation technical exchanges, and primary education and

business delegation exchanges. The Madaraka Primary School

Project targeted water and sanitation issues both for the school

and the three cities.

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Exchanges In April 2013, project members from Denver and Kunming

traveled to Nairobi to meet with their trilateral partners for a

five-day exchange. The delegates met with Nairobi City Council,

Madaraka Primary School, and Nairobi City Water and Sewerage

Company to discuss the Madaraka Primary School Project and

local water issues, and cultivate more relationships. The water

experts also assessed the water needs of Madaraka Primary

School and came to a number of conclusions about the water

supply, water distribution, storage capacity, and water quality.

In September 2013, project members representing Nairobi,

Denver, and Kunming met in Kunming for another week-long

exchange. Meetings with health and education officials, and

university administrators resulted in discussions on education,

health, as well as the next steps for the Madaraka Primary School

project. Water experts from Denver and Kunming examined

in detail different methods to tackle water challenges. Visits to

Kunming’s economic centers spurred discussions about business

interests. In addition, representatives from Denver and Kunming

identified further business collaboration between the two cities,

and Denver gave an investment presentation to Kunming’s

business community.

The final exchange in January 2014 allowed Denver and

Nairobi project members to complete school supplies and paint

procurement for Madaraka Primary School, perform a final

monitoring and evaluation exercise, and identify future projects.

Drawing heightened attention, this exchange included meetings

with Nairobi leaders and U.S. Embassy officials that gave

Denver and Nairobi more avenues to enhance the partnership

for the future.

Nairobi, Kenya Denver, USA Kunming, China

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ImpactThe Madaraka Primary School Project has affected the lives

of the teachers and students at the school. 378 students

and 18 teachers now have access to running water and

toilet facilities—girls have 16 toilets, boys have 10 toilets and

urinals, and teachers have 2 staff toilets. 30 new students have

enrolled in Madaraka Primary School since the completion of

the construction work in September 2013. In addition, as a

result of this project, the Nairobi Department of Education have

discussed some changes to policies, including subsidizing water

bills for Nairobi public schools, making budgetary provisions

for the maintenance of public schools, and involving more

stakeholders in future construction and renovation projects.

The Madaraka Primary School Project has also impacted

relations between Nairobi-Denver-Kunming. Nairobi project

members noted that the success of the project was due to

close participation and monitoring by project members in

Nairobi, Denver, and Kunming, and the school’s involvement

in decision-making. Denver project members are discussing

sustainability plans with local companies, new strategies for

transforming strong sister city relationships into meaningful

projects, and setting up industry focused networks between its

sister cities. Kunming project members have identified potential

companies to provide resources to continue the renovations

at Madaraka Primary School. Denver, Nairobi, and Kunming’s

relations continue to develop as more connections form

between the cities.

Construction Renovation of the toilet block occurred in 2013 and included

28 renovated toilets, new tiles on the walls, new doors, and

new sinks. A new roof and secured water tanks added a water

catchment option to the toilet block and water storage capacities

to the school. New doors and paint spruced up the toilet block,

and a new procurement of school supplies during the final

exchange completed the project.

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At a glance:Osogbo, Osun State, Nigeria• Population (2006): 156, 69411 • Geography: Located in southwestern Nigeria,

characterized by hills and mountainous terrain, known for the Osun-Osogbo Sacred Grove

• GDP of Osun State (2010): USD 7.28 billion12 • Economy: Agriculture, commerce, tourism13 • Osogbo has one of three teaching hospitals in Osun

State, and is working on reducing maternal mortality. In Nigeria, the National Health Bill, currently being signed into law, grants universal healthcare and basic health funds needed in primary healthcare centers.

Asheville, North Carolina, USA• Population (city, 2012): 85,71214 • Geography: Located in the Blue Ridge Mountains,

at the convergence of Swannanoa River and French Broad River

• GDP: USD 15 billion15

• Economy: Healthcare, education, services16 • Known for its robust healthcare industry, Asheville is

home to many nationally recognized hospitals and cutting edge technology in healthcare.

Raleigh, North Carolina, USA• Population (2012): 423,17917 • Geography: Located in the northeast central region of

North Carolina, where the North American Piedmont and Atlantic Coastal Plain regions meet

• GDP (2012): USD 61.39 billion18 • Economy: Technology, healthcare, education19 • Raleigh has a strong healthcare industry and is part of

North Carolina’s Research Triangle, which is a major center in the U.S. for high-tech and biotech research.

Xiangyang, Hubei Province, China• Population (2012): 5,551,00020

• Geography: An ancient city located in northwestern Hubei province in central China, divided by the Han River

• GDP (2012): USD 40.79 billion21

• Economy: Automobile, manufacturing, new energy vehicles, new energy and new materials, medicine and chemical industry, and agricultural22

• Xiangyang has a number of primary healthcare centers and clinics around the city. Its largest, most comprehensive hospital is the Xiangyang Central Hospital, which treats around 850,000 outpatients with almost 2,000 staff.23

11. “Osogbo,” Official Website of the State of Osun, http://osun.gov.ng/about/major-towns/osogbo/.12. Osun State, http://services.gov.ng/osun.13. “Osun State Quick Facts,” Official Website of the State of Osun, http://osun.gov.ng/about/quick-facts/.14. “Asheville (city), North Carolina,” U.S. Census Bureau, http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/37/3702140.html.15. “Economic Growth Widespread Across Metropolitan Areas in 2012,” Bureau of Economic Analysis, U.S. Department of Commerce, http://www.bea.gov/newsreleases/regional/gdp_metro/2013/pdf/

gdp_metro0913.pdf.16. Asheville Chamber of Commerce, http://www.ashevillechamber.org/economic-development/research-and-reports/industry-employment-reports.17. “Raleigh (city), North Carolina,” U.S. Census Bureau, http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/37/3755000.html.18. “Economic Growth Widespread Across Metropolitan Areas in 2012,” Bureau of Economic Analysis, U.S. Department of Commerce, http://www.bea.gov/newsreleases/regional/gdp_metro/2013/pdf/

gdp_metro0913.pdf.19. “Raleigh, NC,” Forbes, http://www.forbes.com/places/nc/raleigh/.20. “Xiangyang,” Official Website of Xiangyang Municipality, http://en.xf.cn/.21. “Xiangyang,” Official Website of Xiangyang Municipality, http://en.xf.cn/.22. “Top 100 Greatness of Xiangyang,” Official Website of Xiangyang Municipality, http://en.xf.cn/publish/cbnews/201210/10/cb747_1.shtml.23. Xiangyang Central Hospital,” Official Website of Xiangyang Municipality, http://en.xf.cn/publish/cbnews/201205/03/cb335_1.shtml.

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Osogbo, Nigeria Asheville/Raleigh, USA Xiangyang, China

Background: Sister City Relationships

Osogbo and Asheville established their sister city relationship in 2008, as a result of interest from Asheville citizens to partner with the Nigerian city. Both Osogbo and Asheville represent centers of arts and culture with tourism based economies. Soon after twinning, Asheville and Osogbo took part in Sister Cities International’s Africa Urban Poverty Alleviation Program (AUPAP), and along with sister city partners from Wilmington, Delaware, helped fund and manage the construction of 29 wells to serve the urban poor in Osogbo. In addition to working on AUPAP, the two sister cities have held arts exchanges and medical exchanges as well as create a peace garden in Osogbo.

In 2009, the mayor of Xiangyang (then Xiangfan) visited Raleigh for five days, ending the trip with an official sister city signing ceremony between the mayors of both cities. Since then, the two cities have held education exchanges and have established three sister school relationships, one that includes an agreement to collaborate on teaching through teacher and student exchanges. Business and trade developments also bolster the relationship.

