Single Display Groupware Ana Zanella - CPSC 601.13 -
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Transcript of Single Display Groupware Ana Zanella - CPSC 601.13 -
Single Display Groupware
Ana Zanella
- CPSC 601.13 -
Definition
Single Display Groupware (SDG) is a class of CSCW applications that supports
multiple simultaneous users interacting co-located on a single shared display, usually
using multiple input devices (MID)
[Stewart]
Group’s Interactions
• What are the types of functions groups execute during the work?
• How do groups interact in terms of shared artifacts being manipulated?
• How do groups communicate in a face-to-face situation?
Group’s Behaviors
• Visible behaviors (Whittaker)– Gesture– Posture– Eye gaze– Facial expressions
• Shared surface actions (Tang)– List– Draw– Gesture– Talk
Grounding Communication
• Grounding changes with purpose and medium (Clark)
• Mediate communication• Store information• Explain a concept• Create a reminder• Reference something• Emphasize a talk• Simulate ordered events
• Face-to-face• Telephone• E-mail• Fax• Video/audio• Computer tool
Characteristics of SDG Applications
• Support to face-to-face interaction• Shared and coupled view• Shared user interface• Shared feedback • Multiple cursors• Different types of input devices • No privileged devices• No global data
– Per user or per device
Potential Advantages
• Maintaining face-to-face interactions
• Enabling collaboration that was inhibited by social barriers
• Enabling types of collaborations that require multiple users
• Enriching existing collaborations
• Reducing/eliminating conflicts
• Encouraging peer learning/teaching
• Strengthening communication skills
Potential Disadvantages
• It may take longer to complete tasks
• Navigation may be frustrating
• Applications may be slower
• Applications may not be portable
• Screen real state problem
• Adding technology may add constrains to face-to-face interactions
Types of SDG Applications• Children’s Application
• games, educational tools
• Software demonstration• Meeting Tools
• brainstorming, discussing and design tasks
• SDG Editors• text, drawing
• Multiple Input Device Systems• two handed input
SDG Applications
• MidDraw MID [Bederson]
SDG Applications
• KidPad MID [Bederson]
SDG Applications
• PebblesDraw Pebbles [Myers]
SDG Applications
• MID Editor [Zanella] uses MIDFrame [Shoemaker]
SDG Applications
• Connect the Dots games [Zanella] uses MIDFrame [Shoemaker]
Issues in SDG Design
• Technological issues– Input devices– Output devices
• Widgets issues
• Data issues
Issue: Input Devices
• Multiple users and input– Operating Systems do not allow several inputs at
the same time: mouse vs. keyboard– Simultaneous input data to be treated
• Average of the inputs
Issue: Input Devices
• Multiple input devices and multiple pointers– Operating System allows one cursor only
• Two mice connected, input is the average of both
– Several pointers:• One pointer per user in the room
– Confusion
• More users than pointers– Who is interacting and who is not
Issue: Input Devices
• Multiple input devices
• Turn taking vs. Simultaneous access– One user per device
• Parallel work: collaboration may not occur
– More users than devices• Some turn-taking: may encourage users to
collaborate more, even though some are working in parallel
Issue: Input Devices
• Different types of input devices • Treat different devices’ inputs
• Different issues:– Mouse, joystick : restricts gestures, do not avoid
interference, not much awareness– PDA’s: personal screen, restricts gestures– Pens: allows some gestures, awareness of users, avoid
interference– Touch screen: allows gestures, awareness of users, avoid
interference
• Tabletop
• Whiteboard
• Multiple whiteboards side by side
• Tabletop and whiteboards
• Monitor
• Laptop
Issue: Architectural Setting
Architectural setting• Scalability (display size)
– Monitor• Small display: screen real state, people are
closer, looking possible to the same information
• Mouse or keyboard
– Whiteboard• People are more far away, less integrated to
work together, can be looking at or working on a different parts of the display
• Pen or touch screen
Issue: Output Devices• Screen real state problem
– Several users at the same time
working on different information
On the screen• Too much data
– Coupled view • If a user scrolls to an empty area, other may not be able
to see their work
• Orientation– Monitor, whiteboard
• Unique orientation
– Tabletop• Orientation mediates collaboration
• Read and write upside-down
• Orientation is extremely important for some tasks– Location in maps
– Interior design
– Floor plans
Issue: Output Devices
Issue: Widgets• Interference
– Monitor: • Small work area
• Mouse, keyboard
– Whiteboard: • Larger work area
• Touch screen, pen, mouse
– Tabletop: • Larger work area
• Pen, touch screen, mouse
Issue: Widgets
• Awareness– What others are doing– Many information is captured outside the system– What is important to be embedded into the
system?• Modes?
• Global actions messaging?
Issue: Widgets• User identification
– Who is and who is not interacting? • (More users that input devices)
– Which cursor is mine?– Whose cursors are the others?
• Name
• Picture
• Icon
• Color
Issue: Widgets• Personal vs. Global actions
– Personal: may not affect others• Mode change
– Global: related to all users, everybody must be aware
• Social protocols?
• Clear screen
• Save
Issue: Widgets• Joint actions
– KidPad – Educational applications– How does it apply to meetings?
(real world applications) • Marking important topics
• Persistent data
• Personal widgets: menus, popup menus?
• Multiple selection of tools
• Undo
• Scroll bar
• Menu selection and menu option selection
Other Widgets Issues
Issue: Data
• Multiple selection of data at a time:– Move– Delete– Modify
• Data per user– Can others delete my data?– When I undo: does it undo my last action or
general last action?
Restriction on the Definition
• One display– Single display groupware
Vs.
– Co-located groupware• Multiple screens
• Multiple input devices – some with own display
• Some issues apply to both, but new ones can be added with the addition of several displays
Conclusions
• Based on face-to-face interactions– Some aspects are maintained– When technology is added some behaviors may
change
• Multiple input devices is necessary– Simultaneity
• Operating Systems do not support multiple input devices– Applications have to treat MID– Non portable applications
Conclusions
• Several issues have not been studied in detail:– Different types of devices– Scalability – Interference– Orientation– Co-located groupware: several displays
What I Am Doing
• Widgets
• Interference
• Architecture for SDG – multiple types of devices
Interference
• Transparent popup menus
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