Single-Photon Avalanche Diodes (SPADs) Demystified
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Transcript of Single-Photon Avalanche Diodes (SPADs) Demystified
![Page 1: Single-Photon Avalanche Diodes (SPADs) Demystified](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062401/5a66362b7f8b9afe4c8b4583/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
1FABRIZIO GUERRIERI
SPAD DEMYSTIFIED
SINGLE-PHOTON AVALANCHE DIODE
DEMYSTIFIED
Fabrizio Guerrieri
![Page 2: Single-Photon Avalanche Diodes (SPADs) Demystified](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062401/5a66362b7f8b9afe4c8b4583/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
2FABRIZIO GUERRIERI
SPAD DEMYSTIFIED
LET’S CONSIDER THE TYPICAL PN JUNCTION I-V CHARACTERISTICS…
![Page 3: Single-Photon Avalanche Diodes (SPADs) Demystified](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062401/5a66362b7f8b9afe4c8b4583/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
3FABRIZIO GUERRIERI
SPAD DEMYSTIFIED
AVALANCHE CURRENT(JUNCTION BREAKDOWN)
DIRECT CURRENT
INVERSE CURRENT DUE TO THERMAL GENERATION IN THE DEPLETED ZONE
PN JUNCTION
![Page 4: Single-Photon Avalanche Diodes (SPADs) Demystified](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062401/5a66362b7f8b9afe4c8b4583/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
4FABRIZIO GUERRIERI
SPAD DEMYSTIFIED
AVALANCHE CURRENT(JUNCTION BREAKDOWN)
DIRECT CURRENT
INVERSE CURRENT DUE TO THERMAL GENERATION IN THE DEPLETED ZONE
PN JUNCTION
THE SPAD WORKS HERE
![Page 5: Single-Photon Avalanche Diodes (SPADs) Demystified](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062401/5a66362b7f8b9afe4c8b4583/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
5FABRIZIO GUERRIERI
SPAD DEMYSTIFIED
HOW DOES A SPAD WORK?
![Page 6: Single-Photon Avalanche Diodes (SPADs) Demystified](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062401/5a66362b7f8b9afe4c8b4583/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
6FABRIZIO GUERRIERI
SPAD DEMYSTIFIED
WITH A REVERSE VOLTAGE BELOWBREAKDOWN NO CURRENT FLOWS
![Page 7: Single-Photon Avalanche Diodes (SPADs) Demystified](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062401/5a66362b7f8b9afe4c8b4583/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
7FABRIZIO GUERRIERI
SPAD DEMYSTIFIED
![Page 8: Single-Photon Avalanche Diodes (SPADs) Demystified](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062401/5a66362b7f8b9afe4c8b4583/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
8FABRIZIO GUERRIERI
SPAD DEMYSTIFIED
AT THE BEGINNING,
NO CURRENT FLOWS EVEN WITH A REVERSE VOLTAGE ABOVE BREAKDOWN
![Page 9: Single-Photon Avalanche Diodes (SPADs) Demystified](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062401/5a66362b7f8b9afe4c8b4583/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
9FABRIZIO GUERRIERI
SPAD DEMYSTIFIED
![Page 10: Single-Photon Avalanche Diodes (SPADs) Demystified](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062401/5a66362b7f8b9afe4c8b4583/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
10FABRIZIO GUERRIERI
SPAD DEMYSTIFIED
AN AVALANCHE CURRENT IS TRIGGERED BY THEFIRST PHOTON GENERATING AN ELECTRON/HOLE
PAIR IN THE DEPLETED REGION
![Page 11: Single-Photon Avalanche Diodes (SPADs) Demystified](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062401/5a66362b7f8b9afe4c8b4583/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
11FABRIZIO GUERRIERI
SPAD DEMYSTIFIED
![Page 12: Single-Photon Avalanche Diodes (SPADs) Demystified](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062401/5a66362b7f8b9afe4c8b4583/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
12FABRIZIO GUERRIERI
SPAD DEMYSTIFIED
THE BRANCHED CHARACTERISTIC OF A SPAD
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13FABRIZIO GUERRIERI
SPAD DEMYSTIFIED
OBVIOUSLY A FRONT-END CIRCUIT (WE CALL ITQUENCHING CIRCUIT) IS NEEDED IN ORDER TO:
1. ENABLE THE SPAD RISING THE REVERSE VOLTAGE ABOVE BREAKDOWN
2. DETECT THE AVALANCHE CURRENT
3. QUENCH THE AVALANCHE CURRENT LOWERING THE REVERSE VOLTAGE BELOW BREAKDOWN
![Page 14: Single-Photon Avalanche Diodes (SPADs) Demystified](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062401/5a66362b7f8b9afe4c8b4583/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
14FABRIZIO GUERRIERI
SPAD DEMYSTIFIED
TWO MAIN ADVANTAGES
1. SINGLE-PHOTON LEVEL SENSITIVITY
2. ELECTRONIC PULSE’S RISING EDGE WITH VERY LOW TIME JITTER(30 ps OR BETTER)
HOW CAN I USE A SPAD?