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Atelewo Model Primary Healthcare Centre

Project OverviewIn recent years, the Nigerian government has implemented policies to ensure that all Nigerians have access to primary healthcare services. For a city like Osogbo, its 21 primary healthcare centers serve the urban poor as the first and probably only contact for community members in need of care. However, due to inadequate funding, many of these centers lack equipment, clean water, and need refurbishment. The trilateral partnership of Osogbo, Asheville/Raleigh, and Xiangyang decided to target maternal healthcare for the urban poor in Osogbo by focusing on the Atelewo Primary Healthcare Centre. In Osogbo, the trilateral partnership successfully renovated and upgraded one primary healthcare center to offer emergency obstetric care, provide extra equipment, and establish a drug revolving fund. Included in the project were medical training exchanges between all cities and a business and health focused exchange. The Atelewo Model Primary Healthcare Centre Project sought to create a model healthcare center for the community through medical training, supplies procurement, and infrastructure renovation.

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ExchangesIn June 2013, project members from Raleigh visited Xiangyang to plan for future SAI exchanges, discuss the renovation of the Atelewo Primary Healthcare Centre, and explore other projects between Raleigh and Xiangyang.

In August 2013, a medical workshop was held in Osogbo, Nigeria, organized by Osogbo project members, a local teaching hospital, with support from the local government. The trainings were part of a certification program that consisted of twelve different courses. Over 300 doctors, nurses, and health extension workers participated in the three-day workshop. Two doctors representing Xiangyang and one doctor and one nurse representing Asheville participated in the training as instructors, introducing new techniques and information.

Between October 2013 and January 2014, representatives from Osogbo, Asheville, and Raleigh visited Xiangyang for their final exchange to discuss further collaboration in the areas of health and business. In addition, Asheville project members, the Asheville mayor, and the President and CEO of Sister Cities International attended the Atelewo Model Primary Healthcare Centre commissioning on November 8, 2013 in Osogbo. Joining them were municipal officials, doctors, nurses, medical staff, and community members from Osogbo to celebrate the accomplishments.

Osogbo, Nigeria Asheville/Raleigh, USA Xiangyang, China

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ConstructionBeginning in May 2013, renovations for the Atelewo Primary Healthcare Centre included enlarging the post-natal care area, installing new toilets, sinks, and showers, and adding a medical incinerator. The trilateral partnership also procured medical supplies and new equipment for emergency obstetric care. Upon completion of renovations, the Atelewo Primary Healthcare Centre opened in November 2013 as a model primary healthcare center with emergency obstetric care services.

ImpactThe Atelewo Model Primary Healthcare Centre Project has had an important impact on the community in Osogbo. Since the commissioning on November 8, the clinic has had 29 deliveries in November, 34 in December, and 44 in January. One year ago, Atelewo Primary Healthcare Centre had an average of 30-35 deliveries per month. The healthcare center’s reputation spread quickly, with patients coming from other districts to receive care.

The project also affected relations between Osogbo-Asheville/Raleigh-Xiangyang. Doctors from China and U.S. demonstrated how to use new equipment and techniques to 186 doctors and 150 nurses and health extension workers from Osogbo attending the medical trainings in August 2013. The participants commented that learning about practices from different countries was very useful for their work. In addition, the method to renovating the Atelewo Primary Healthcare Centre – with community discussion, support and strong involvement from the trilateral partnership – contributed to the success of the center and strengthened trilateral relations between the cities. The trilateral partnership has given all sides a deeper understanding of each other’s systems and culture.

At a glance:Zomba, Malawi• Population (city, 2008): 87,36624 • Geography: Located in southern Malawi, in the Shire

Highlands, situated around the Zomba Plateau• GDP of Malawi (2012): USD 4.264 billion25 • Economy: Retail trade, construction, manufacturing,

transport, marketing, finance, social services, and public administration26

• Zomba has a gravity fed sewer system treatment plant that serves about 20,000 people from formal areas and commercial and public institutions. Currently, formal, middle, and high income areas receive regular waste management services, while the informal settlements have limited access to waste management services.27

Urbana, Illinois, USA • Population (2012): 41, 58128 • Geography: Located in central Illinois, borders the city

of Champaign, situated in the Sangamon River Valley• GDP of Urbana-Champaign (2012): USD 9.53 billion29 • Economy: Technology, education30 • Started in 1987, Urbana’s Landscape Recycling

Center processed over 10,000 tons of landscape trimmings in 2013, turning grass clippings, bulkwood, and brush and plant cuttings into fertile mulches and composts products for sale. This sustainable, not-for-profit facility is operated by the Urbana Public Works Department.31

Haizhu District, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China• Population (2011): 967,20032 • Geography: Located in the middle of city of Guangzhou,

island district, situated south of Pearl River• GDP of Guangzhou (2011): USD 14.25 billion33

• Economy: Technology, education, tourism, services34 • Haizhu District uses incinerators to dispose of its

wastes, in addition to traditional sewage treatment. The two incinerators in Haizhu District are used to dispose of about 10% of Guangzhou wastes and produce 2% of the city’s electricity.35

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Zomba, Malawi Urbana, USA Haizhu District, China

24. “2008 Population and Housing Census,” National Statistical Office of the Republic of Malawi, http://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/sources/census/2010_phc/Malawi/Malawi_Report.pdf.25. “Malawi,” The World Bank, http://data.worldbank.org/country/malawi.26. “Malawi : Zomba Urban Profile,” UN Habitat, http://www.unhabitat.org/pmss/listItemDetails.aspx?publicationID=3170. 27. “Malawi : Zomba Urban Profile,” UN Habitat, http://www.unhabitat.org/pmss/listItemDetails.aspx?publicationID=3170.28. “Urbana (city), Illinois,” U.S. Census Bureau, http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/17/1777005.html.29. “Economic Growth Widespread Across Metropolitan Areas in 2012,” Bureau of Economic Analysis, U.S. Department of Commerce, http://www.bea.gov/newsreleases/regional/gdp_metro/2013/pdf/

gdp_metro0913.pdf.30. “Champaign-Urbana, IL,” Forbes, http://www.forbes.com/places/il/champaign/.31. “Landscape Recycling Center 2013 Annual Report,” City of Urbana, http://www.urbanaillinois.us/LRC. 32. “Haizhu Overview (Haizhu gaikuang),” Haizhu District Public Information Website (Haizhuqu gongzhong xinxiwang), http://www.haizhu.gov.cn/site/main/info/about/201301/t20130124_189620.html.33. Haizhu District Public Information Website (Haizhuqu gongzhong xinxiwang), http://www.haizhu.gov.cn/site/main/info/34. “Haizhu Overview (Haizhu gaikuang),” Haizhu District Public Information Website (Haizhuqu gongzhong xinxiwang), http://www.haizhu.gov.cn/site/main/info/about/201301/t20130124_189620.html.35. Zomba and Urbana delegation visit to Haizhu district, Haizhu district, November 2013.

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Background: Sister City Relationships

In 2008, Urbana and Zomba established a sister city relationship as a result of mutual interest in health and safe drinking water. With major universities in both cities, the relatively new sister city relationship had already been developing informally for ten years. The First United Presbyterian Church in Urbana supported a clean well water initiative called the Shallow Wells Mission in Zomba, which fostered friendships and built connections between the two cities throughout the years. In 2009, Urbana and Zomba participated in Sister Cities International’s African Urban Poverty Alleviation Program (AUPAP), working together to build toilet blocks at three primary schools and an ablution block at Zomba Central Hospital. AUPAP gave the young sister city relationship an opportunity to grow, pushing forward different exchanges focused on education and waste.

Four years after Urbana and Zomba became sister cities, Urbana established a relationship with Haizhu District due to interest expressed by the Mayor of Urbana. Historically, Urbana has enjoyed a close connection to China—more than a century ago, Edmund James, President of the University of Illinois had convinced President Theodore Roosevelt to provide scholarships for Chinese students to study in the United States. One third of the selected Chinese students studied at the University of Illinois in Urbana-Champaign, benefitting both the United States and China. Major universities in both cities offer additional resources to the sister city relationship.

