Single-cohort Mixed Species Deciduous Stands Exhibiting Multi-cohort Attributes in the Southeastern...
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![Page 1: Single-cohort Mixed Species Deciduous Stands Exhibiting Multi-cohort Attributes in the Southeastern United States Wayne K. Clatterbuck Silviculture & Forest.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081520/56649d225503460f949f84cc/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Single-cohort Mixed Species Deciduous Stands Exhibiting Multi-cohort
Attributes in the Southeastern United States
Wayne K. ClatterbuckSilviculture & Forest Management
Forestry, Wildlife & FisheriesUniversity of Tennessee, Knoxville
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Overview
1. Examine stand structure in four stands within east TN with seemingly multi-cohort attributes
2. Hypothesize why stands are actually single-cohort
3. Are multi-cohort stands feasible in these forests?
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Study Area Selection• Second Growth Stands
from a Stand Initiation Disturbance
• Age > 100 years, no major disturbances during period
• Multiple Canopy Layers
• At least 20 ha in size
• Government-owned – state or federal
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Four Study Areas• Cumberland Mountains
(East Tennessee)
• Cumberland Plateau (East Tennessee)
• Smoky Mts National Park (East TN)
• Pisgah National Forest (Western North Carolina)
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Site Characteristics• Productive Cove Hardwood
Forest Types, SI = 28 m at 50 years, mesic sites
• 65 inches or 160 cm annually
• Composed of more than 25 species
• Located in concave areas that escaped weather events that are frequent
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Species• Shade Intolerants --- Yellow-
poplar, black cherry, black walnut, sweetgum, sycamore, cottonwood
• Intermediates --- white oaks, red oaks, hickories, ash
• Shade Tolerants --- red maple, hornbeam, sourwood, dogwood, buckeye, elm
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Species• Though sugar maple and
American beech are present, they are on outskirts of range and are not prominent
• Assumption: too warm and humid for these species
• No commercially available shade-tolerant specie present, making multi-cohort management problematic
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Diameter Distribution
1 hectare = 2.4 acres 1 inch = 2.5 centimeters
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Diameter Distribution
1 hectare = 2.4 acres 1 inch = 2.5 centimeters
All 4 Study Areas had similar diameter distributions
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Structure• Negative exponitial (reverse J-shaped)
diameter curves
• Multi-species with different shade tolerances
• All within the same age range (+ or - 10 years), EVEN-Aged or single-cohort
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Diameter Distribution
1 hectare = 2.4 acres 1 inch = 2.5 centimeters
Composed of shade-tolerant, non-commercial species --- (Cornus, Oxydendron, Nyssa, Acer rubrum, Sassafras, Ulmus)
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Why Single-Cohort and Differing Diameters?
1. Mixed Species2. Stand-Initiating Disturbances
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Mixed Species
• Different species grow at different rates (tolerances)
• Different regeneration mechanisms• Different rates to maturity by species• Different responses to disturbance
Different ???
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Disturbance
• Disturbance is rampant on the landscape• Varies by frequency and intensity• Natural and anthropogenic
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1. Frequent stand initiating disturbance
– Windstorms ---- tornados, hurricanes, storms
– Fire --- formerly more prevalent– Insects/Disease outbreaks
Difficulties with Multi-Cohorts
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Average Number of days with thunderstorm events each year
Source: Kim Coder, University of Georgia
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Source: National Geographic
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Source: National Weather Service
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Insects & Disease
Invasives•Emerald Ash Borer•Thousand Cankers Disease of Walnut•Hemlock Woolly Adelgid•Gypsy Moth•Southern Pine Beetle•Oak Decline
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2. Ecology of the various species present
– No commercially available shade-tolerant species – Aggressive Liriodendron (yellow-poplar) --- a
pioneer and late successional species– Do not know species composing late-successional
complex because of frequent disturbance– Thus, must pay attention to regeneration to be
sustainable
Difficulties with Multi-Cohorts
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3. Short ownership intervals
– 85% of forest land (4.6 million ha) in Tennessee are in private woodland ownership
– According to last Woodland Owners Survey, average forest tenure is 12 to 15 years
Difficult to maintain multi-cohort stands with constant turnover
Difficulties with Multi-Cohorts
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4. Surrogate of using diameter rather than age in representing multi-cohort stands
– Large diameter trees are not necessarily old– Small diameter trees are not necessarily
young– Wide variation in development of multi-
species stands
Difficulties with Multi-Cohorts
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Bottomline
Question:Do we desire multi-cohort stands in mixed mesophytic forests?
We already have the structure w/o much effort, although single-cohort
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Bottomline
Stands are:• Complex / Variable / Heterogenous•Functionally Resilient•Flexible/Adaptable•Challenging because of frequency of change
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Bottomline
The challenge for multi-cohort stands is:• Regenerating acceptable species (primarily intolerants and intermediates) in the shade of the overstory when desirable shade tolerants are not part of the system
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Bottomline• Even with the rapidity of
major disturbances, we can create even more variability, if desired, through incomplete disturbances, more than likely on an area basis (groups and small patches)
• Challenge is still regeneration of favored species
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Bottomline• Sustainability in these
frequently disturbed systems is an open question because of the difficulties in regeneration
• But still many opportunities !!!
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Next• Creating and maintaining stable, mixed
hardwood-pine stands (oak-pine) when each component is favored at different successional stages and with varying longevities
• Stay Tuned
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Questions?