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15FABRIZIO GUERRIERI
SPAD DEMYSTIFIED
1. TIME CORRELATED SINGLE-PHOTON COUNTING (TCSPC)(WE INFORMALLY CALL IT “PHOTON TIMING”)
2. TIME OF FLIGHT (TOF)
3. PHOTON-COUNTING
HOW CAN I USE A SPAD?
![Page 16: Single-Photon Avalanche Diodes (SPADs) Demystified](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062401/5a66362b7f8b9afe4c8b4583/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
16FABRIZIO GUERRIERI
SPAD DEMYSTIFIED
1 - PHOTON TIMING
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17FABRIZIO GUERRIERI
SPAD DEMYSTIFIED
1 - PHOTON TIMING
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18FABRIZIO GUERRIERI
SPAD DEMYSTIFIED
After somelaser pulses…
1 - PHOTON TIMING
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19FABRIZIO GUERRIERI
SPAD DEMYSTIFIED
After somelaser pulses…
After morelaser pulses…
1 - PHOTON TIMING
![Page 20: Single-Photon Avalanche Diodes (SPADs) Demystified](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062401/5a66362b7f8b9afe4c8b4583/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
20FABRIZIO GUERRIERI
SPAD DEMYSTIFIED
After somelaser pulses…
After morelaser pulses…
1 - PHOTON TIMING
![Page 21: Single-Photon Avalanche Diodes (SPADs) Demystified](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062401/5a66362b7f8b9afe4c8b4583/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
21FABRIZIO GUERRIERI
SPAD DEMYSTIFIED
After somelaser pulses…
After morelaser pulses…
After MANYlaser pulses…
1 - PHOTON TIMING
![Page 22: Single-Photon Avalanche Diodes (SPADs) Demystified](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062401/5a66362b7f8b9afe4c8b4583/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
22FABRIZIO GUERRIERI
SPAD DEMYSTIFIED
2 – TIME-OF-FLIGHT
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23FABRIZIO GUERRIERI
SPAD DEMYSTIFIED
2 – TIME-OF-FLIGHT
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24FABRIZIO GUERRIERI
SPAD DEMYSTIFIED
2 – TIME-OF-FLIGHT
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25FABRIZIO GUERRIERI
SPAD DEMYSTIFIED
Laser pulse’s shapeEstimated TOF
2 – TIME-OF-FLIGHT
![Page 26: Single-Photon Avalanche Diodes (SPADs) Demystified](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062401/5a66362b7f8b9afe4c8b4583/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
26FABRIZIO GUERRIERI
SPAD DEMYSTIFIED
3 - PHOTON COUNTING
THE QUENCHING CIRCUIT DELIVERS AN OUTPUT PULSE EVERYTIME THE SPAD DETECTS A PHOTON
![Page 27: Single-Photon Avalanche Diodes (SPADs) Demystified](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062401/5a66362b7f8b9afe4c8b4583/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
27FABRIZIO GUERRIERI
SPAD DEMYSTIFIED
3 - PHOTON COUNTING
IN OUR ARRAYS EVERY PIXEL CONTAINS EVERYTHING TO DO PHOTON-COUNTING
![Page 28: Single-Photon Avalanche Diodes (SPADs) Demystified](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062401/5a66362b7f8b9afe4c8b4583/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
28FABRIZIO GUERRIERI
SPAD DEMYSTIFIED
# photo ns
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29FABRIZIO GUERRIERI
SPAD DEMYSTIFIED
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30FABRIZIO GUERRIERI
SPAD DEMYSTIFIED
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31FABRIZIO GUERRIERI
SPAD DEMYSTIFIED
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32FABRIZIO GUERRIERI
SPAD DEMYSTIFIED
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33FABRIZIO GUERRIERI
SPAD DEMYSTIFIED
# photo ns
FRAMESTARTFRAMESTOP