Integrated Waste Management Project

Project OverviewAs Zomba’s population increases, waste mismanagement has become one of the main problems that the city of Zomba faces. Indiscriminate disposal of solid waste is widespread due to low service coverage by municipal solid waste collection services, as well as few refuse receptacles. The sister cities of Zomba, Urbana, and Haizhu District decided to focus on waste management in Zomba and learn from one another about how to have an effective waste management system. In Zomba, the trilateral partnership restored the sewer lines, constructed new communal refuse bankers and manholes, constructed a compost site, and procured a garbage truck and tools for composting. Community sensitization and clean city campaigns helped encourage better waste management in Zomba. Included in the project were professional waste management training exchanges and mayor and waste management delegation exchanges. The Integrated Waste Management Project aimed to resolve some of the issues with improper waste disposal in Zomba through knowledge sharing, new systems, and infrastructure construction.

14

ExchangesThe Integrated Waste Management Project started with a delegation trip in March 2013, during which project members from Zomba visited Urbana for a week-long exchange to shadow staff in Urbana and observe waste management practices in the U.S. The Zomba delegates visited the Landscape Recycling Center, several solid-waste facilities, and the Urbana-Champaign sewage treatment facility. After Zomba delegates observed their counterparts in municipal, medical, education, and engineering fields, they shared the similar and different aspects of their work.

In July 2013, the Mayor of Urbana led a delegation from Urbana to Haizhu District for an exchange to meet the Haizhu District government. They discussed preliminary steps for the waste management project in Zomba, economic goals, sustainability plans, and possible future collaboration on new projects between the two cities. Later in October 2013, project members from Urbana and Haizhu District visited Zomba, Malawi to see the compost sites and meet with partners from Zomba. The delegates toured the SAI project sites, which included the sewerage system, waste compost area, and waste dump area. They also attended a community sensitization meeting that informed the local community about waste management and sanitation. Visits to local scenic and cultural sites were interspersed throughout the trip.

A delegation from Urbana and Zomba visited Haizhu District for the final exchange of the trilateral partnership in November 2013. While there, the project members met with waste management experts to learn about local waste management practices and technologies. The delegates gained knowledge about Chinese waste management practices and visited many historical sites in Haizhu District.

Zomba, Malawi Urbana, USA Haizhu District, China

15

ConstructionConstruction of the waste management facilities took place over the course of 2013 and included 5 communal refuse bankers, 10 manholes, and a compost site. The partnership also procured a garbage truck and tools for composting. Zomba project members will work with a local community based organization (CBO) to implement the composting facility.

ImpactThe Integrated Waste Management Project had a significant impact on the community in Zomba. Zomba City Council estimates that the community sensitization campaign educated 5,000 people in the urban and peripheral areas of Zomba. The new manholes help with waste pollution that affect 3,000 households in the area. With the purchase of the garbage truck, more than 3,000 households and institutions are expected to benefit from the extended solid waste collection services per month. Once the CBO begins to run the composting facility, Zomba City Council believes over 20 smallholder farmers will benefit from the fertilizer per quarter. Zomba City Council now strongly encourages composting and waste management at a community and household level.

The project has also affected relations between Zomba-Urbana-Haizhu District and local policies and practices. Though relations between Malawi and China has developed due to economic activities, these relationships tend to be at the national level, with fewer municipal relationships. After the SAI project, community members from Zomba are more knowledgeable about China and seek to develop more people-to-people exchanges as well as potential investment and business opportunities. The relations between Zomba, Urbana, and Haizhu District has strengthened with more knowledge sharing between the cities.

16

One of the first programs of its kind, the Sino-African Initiative introduced a new system of collaboration for sister city relationships in the future. Though harder to implement, these trilateral projects provided many

benefits by giving three or more cities across three continents opportunities to learn from and work with each other. With a boost from the Sino-African Initiative, new ideas are developing in collaboration on water management, waste management, primary healthcare, business development, and many more urban issues. The success of the Sino-African Initiative sets a strong model for future trilateral cooperation, among sister cities and beyond.

Conclusion

Nairobi-Denver-KunmingCouncilman Albus Brooks, Cheng Hanjun, Harriet Downer, Tahverlee Dunlop, Andy Feinstein, Gu Wenwen, Mayor Michael Hancock, Beth Hendrix, Levi Johnsen, Jeanie Johnson, Barclay Jones, Reza Kazemian, Governor Evans Kidero, Peter Kraft, Doug Linkhart, Hon. Alex Ole Magelo, Jane Munene, Andrew Mwanthi, Joseph Odhiambo, Derek Okubo, Hon. Elias Otieno, Brian Powers, Ashley Ruiz, Abdul Sesay, Su Baotang, Akbarali Thobani, Michael Wao Awiti, Paul Washington, Wang Jian, Wu Hui, Xu Changming, Runing Zhang, Zhang Qianqian, Zhou Junjie.

Osogbo-Asheville-Raleigh-XiangyangMuritala Adebayo, Nurudeen Adebayo, Segun Adebisi, Alh. S.A. Adekunle, Motunrayo Adewumi, Sijuwade Adeyemi, A. Agbedahunsi, Folake Agboola, J.A. Agboola, Taofeek Ajadi, Sangodare Ajala, Michael Ajani, Ajibola Akanbi, S.A. Akanbi, Basorun Tunde Akanni, J.A. Akinlade, Gbade Alabi, Gbade Alesin, Bola Alo, Folusho Amosun, Governor Ogbeni Rauf Aregbesola, Adebimpe Atanda, Ifedolapo Atanda, Oluseyi Atanda, Taiwo Atanda, Kunle Awesu, Remi Azeez, Falusho Babalola, Bai Xuegong, Erelade Bakare, Morufu Bankole, Mayor Terry Bellamy, Wallace Bohanan, Yetunde Bolaji, Brit Castaneda, Tom Downing, Margaret Fabiyi, S.O. Fadiora, Hon Isiaka Faramade, Niyi Fasanu, John Gant, Lucy Hosmer, Gwen Hughes, Temitope Ilori, Jin Xiong, Alice Keller, A.O. Kolapo, Jide Kolawole, Karen Korp, Deputy Governor Otunba Titi Laoye Tomori, HRH Oba Jimoh Oyetunji Larooye II, Vlad Lipschutz , Liu Jing, Richard Lutovsky, Ma Kezhong, Russ Martin, Mayor Nancy McFarland, James Montague, Wonza Montague, Alhaja Kudirat Nofiu, Pade Odedele, Funke Odetoyinbo-Adelaja, Morufu Oduola, Dele Ojo, Hon. Hakeem Okunade, Bisi Olaoye, Gbadebo Olatona, Ganiyu Olatunde, Ifakunle Onifade, J.A. Oparanti, Osogbo Asheville Sister Cities Association, Senator Oyewo, Raleigh Sister Cities board members, Inge Robert, Babatunde Salawu, Alh. R.A.Siyanbola, Tan Yao, Olatunde Toyin, Jan Watson, Valeria Watson-Doost, Mayor Pro Tem Eugene Weeks, John Wei, Zhuo Yue.

Zomba-Urbana-Haizhu DistrictSubhash Bhagwat, Fatuma Bhima Naliwa, Chen Jieyu, Ping Chen, Alick Chima, Elizabeth Chingayipe, Busta Chiona, John Dimit, Ian Dolozi, Scott Dossett, Deputy Mayor Fang Jinqun, Huang Xiang, CEO Charles Kalemba, Rodgers Kaunda, Michael Kilcullen, Chelsea Krieger, Lin Kairong, Knox Makonyola, Innocent Malomo, Meg Miller, Ludoviko Naphiyo, CEO Ali Phiri, Dickson Vuwa Phiri, Phyllis Pierce, Mayor Laurel Prussing, Dennis Roberts, Samuel Smith, Christopher Stohr, Scott Tess, De Wen Wang, Su Ying (Wendy), Yang (Joseph) Zhihua, Party-Secretary Yao Yisheng, Zhang Qiang, Zheng Jiaju, Zheng Lanbo.

