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A NOTE ON TRENDS IN ELECTRONICSA NOTE ON TRENDS IN ELECTRONICS

AND COMMUNICATION SYSTEMSAND COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS

PRODUCED BYPRODUCED BY

VENKATA SIVA KUMAR VARDHINEEDI (E.C.E)VENKATA SIVA KUMAR VARDHINEEDI (E.C.E)

&&M.VIJAY VENKAT RAM (E.C.E)M.VIJAY VENKAT RAM (E.C.E)


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Communication SystemsCommunication SystemsThe topics within this unit are:The topics within this unit are:

Characteristics of communication systems.Characteristics of communication systems.

Examples of communication systems.Examples of communication systems.Transmitting and receiving in communicationTransmitting and receiving in communicationsystems.systems.

Other information processes in communicationOther information processes in communicationsystems.systems.

Issues related to communication systems.Issues related to communication systems.


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Characteristics ofCharacteristics of

Communication SystemsCommunication Systems

ProtocolsProtocols

HandshakingHandshaking

Speed of TransmissionSpeed of Transmission

Error CheckingError Checking

Communication SettingsCommunication Settings


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More Information

There must be a Sender and ReceiverA protocol is a set of rules which governs the

transfer of data between computers. Protocols

allow communication between computers andnetworks.

Handshaking is used to establish which protocolsto use. Handshaking controls the flow of data

between computersprotocols will determine the speed of

transmission, error checking method, size of bytes,and whether synchronous or asynchronous

Examples of protocols are: token ring, CSMA/CD,TDMA,FDMA,TCP/IP

Characteristics ofCharacteristics of

http://www.bettscomputers.com/communications.htmhttp://www.bettscomputers.com/communications.htm


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5 Basic Components5 Basic Components

Every communication system has 5 basic requirementsData SourceTransmitterTransmission MediumReceiverDestination

Destination

The final

destination of the

transmission

Receiver

Decodes back to

original

Transmitter

Encodes data

for transmission

Data sources

Creates data for

transmission

Transmission

medium

Connecting medium

between two devices

Noise


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5 Basic Components5 Basic Components


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Bandwidth:The amount of data which canbe transmitted on a medium over a fixedamount of time (second). It is measured on Bitsper Second or Baud

Bits per Second (bps): A measure oftransmission speed. The number of bits (0 0r 1)which can be transmitted in a second

Baud Rate: Is a measure of how fast achange of state occurs (i.e. a change from 0 to1)

Transmission Media SpeedTransmission Media Speed


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Examples of CommunicationExamples of Communication

SystemsSystems


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Examples of Communication

Systems- Fax- Smart Phone - Telecommuting

- Groupware - Telephony- E-Commerce - The Internet- Bulletin board system - The Web- Global positioning system


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Any transmission May be:analog or digitalSerial or parallel

Communication ConceptsCommunication Concepts


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Sender transmitted

Data is transmitted, on a single channel, one bit at aData is transmitted, on a single channel, one bit at atime one after anothertime one after another

- Much faster than parallel because of way bits- Much faster than parallel because of way bits

processed (e.g. USB and SATA drives)processed (e.g. USB and SATA drives)

Receiver received

Serial TransmissionSerial Transmission

101 0 0 1 1 0


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Rece

iverr e

ceiv e

d

-each bit has its own piece of wire along which it

travels- often used to send data to a printer

Parallel TransmissionParallel Transmission

Sendertran

sm

it ted

All bits are sent simultaneously

1

0

0

1

1

0

01


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Why Not use Parallel Instead ofWhy Not use Parallel Instead of

serial?serial?Due to inconsistencies on channels dataDue to inconsistencies on channels dataarrives at different timesarrives at different times

Because of the way it is transmittedBecause of the way it is transmitted

packet switching cannot be usedpacket switching cannot be usedThe above two points makes parallelThe above two points makes parallelslower than serial and requires higherslower than serial and requires higher

bandwidth.bandwidth.Parallel transmissions are rarely usedParallel transmissions are rarely usedanymoreanymore

SS h


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Synchronous Transmission

all data sent at once and no packet switching

Asynchronous Transmission

Uses stop/ start bitsmost common type of serial data transferAllows packet switchingAllows sharing of bandwidth (i.e. talk on phone

while another person is using internet)

SynchronousSynchronous

VsVs

Asynchronous TransmissionsAsynchronous Transmissions


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- simplex: One direction only

Transmission DirectionTransmission Direction


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Half Duplex TransmissionHalf Duplex Transmission

half duplex: Bothhalf duplex: Both

directions butdirections but

only oneonly onedirection at adirection at a

timetime


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Full Duplex TransmissionFull Duplex Transmission

full duplex:full duplex:

send andsend and

receive bothreceive both

directions atdirections at

onceonce


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Internetpublic/international network which is used to access

information, e-shopping, e-banking, email

Intranetprivate network (LAN or WAN) used to share resources in secure

environment

uses web pages (HTML to view) and TCP/IP protocols (to make

connection)

Extranetintranet that has been extended to include access to or from selected

external organizations such as customers, but not general public.

Note: Connections via leased lines, or network interconnections.

Internet--Intranet--ExtranetInternet--Intranet--Extranet


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Transmission MediaTransmission Media

twisted pair telephone cabletwisted pair telephone cable

coaxial cable Thick black cable used forcoaxial cable Thick black cable used for

higher bandwidth communications thanhigher bandwidth communications than

twisted pair (i.e. Optus cable)twisted pair (i.e. Optus cable)

fibre optic data transferred throughfibre optic data transferred through

pulses of light. Extremely fast.pulses of light. Extremely fast.

Non cable methods such as satellite,Non cable methods such as satellite,

microwave, wireless and Bluetoothmicrowave, wireless and Bluetooth


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Copper Wire: Many older phonesconsist of two thin insulated copper wires

twisted around each other.

Coaxial Cable: Carry many moremessages all at once than twisted-pair

wire. Consists of an outer tube made of a

material that conducts electricity (usually

copper). Inside the tube is an insulatedcentral conductor (also copper). Several of

these cables are combined into one

bundle.

Transmission Channels


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Optical Fibers: thin fibersof pure glass that carrysignals in the form ofpulses of light. Eachoptical fiber is surroundedby a reflective claddingand an outside protectivecoating. The light pulsesare converted toelectronic signals.


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MICRO WAVES :Microwaves can be used to

carry phone conversations over long distances.

Microwaves are very short electromagnetic

waves that travel through the atmosphere andmake communication without connecting wires

possible.

In cell phones, sound waves are changed into

microwaves. They are transmitted using anantenna (sent and received) and converted back

to sound waves.

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