Sister Cities InternationalBill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Tom Connolly, Chinese People’s Association for Friendship with Foreign Countries, Chinese Embassy in DC, Sino-African Initiative application judges, Sino-African Initiative interviewees, Tang Xiaoyang, U.S. Department of State, Shouqing Zhang, and Sister Cities International staff and interns.

17

Acknowledgements

915 15th Street, NW, 4th Floor,Washington DC 20005(tel) 202.347.8630(fax) 202.393.6524info@sister-cities.org

国际姐妹城市联盟的中国-非洲项目是三边项目的先

锋。此项目将具有不同文化、背景、经济发展程度的城

市连结在一起。中国、肯尼亚、马拉维、尼日利亚和美

国的十个城市克服了语言、时差、政府差异等方面的挑

战，共同完成了供水、健康与卫生方面的项目，改善了

当地的社区。

从项目开始时的讨论到项目进行中的建设与合作，我

亲身感受到了各个参与城市的诚意。在这里，我由衷

感谢阿什维尔市、丹佛市、海珠区、昆明市、内罗毕

市、奥绍博市、罗利市、厄巴纳市、襄阳市和松巴

市的项目成员的优异工作。他们用自己的行动证明：

通过相互尊重、理解与合作，我们的城市可以广结伙

伴、茁壮成长。

阚玛丽

总裁兼首席执行官

国际姐妹城市联盟

20

1 国际姐妹城市联盟简介与中国-非洲项目介绍

2 经验教训与最佳实践

4 内罗毕市 - 丹佛市 - 昆明市

8 奥绍博市 - 阿什维尔市/罗利市 - 襄阳市

12 松巴市 - 厄巴纳市 - 海珠区

16 总结

17 致谢

目录序言

国际姐妹城市联盟简介

国际姐妹城市联盟是一个501(c)(3)非营利、无党派机构。

自从1956年来，国际姐妹城市联盟一直致力于通过文化、

教育、人道、经济发展等交流活动促进和平与繁荣。国际

姐妹城市联盟代表500多个会员城市。这些会员与全球143

个国家的2000多个城市具有合作关系。国际姐妹城市联盟

是各个城市交流知识与民间外交最佳经验的大本营。

艾森豪威尔总统在1956年的白宫民间外交会议上宣布成

立国际姐妹城市联盟。艾森豪威尔总统希望在这个联盟

的工作下，连接世界上不同城市和市民，促进和平与繁

荣。国际姐妹城市联盟致力于通过战略性的姐妹城市关

系、助款、项目、支持会员来不断巩固姐妹城市网络。

美国的城市，不论大小与所属州县，国际城市及个人均

可以成为会员。国际姐妹城市联盟鼓励并协助个人、市

政府官员及商界领袖开展长期互利的姐妹城市、姐妹县

或姐妹州省活动。

姐妹城市是什么？

姐妹城市、姐妹县、姐妹州省为位于两个国家的市、郡、

州/省之间的全面长期的友好关系。该友好关系由两个市、

郡、州/省的最高民选或任命官员签署正式协议后建立。

地区姐妹城市组织负责管理该市的姐妹城市关系。这个组

织的成员可以为市政府、非政府组织、私人机构和其它民

间机构的代表。

中国-非洲项目

国际姐妹城市联盟的中国-非洲项目是由比尔和梅琳达•盖

茨基金会赠款捐助的一项为期两年的项目。该项目旨在寻

求一种通过中国、非洲和美国城市间的合作，来促进非洲

经济发展和解决非洲城市贫困问题的方式。通过与中国、

非洲和美国的民间外交组织以及当地市政府与企业的合

作，该项目希望能创建某种战略，既能保证扶贫发展项

目，解决社区需求，又能促进商业行为和政府职责的透

明。该项目主要包括研究和方案设计、培训与会议、互访

于建设几个部分。

2012年，国际姐妹城市联盟的工作人员完成了一项关于三

方姐妹城市合作的研究。此项研究分析了美国、中国和非

洲国家的国家及城市政策，并且收集了对专家和政府官员

的访谈。这项研究同时指出三边合作的潜力。在此基础

上，中国-非洲项目于2013年开始了三个三边城市试点项

目。这三个项目的重点为供水、医疗和卫生。美国、中国

和非洲的姐妹城市向中国-非洲项目提交了项目计划书。之

后，资深外部专家评选了最终的最能体现姐妹城市关系及

最有潜力的项目。

2013年1月30日至2月2日，国际姐妹城市联盟在肯尼亚的内

罗毕举行了中国-非洲项目的开幕会议。这次会议为美国、

非洲和中国的三边城市提供了加深了解、交流想法与规划

具体合作的机会。会议结束前，三边城市就合作项目签署

了备忘录。

这三个试点项目的实行贯穿了2013年。每个项目均包括建

设与互访部分。建设工作为城市提供了新的基础设施，互

访工作为城市间的交流提供了机会。2014年2月三边姐妹城

市项目圆满结束。2014年3月，中国-非洲项目的总结会议

在华盛顿特区举行。

1

经验教训与最佳实践

本文所述的经验教训和最佳实践来自于国际姐妹城市联盟

的三方姐妹城市项目及其所涉及的建设和互访工作。但

是，这些经验可以应用于其它各样的三方合作伙伴与三方

项目。国际姐妹城市联盟的三边项目交流、项目报告及工

作人员的研究协助我们获得这些经验教训和最佳实践。

经验教训

项目开发与设计期间:

• 项目成员或至少一些项目成员之间已有的交往有助于

形成三边关系。一些城市由于对各方关系变化、项目

结构和分工的不确定而感到参与这个新项目很困难。

参与这个项目的三个中国城市之前都没有非洲的姐妹

城市。国际姐妹城市联盟与中国人民对外友好协会的

良好关系，连同美国城市与中国城市之间的深厚友谊

促进这些中国城市参与这个项目。

• 对于项目成员的挑选流程十分重要。这是因为项目成

员在项目开展过程中需要发挥两项作用。一方面，项

目成员不断促进姐妹城市的友好关系，支持三边关系

的建立。另一方面，项目成员提供专业技术，参与技

术知识交流。虽然在项目初期对这两个职责没有明确

的要求，但是对各方帮助最大的交流项目显示项目成

员需均衡发挥这两项作用。

• 非洲城市十分希望通过平衡的方式与美国和中国的城

市合作。这些项目的侧重点是非洲城市。中国或美国

的城市不应过于主宰这些项目。同时，中国和美国的

城市在完成本身任务时需要有自主权。所以说，合作

城市间需要保持均衡的关系才能推动项目健康发展。

• 所有的项目都应该是互利的，并且对美国、中国和非

洲的城市均有吸引力。建设部分直接使非洲城市受

益，但是互访部分使各方都受益。中国城市在互访中

比较重视贸易讨论；美国城市则更鼓励城市间的知识

交流。

项目实行期间:

• 三方合作伙伴需要统一的采购规定。这些规定保证透

明性和问责性。

• 三方均公开参与的活动给当地社区留下的正面印象较

深。只有一方参与的活动则达不到相同的效果。

• 全社区的参与促成项目的成功。在每个非洲城市开展

建设工作时，接受翻新的建筑物的负责人均会直接参

与工作。另外，当地居民如果可以献计献策，他们则

更愿意接受项目。

2

最佳实践

加强三边合作关系

• 吸收既对三边合作感兴趣又具有专业知识的人士为项

目成员。这样，姐妹城市的关系可以向更宽、更深发

展，同时保持解决具体问题的不同渠道。

• 每个城市设联络人。除了其他具体的岗位，例如项目

经理、项目主管、财务和采购人员外，设立城市间联

络人可以确保定期、有序的沟通。

设置项目结构

• 设计一个项目申请格式，里面包括项目的结构和组织

关系。在中国-非洲项目中，非洲城市评估了自身的

需求和所需的资源。之后，美国和中国的城市根据非

洲城市的需求提供自己的资源。在建立三边关系过程

中，几乎所有城市均收到本市市长的支持信。有时，

两个姐妹城市的市长联合邀请第三个城市参与三方合

作伙伴和三边项目。这样的申请方式保证三边关系是

平衡的，并且是获得本市市政府支持的。同时，各城

市的分工从项目起始就很明确。

• 明确哪些项目活动是适合三方、两方或一方完成的。三

边项目的一个主要优势即资源丰富。但是，相应的工作

难点即协调三个风格各异的城市。中国-非洲项目建议

在管理三边项目时考虑以下的安排方式，这样可以使项

目获得最大的收益。

• 三方 --- 知识交流活动，比如项目开发与互访。

• 两方 --- 项目后勤工作，比如互访协调。

• 一方 --- 运营活动，比如建筑管理和物资采购。

行使项目

• 在项目起始时认可统一的采购系统。

• 如可以，在需要监督和质量控制的环节使用第三方。这

些环节包括：采购文书批准、项目财务监督等，目的是

保证财务透明以及施工监督顺利进行。.

• 在建设过程中安排工地参观及意见交流活动，对施工进

展进行讨论。在交流意见的同时安排建设方面的培训。

• 在互访中尽可能安排正式的与非正式的知识分享活动。

3

1. “County Data Sheet,” Kenya Open Data, https://www.opendata.go.ke/Counties/County-Urbanization-Nairobi/g4vq-85ds 2. “The 10 Traits of Globally Fluent Metro Areas: Nairobi,” The Brookings Institution, http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/Multimedia/Interactives/2013/tentraits/Nairobi.pdf. 3. Foster, Stephen and Albert Tuinhof, “The Role of Groundwater in the Water Supply of Greater Nairobi, Kenya,” World Bank, 2005, http://www.un-igrac.org/dynamics/modules/SFIL0100/view.php?fil_

Id=190. 4. “Denver (city), Colorado,” U.S. Census Bureau, http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/08/0820000.html. 5. “Economic Growth Widespread Across Metropolitan Areas in 2012,” Bureau of Economic Analysis, U.S. Department of Commerce, http://www.bea.gov/newsreleases/regional/gdp_metro/2013/pdf/

gdp_metro0913.pdf. 6. “Denver, CO,” Forbes, http://www.forbes.com/places/co/denver/. 7. “Tours,” Denver Water, http://www.denverwater.org/EducationOutreach/Tours/. 8. “Overview of Kunming,” Xinhua, http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/special/2012-10/11/c_131900329.htm. 9. “Overview of Kunming,” Xinhua, http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/special/2012-10/11/c_131900329.htm.10. “Kunming,”U.S. Commercial Service, http://export.gov/china/doingbizinchina/regionalinfo/secondtiercities/eg_cn_025691.asp.

肯尼亚内罗毕市 美国丹佛市 中国昆明市

概况:

肯尼亚内罗毕市

• 人口(市, 2009年): 3,138,2951

• 地理位置: 肯尼亚东南部，瑞夫特河谷边，临内罗

毕河，宁共河，马塞尔河

• 年生产总值 (2009年): 120亿美元2

• 经济: 商业、旅游业、制造业、农业

• 内罗毕的大部分供水来自于塔那盆地和地下水。但

是，干旱季节、供水分配、水泄露、非法连接等问

题导致供水不稳定。3

美国科罗拉多州丹佛市

• 人口(市, 2012年): 634,2654

• 地理位置: 位于科罗拉多前锋区中心，西面有落基

山脉，东面有高原

• 年生产总值(市内并城郊): 1678.9亿美元5

• 经济(市内并城郊): 航天航空业、电信业、高科

技业、能源、美国西部分销大本营6

• 科罗拉多州属半干旱气候，降水少，因此丹佛市经

常遭受干旱。丹佛在废水处理厂回收废水，确保居

民清洁水的供应。7

中国云南省昆明市

• 人口(市, 2010年): 6,432,2128

• 地理位置: 位于云贵平原中部，临滇池，周围多

山、湖、寺庙

• 年生产总值: 441亿美元9

• 经济: 生物科技、信息科技、矿业、采茶业、橡胶

业、烟草业、制造业 (钢铁、有色金属、化工、机

床)10

• 昆明的供水来源于周围几个水库。昆明有时会遭遇

干旱，尤其是最近几年旱情严重，昆明市因此采取

了严格的节水措施。

4

背景：姐妹城市关系

内罗毕市与丹佛市于1975年首次建立姐妹城市。最近几

年，两个城市增进了彼此的往来。作为高原城市，内罗

毕市与丹佛市均为地区发展中心，人口多元。两个城市

的经济在本地区为领头羊，比如内罗毕市被誉为东非的

商业中心，丹佛市为众多美国大公司的总部所在地。在

过去三十年中，两个城市在文化、人道主义服务、医

疗、教育、供水、卫生等方面开展合作交流。具体项目

包括高中学生互访、供应医疗设备、舞蹈团体互访、小

额贷款等。

丹佛市前市长与昆明市前市长于1985年签署友好城市协

议。这个友好关系由一位生活在丹佛市的昆明人搭桥构

建。这位故乡为昆明的丹佛居民于二战期间担任飞虎队

的中文翻译。在20世纪80年代，美国与中国往来稀少，

但是两个城市的友好关系为两市居民打开了一扇往来的

大门。丹佛市位于高原上，昆明亦是如此，周围布满森

林与山脉。丹佛市被誉为地区分销中心，昆明亦为中

国、东南亚国家和印度间的商业中心。丹佛市与昆明市

在过去二十年里开展了众多医疗卫生、艺术、文化和教

育的交流活动，例如文化节、语言交流项目、贸易对

话、教师互访等。

马德拉卡小学项目

项目概况马德拉卡小学的学生来自包括克北拉在内的几个非正规居

住区。八年前，800名学生在马德拉卡小学就读，但是截止

到2013年，学生人数下降到378人。学生数量的下降导致

学校经费减少。这是因为肯尼亚政府的义务小学教育制度

规定每年向学校支付每个学生1020肯尼亚先令。由于经费

减少，学校无法翻新厕所和供水系统，导致环境的恶化及

学习效率的降低。但是，较好的厕所和供水系统可以吸引

更多的学生，从而增加学校的经费。三个友好城市：内罗

毕、丹佛和昆明市决定专心解决学校的供水和卫生问题。

具体项目包括：修理厕所、三方关于供水与卫生的技术交

流、小学教育与贸易代表团互访等。马德拉卡小学项目致

力于解决该小学和三个城市的供水与卫生问题。

5

交流活动

2013年4月，丹佛市和昆明市的项目成员在内罗毕市进行

了为期五天的访问。代表团参观了内罗毕市政厅、马德拉

卡小学，与内罗毕市的供水和污水处理公司讨论马德拉卡

小学项目及当地存在的供水问题。三方在讨论中增进了对

彼此的了解。供水专家同时评估了马德拉卡小学的供水需

求，就供给、分配、储存、质量等问题达成了一系列的

共识。

2013年9月，内罗毕市、丹佛市和昆明市的项目成员在昆明

进行了一周的访问。代表团与当地负责卫生与教育的政府

官员及大学管理人员讨论教育、卫生问题及马德拉卡小学

项目的进展。丹佛市和昆明市的供水专家具体介绍了解决

供水问题的不同方法。代表们在参观昆明经济中心时热烈

讨论了贸易问题。另外，丹佛市与昆明市的代表对两市增

进贸易合作寄予厚望。丹佛市代表亦为昆明市的商业同行

们作了投资报告。

在2014年1月的交流活动中，丹佛市与内罗毕市项目成员完

成了马德拉卡小学的设备和漆料采购工作，对项目进行了

最终的检测与评估，同时商讨了未来的合作。 内罗毕的市

领导和美国大使馆官员对这次交流活动很重视，并且与代

表团见面。这为两个城市加深合作提供了更广阔的途径。

肯尼亚内罗毕市 美国丹佛市 中国昆明市

6

建设

2013年，厕所翻新工作开始，总共包括28个厕所、新瓦、

新门和新洗手池。新装的屋顶和蓄水池增强了厕所和学校

蓄水的能力。新门和新油漆使厕所的面貌大为改善。项目

结束前，项目成员为学校购买了新的学习用具。

影响

马德拉卡项目对学校的老师和学生影响深远。全校的

378名学生和18名老师现在可以使用自来水和厕所。

女生有16个厕所，男生有10个厕所和便池。老师有两

个员工厕所。2013年9月项目施工完成后，30人报名

成为马德拉卡小学的新生。另外，受到这个项目的触

动，内罗毕市教育厅开始考虑调整相关政策，比如为

公立学校提供水费补助、增加公立学校的维修经费、

在未来的施工和翻新项目中吸收更多的利益相关方参

与等。

马德拉卡小学项目同时影响了内罗毕、丹佛和昆明市

的关系。内罗毕市的项目成员指出三个城市的项目成

员的紧密合作与监督对项目的成功至关重要。另外，

鼓励马德拉卡小学参与决策亦十分重要。丹佛市项目

成员现正与本市的公司讨论可持续发展城市规划，以

及如何将友好城市关系转化为具有实效的项目，并且

在友好城市间建立行业网络。昆明市项目成员推荐本

市的公司继续为马德拉卡小学的翻新工作提供资源。

随着三个城市的合作不断扩展，内罗毕、丹佛和昆明

市的友谊将不断加深。

7

尼日利亚奥绍博市 美国阿什维尔市/罗利市 中国襄阳市

概况:

尼日利亚奥逊州奥绍博市

• 人口(市，2006年): 156,69411

• 地理位置: 位于尼日利亚西南部，地势多山，有著

名的奥孙-奥绍博神树林

• 奥逊州年生产总值 (2010年): 72.8 亿美元12

• 经济: 农业、商业、旅游业13

• 奥逊州有三所教学医院，奥绍博有其中一所。这家

医院正在专攻减少产妇死亡率。尼日利亚即将通过

的全国医疗法案涵盖全民医疗及初级卫生中心的基

本费用。

美国北卡罗莱纳州阿什维尔市

• 人口 (市, 2012年): 85,712 14

• 地理位置: 位于蓝脊山脉上，斯瓦那诺河与法阔

河汇合处

• 年生产总值 : 150亿美元 15

• 经济: 医疗卫生、教育、服务业 16

• 阿什维尔以优秀的医疗卫生服务而闻名。市内有多

家全国知名的医院，医疗技术领先。

美国北卡罗莱纳州罗利市

• 人口(市，2012年): 423,179 17

• 地理位置: 位于北卡罗莱纳州中部东北边，北美

皮埃蒙特区与大西洋平原区交界处

• 年生产总值 (2012年): 613.9亿美元 18

• 经济: 高科技、医疗卫生、教育业 19

• 罗利市的医疗卫生业发达，是北卡罗莱纳州科研

三角区的一部分。此区为美国主要的高科技与生

物技术研究中心。

中国湖北省襄阳市

• 人口(市，2012年): 5,551,000 20

• 地理位置: 一座古老的城市坐落在中国湖北省的

西北部，城市由汉江一分为二

• 年生产总值(2012年): 407.9亿美元 21

• 经济: 汽车业、制造业、新能源汽车业、新能源

和新材料、机器制造业、化工业、农业 22

• 襄阳市内市外有多家初级医疗卫生中心。市内最大

的医院为襄阳中心医院，拥有员工2000人，接待85

万门诊病人。 23

11. “Osogbo,” Official Website of the State of Osun, http://osun.gov.ng/about/major-towns/osogbo/.12. Osun State, http://services.gov.ng/osun.13. “Osun State Quick Facts,” Official Website of the State of Osun, http://osun.gov.ng/about/quick-facts/.14. “Asheville (city), North Carolina,” U.S. Census Bureau, http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/37/3702140.html.15. “Economic Growth Widespread Across Metropolitan Areas in 2012,” Bureau of Economic Analysis, U.S. Department of Commerce, http://www.bea.gov/newsreleases/regional/gdp_metro/2013/pdf/

gdp_metro0913.pdf.16. Asheville Chamber of Commerce, http://www.ashevillechamber.org/economic-development/research-and-reports/industry-employment-reports.17. “Raleigh (city), North Carolina,” U.S. Census Bureau, http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/37/3755000.html.18. “Economic Growth Widespread Across Metropolitan Areas in 2012,” Bureau of Economic Analysis, U.S. Department of Commerce, http://www.bea.gov/newsreleases/regional/gdp_metro/2013/pdf/

gdp_metro0913.pdf.19. “Raleigh, NC,” Forbes, http://www.forbes.com/places/nc/raleigh/.20. “Xiangyang,” Official Website of Xiangyang Municipality, http://en.xf.cn/.21. “Xiangyang,” Official Website of Xiangyang Municipality, http://en.xf.cn/.22. “Top 100 Greatness of Xiangyang,” Official Website of Xiangyang Municipality, http://en.xf.cn/publish/cbnews/201210/10/cb747_1.shtml.23. Xiangyang Central Hospital,” Official Website of Xiangyang Municipality, http://en.xf.cn/publish/cbnews/201205/03/cb335_1.shtml.

8

尼日利亚奥绍博市 美国阿什维尔市/罗利市 中国襄阳市

背景：姐妹城市关系

2008年，基于阿什维尔市居民对尼日利亚城市奥绍博的

关注，两市成为了姐妹城市。阿什维尔市与奥绍博市都

是本地区的文化与艺术中心，并且经济均以旅游业为

主。之后不久，两个城市加入了国际姐妹城市联盟的“

非洲城市扶贫”项目，与特拉华州的威尔明顿市一起，

资助修建了29口井，为奥绍博市贫困的居民服务。除此

之外，两个城市还开展了艺术和医学交流活动，并且在

奥绍博市修建了一个和平花园。

2009年，襄阳市（旧名襄樊市）市长对罗利市进行了为

期五天的访问。在访问结束前，两个城市正式签署协议

成为姐妹城市。之后，两个城市开展了教育交流活动，

并且成立了三对姐妹学校关系。其中两所学校签订协

议，通过老师间和学生间交流开展教育合作。两个城市

还开展了大量的商业与贸易活动。

Atelewo初级卫生保健中心项目

项目概况

近年，尼日利亚政府推行新的政策保证所有国民享受初级

卫生保健服务。在奥绍博市，21个卫生所为城市里的贫困

居民服务。这些卫生所是当地居民获得卫生保健服务的主

要场所。然而，由于经费不足，很多卫生所缺乏设备和清

洁的水，并且需要翻新改造。三个姐妹城市：奥绍博、阿

什维尔/罗利和襄阳市决定利用初级卫生保健所为奥绍博

市的贫困居民提供妇产卫生服务。在奥绍博市，三个城市

共同成功翻新了一个初级卫生保健中心，在这里提供妇产

急诊服务，购买了新的设备，并且创建了一个药品周转基

金。项目还包括几个城市的医学培训互访及商业与医疗卫

生互访。Atelewo初级卫生保健中心项目旨在通过医疗培

训、购买新设备及设施翻新为当地社区创建一个医疗卫生

中心典范。

9

尼日利亚奥绍博市 美国阿什维尔市/罗利市 中国襄阳市

10

交流项目

2013年6月，罗利市的项目成员访问了襄阳市。在这次

访问中，两个城市讨论了未来的中国-非洲项目互访活

动、Atelewo卫生中心的翻新工作及两个城市未来的合作

项目。

2013年8月，奥绍博市的项目成员在奥绍博市举办了一场医

学培训研讨会。研讨会在市政府的支持下由当地一所教学

医院主持召开。这次培训是一个资格认证项目的一部分，

总共包括12门课程。超过300名医生、护士及社区卫生人员

参加了为期三天的培训研讨会。襄阳市的两位医生、阿什

维尔市的一位医生和一位护士作为讲师参加了研讨会，为

学员介绍了新技术和新信息。

2013年10月到2014年1月间，奥绍博市、阿什维尔市和罗利

市的代表首次访问了襄阳市。代表们讨论了未来的卫生与

商业合作项目。2013年11月8日，阿什维尔市市长及项目成

员联同国际姐妹城市联盟总裁参加了Atelewo医疗中心的开

幕典礼。奥绍博市的政府官员、医生、护士、卫生人员及

群众共同出席了开幕典礼。

11

建设

2013年5月，Atelewo卫生中心的翻新工作开始。工作包

括扩修产后护理区，修建新的厕所、洗手池、淋浴及一

个医疗废物焚烧炉。三边城市共同购买了新的医疗设备

及妇产急诊设备。医疗人员接受了培训。翻新工作结束

后，Atelewo初级医疗卫生中心开始营业。中心在提供初级

医疗卫生服务的同时也提供妇产急诊服务。

影响

Atelewo初级医疗卫生中心对奥绍博市的居民影响

重大。自从中心于11月8日开业后，11月共接产29

次，12月为34次，1月为44次。一年前，中心每月

的平均接产次数为30-35。中心的声誉快速传播，

外市的患者纷纷前来就诊。

这个项目同时影响了奥绍博、阿什维尔/罗利和襄

阳几个城市的关系。2013年8月在奥绍博市的医学

研讨会上，来自中国和美国的医生为当地186名医

生和护士展示了新的医学设备和技术。学员们反

应：了解其他国家的经验对自己的工作受益匪浅。

另外，在翻新Atelewo卫生中心的过程中，广泛的

社区讨论、三边城市的大力支持和参与保证了施工

的顺利进行，并且加深了城市间的友谊。所以说，

三边友好关系为各方提供了深度了解彼此制度和文

化的机会。

12

24. “2008 Population and Housing Census,” National Statistical Office of the Republic of Malawi, http://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/sources/census/2010_phc/Malawi/Malawi_Report.pdf.25. “Malawi,” The World Bank, http://data.worldbank.org/country/malawi.26. “Malawi : Zomba Urban Profile,” UN Habitat, http://www.unhabitat.org/pmss/listItemDetails.aspx?publicationID=3170. 27. “Malawi : Zomba Urban Profile,” UN Habitat, http://www.unhabitat.org/pmss/listItemDetails.aspx?publicationID=3170.28. “Urbana (city), Illinois,” U.S. Census Bureau, http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/17/1777005.html.29. “Economic Growth Widespread Across Metropolitan Areas in 2012,” Bureau of Economic Analysis, U.S. Department of Commerce, http://www.bea.gov/newsreleases/regional/gdp_metro/2013/pdf/

gdp_metro0913.pdf.30. “Champaign-Urbana, IL,” Forbes, http://www.forbes.com/places/il/champaign/.31. “Landscape Recycling Center 2013 Annual Report,” City of Urbana, http://www.urbanaillinois.us/LRC. 32. “Haizhu Overview (Haizhu gaikuang),” Haizhu District Public Information Website (Haizhuqu gongzhong xinxiwang), http://www.haizhu.gov.cn/site/main/info/about/201301/t20130124_189620.html.33. Haizhu District Public Information Website (Haizhuqu gongzhong xinxiwang), http://www.haizhu.gov.cn/site/main/info/34. “Haizhu Overview (Haizhu gaikuang),” Haizhu District Public Information Website (Haizhuqu gongzhong xinxiwang), http://www.haizhu.gov.cn/site/main/info/about/201301/t20130124_189620.html.35. Zomba and Urbana delegation visit to Haizhu district, Haizhu district, November 2013.

马拉维松巴市 美国厄巴纳市 中国海珠区

概况:

马拉维松巴市

• 人口(市，2008年) : 87,36624

• 地理位置：马拉维南部什尔高地，松巴高原

• 马拉维年生产总值(2012年): 42.64亿美元25

• 经济: 零售业、建筑业、制造业、运输业、市场营

销、金融业、社会服务、公共管理26

• 松巴市有一座地心吸力污水处理工厂，为正规住宅

区、商业区和政府机构的约2万人服务。目前，正

规住宅区、中高收入区的居民可以定时获得废物处

理服务，非正规住宅区的居民获得的废物处理服务

很有限。27

美国伊利诺伊州厄巴纳市

• 人口(市，2010年): 41,25028

• 地理位置: 位于伊利诺伊州中部的杉歌蒙河谷，与

尚佩恩市相连

• 厄巴纳-尚佩恩市年生产总值(2012年): 95.3 亿美

元29

• 经济: 高科技、教育业30

• 从1987年开始，厄巴纳的绿化回收中心处理了超过

一万吨的回收物，将各种植物废弃物转化为肥料护

根和堆肥产品出售。这个可持续发展的非营利中心

由厄巴纳公共设施厅负责管理。31

中国广东省广州市海珠区

• 人口(区，2011年): 967,20032

• 地理位置: 位于珠江南部，广州市中部，岛区

• 广州市年生产总值(2011年): 142.5亿美元33

• 经济: 高科技、教育业、旅游业、服务业34

• 海珠区除了传统的废水处理方法外，还利用焚烧炉

处理废物。该区的两座焚烧设备可以处理广州市约

10%的废物，并且提供2%的城市用电。35

13

背景：姐妹城市关系

2008年，基于对卫生和安全饮用水的关注，厄巴纳市与

松巴市正式建立了姐妹城市关系。在这之前的十年中，

由两个城市的大学搭桥，两个城市已经建立了友好关

系。厄巴纳市的第一联合长老教会多年资助松巴市的一

个名为“浅井”的清洁井水项目。这个项目为两个城市

的友谊奠定了坚实的基础。2009年，厄巴纳市与松巴市

参与了国际姐妹城市联盟的“非洲城市扶贫”项目，在

三所小学修建厕所，并且在中央医院修建沐浴街。非洲

城市扶贫项目促使年轻的友好城市关系茁壮成长，并且

推进了多项教育与废物处理项目的交流活动。

厄巴纳市与松巴市建立友好关系四年后，在厄巴纳市长

的支持下，厄巴纳市与海珠区成为了姐妹城市。厄巴纳

市与中国的关系源远流长。早在一个世纪前，伊利诺伊

大学校长艾得蒙•詹姆斯说服西奥多•罗斯福总统向中国

学生提供来美学习的奖学金。超过三分之一的受奖的中

国学生来到伊利诺伊大学厄巴纳-尚佩恩校区学习，造

福了两国。现今，两个城市的大学继续为友好城市关系

提供支持。

综合废物管理项目

项目概况

随着松巴市人口的不断增加，废物管理日渐成为当地的重

要问题。由于市政府废物收集服务涵盖面有限，并且缺乏

垃圾箱，城市里存在着严重的乱扔废物的现象。三个姐妹

城市：松巴、厄巴纳及海珠决定专心治理松巴市的废物问

题，并且彼此之间互相学习有效管理城市废物的方法。三

个姐妹城市共同在松巴市修复了污水管道，修建了新的公

共废物储蓄箱和检修孔，修建了一个堆肥区，并且购买了

垃圾卡车及堆肥的工具。社区教育宣讲和清洁城市运动为

松巴市的废物管理工作推波助澜。此外，项目还包括废物

管理专业人士培训互访、市长与废物管理代表团互访等。

综合废物管理项目旨在通过交流知识、引进新系统及基础

设施建设来解决松巴市的废物处理问题。

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交流项目

综合废物管理项目在2013年3月的一次代表团访问活动中

拉开序幕。在这次访问中，松巴市的项目成员来到厄巴纳

市进行了为期一周的工作考察。松巴市的项目成员一边现

场观摩厄巴纳市同事的工作，一边了解美国的废物管理流

程。代表团参观了绿化回收物中心，废物处理工厂及厄

巴纳-尚佩恩污水厂。代表团还参观了厄巴纳市的政府、

医疗、教育和工程部门，与当地的同事交流了彼此工作的

异同。

2013年7月，厄巴纳市长及代表团一行来到海珠区进行访

问。双方讨论了松巴市废物管理项目的前期工作、经济

目标、可持续发展计划及两个城市未来新项目合作等问

题。2013年10月底，厄巴纳市与海珠区的项目成员来到松

巴市，参观了堆肥厂，并且与当地的同事进行了交流。代

表团参观了中国-非洲项目的厂地，包括污水处理系统、

堆肥区和废物倾倒区。代表团还参加了一个社区教育宣讲

会。会议内容为向当地居民介绍废物管理及清洁工作。代

表团还忙里偷闲参观了当地的文化景区。

2013年11月，厄巴纳市与松巴市代表团回访海珠区。项目

成员与当地的专家交流了废物管理的经验与技术。代表团

不仅了解了中国在废物管理方面的经验，还参观了当地的

历史遗址。

马拉维松巴市 美国厄巴纳市 中国海珠区

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影响

综合废物管理项目对松巴市影响深远。松巴市政府预

计社区教育项目影响了市内及周边5000居民。新的废

物污染检修孔可以帮助3000个家庭。新的垃圾车每月

可以为3000多个家庭及单位收垃圾。堆肥厂开始运营

后，松巴市政府相信每季度超过20家小农户可以使用

来自堆肥厂的肥料。松巴市政府在社区及家庭中积极

鼓励堆肥和废物管理。

综合废物管理项目同时影响了松巴市、厄巴纳市和海

珠区的关系及各市的政策。虽然马拉维与中国一直保

持经济往来，但是这些往来只体现在国家层面，而不

是城市层面。中国-非洲项目帮助松巴市居民加深对

中国的了解，并且希望开展更多的民间交流，寻求更

多的投资与贸易机会。伴随着知识的不断分享，松巴

市，厄巴纳市与海珠区的友谊日益加深。

建设

废物处理厂的建设工作贯穿2013年。建设项目包括5个公共

废物储蓄箱，10个检修孔和1个堆肥厂。三个城市共同购买

了一部垃圾车和堆肥的工具。松巴市项目成员将和当地的

一个社区组织联合运营堆肥厂。

总结

作为一个非常新颖的项目，中国-非洲项目为未来姐妹城市

的合作开创了一个新的模式。三方项目虽然实行的难度较

大，但是可以为跨洲际的三个或多个城市提供学习与合作

的机会。在中国-非洲项目的推动下，合作城市不断在供

水、废物管理、基础医疗、商业发展等其他城市相关领域

创新合作想法。中国-非洲项目成功地为姐妹城市或其它城

市发展三边合作建立了可靠的模式。

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内罗毕 – 丹佛 – 昆明市Councilman Albus Brooks, Cheng Hanjun, Harriet Downer, Tahverlee Dunlop, Andy Feinstein, Gu Wenwen, Mayor Michael Hancock, Beth Hendrix, Levi Johnsen, Jeanie Johnson, Barclay Jones, Reza Kazemian, Governor Evans Kidero, Peter Kraft, Doug Linkhart, Hon. Alex Ole Magelo, Jane Munene, Andrew Mwanthi, Joseph Odhiambo, Derek Okubo, Hon. Elias Otieno, Brian Powers, Ashley Ruiz, Abdul Sesay, Su Baotang, Akbarali Thobani, Michael Wao Awiti, Paul Washington, Wang Jian, Wu Hui, Xu Changming, Runing Zhang, Zhang Qianqian, Zhou Junjie.

奥绍博 – 阿什维尔 – 罗利 – 襄阳市Muritala Adebayo, Nurudeen Adebayo, Segun Adebisi, Alh. S.A. Adekunle, Motunrayo Adewumi, Sijuwade Adeyemi, A. Agbedahunsi, Folake Agboola, J.A. Agboola, Taofeek Ajadi, Sangodare Ajala, Michael Ajani, Ajibola Akanbi, S.A. Akanbi, Basorun Tunde Akanni, J.A. Akinlade, Gbade Alabi, Gbade Alesin, Bola Alo, Folusho Amosun, Governor Ogbeni Rauf Aregbesola, Adebimpe Atanda, Ifedolapo Atanda, Oluseyi Atanda, Taiwo Atanda, Kunle Awesu, Remi Azeez, Falusho Babalola, Bai Xuegong, Erelade Bakare, Morufu Bankole, Mayor Terry Bellamy, Wallace Bohanan, Yetunde Bolaji, Brit Castaneda, Tom Downing, Margaret Fabiyi, S.O. Fadiora, Hon Isiaka Faramade, Niyi Fasanu, John Gant, Lucy Hosmer, Gwen Hughes, Temitope Ilori, Jin Xiong, Alice Keller, A.O. Kolapo, Jide Kolawole, Karen Korp, Deputy Governor Otunba Titi Laoye Tomori, HRH Oba Jimoh Oyetunji Larooye II, Vlad Lipschutz , Liu Jing, Richard Lutovsky, Ma Kezhong, Russ Martin, Mayor Nancy McFarland, James Montague, Wonza Montague, Alhaja Kudirat Nofiu, Pade Odedele, Funke Odetoyinbo-Adelaja, Morufu Oduola, Dele Ojo, Hon. Hakeem Okunade, Bisi Olaoye, Gbadebo Olatona, Ganiyu Olatunde, Ifakunle Onifade, J.A. Oparanti, Osogbo Asheville Sister Cities Association, Senator Oyewo, Raleigh Sister Cities board members, Inge Robert, Babatunde Salawu, Alh. R.A.Siyanbola, Tan Yao, Olatunde Toyin, Jan Watson, Valeria Watson-Doost, Mayor Pro Tem Eugene Weeks, John Wei, Zhuo Yue.

松巴 – 厄巴纳 – 海珠区Subhash Bhagwat, Fatuma Bhima Naliwa, Chen Jieyu, Ping Chen, Alick Chima, Elizabeth Chingayipe, Busta Chiona, John Dimit, Ian Dolozi, Scott Dossett, Deputy Mayor Fang Jinqun, Huang Xiang, CEO Charles Kalemba, Rodgers Kaunda, Michael Kilcullen, Chelsea Krieger, Lin Kairong, Knox Makonyola, Innocent Malomo, Meg Miller, Ludoviko Naphiyo, CEO Ali Phiri, Dickson Vuwa Phiri, Phyllis Pierce, Mayor Laurel Prussing, Dennis Roberts, Samuel Smith, Christopher Stohr, Scott Tess, De Wen Wang, Su Ying (Wendy), Yang (Joseph) Zhihua, Party-Secretary Yao Yisheng, Zhang Qiang, Zheng Jiaju, Zheng Lanbo.

国际姐妹城市联盟Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Tom Connolly, Chinese People’s Association for Friendship with Foreign Countries, Chinese Embassy in DC, Sino-African Initiative application judges, Sino-African Initiative interviewees, Tang Xiaoyang, U.S. Department of State, Shouqing Zhang, and Sister Cities International staff and interns.

致谢

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中国-非洲项目2012-2014