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![Page 1: Simplicities can be Complications in Intervention Research Carl Leukefeld, faculty and staff Department of Behavioral Science & Center on Drug and Alcohol.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062718/56649e7f5503460f94b837fa/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Simplicities can be Complications in Intervention
Research Carl Leukefeld, faculty and staff
Department of Behavioral Science & Center on Drug and Alcohol Research, University of Kentucky
University of Texas, AustinNovember 2005
This project is funded by Grants No. RO1-13076, RO1 DA13076, U01 DA16205 awarded by the National Institute on Drug Abuse, Points of view in this presentation are those of the authors and do not necessarily
represent the official position or policies of the National Institutes of Health.
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OVERVIEW
Assumptions and DefinitionsDeveloping a Therapy -- Structured
Behavioral Rural Therapy (SBORT)Describe two Intervention Approaches Employment and Work Behavioral TrialHIV Prevention Behavioral Trial Discussion
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FOCUS
The presentation overviews a “…line of research” across two RO1’s and a center grant project.
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ASSUMPTIONSand
DEFINITIONS
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Alcohol and Drug Use
Can be Chronic
And
Relapsing
Disorders
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Possible Pathways to Alcohol and Drug Abuse
Biological/Genetic
Psychological
Social
EnvironmentalCultural
Spiritual
Peers Familial
Spiritual
Alcohol and Drug
-Behavior
-Attitudes
-Values
-Knowledge
(Nat
ure
)(N
urt
ure
)
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Alcohol and Drug Abuse Community Perceptions
Treatment Providers
Schools
Criminal Justice
Public Health
Politicians
General Public
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Addiction
An excess, a reinforcing compulsion, and/or an inability to control dependency behavior and attitudes over time that can be harmful or beneficial with possible genetic underpinnings as well as psychological, social, spiritual and other pathways.
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BEHAVIORAL THERAPY
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Theoretical Grounding in the Stages of Change
(Prochaska&DiClemente, 1982)
PrecontemplationContemplationDetermination
ActionMaintenance
Relapse
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Focus Group Findings
Don’t use jargon and “educated” words
Don’t overwhelm clients with paperwork
Don’t stereotype and depersonalize clients
Don’t try to control clients Don’t be humorless
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Therapy Overview
Focus Antecedents, Behavior and
Consequences (Leukefeld et al, 2000) Stages of Change (Prochaska &
DiClemente, 1982)Methods Motivational Interviewing (Miller &
Rollnick, 1989). Structured Stories (Leukefeld et al,
2002) Thought Mapping -- Problem Solving
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Therapy Focus - Antecedents, Behavior and Consequences
A Learning Theory focus on teaching behaviors and skills.
An assumption that a behavior can be learned using a cognitive behavioral approach.
A B C
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“Alumni” Groups
“Alumni” Groups
Group Sessions
Problem Solving
Structured Stories
Thought Mapping
Group Sessions
Problem Solving
Structured Stories
Thought Mapping
Individual Sessions
using
Motivational Interviewing
Individual Sessions
using
Motivational Interviewing
Structure
Pre-TherapyPre-TherapyPre-TherapyPre-Therapy Therapy Therapy Therapy Therapy Follow-upFollow-upFollow-upFollow-up
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Structured Stories
Structured Stories are used to focus on changing behavior (Leukefeld et al., 1999)
• Acceptable• Model specific behavior andconsequences
A person is put into a situation which
could have several outcomes
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StorytellingStorytelling provides information about
beliefs, values, attitudes, and behaviors.
Stories can be used to give “how-to” and “how-not-to” information.
Personal stories are most often remembered and are used to transfer information to others.
Stories can be cognitive rehearsals for new behaviors and attitudes.
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StoriesWe use stories when we
talk with others.Stories are not just
entertainment but a way of processing information.
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Structured Stories Stories are structured and scripted to
target a specific behavior, the antecedents of the behavior -- what came before the behavior -- and the consequences of the behavior -- what came after the behavior.
Structured stories are used to “cue” or initiate individual and personal stories which are called “counter stories”.
Personal counter stories can then be discussed and examined.
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Structured Stories
Structured stories can be modified to cognitively rehearse how different behaviors might change outcomes in the same story.
Some people can engage quickly in structured stories to cognitively “try out” new behaviors.
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Structured Story (Rick)Rick is a young man who had opportunities and hard knocks. His father was an
alcoholic. His mother raised him. He finished high school and got a factory job and married his high school sweetheart. After 3 years, Rick lost his job. He used alcohol in addition to grass and served time.
He returned home and stopped using because his wife threatened to leave him. He got a construction job and made foreman. Rick’s wife fell in love with another man and left him. Rick stalked his wife, she filed a protective order, he kept stalking her, and he was jailed.
One evening after work and having a few hits, Rick met his friends at a bar. For the first time in weeks, he was laughing. He spotted a good looking woman at the bar. He smiled and she smiled back. She came over to him and asked his name. One thing led to
another and…
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Thought Mapping Thought Mapping is a structured, preformatted
approach to help participants organize their own thoughts and behaviors visually using a “map”
Thought Mapping focuses on linking information using associations of antecedents, behaviors, and consequences for: – Personal feelings, – What others thought and did,
– What the person did, and – What could have been done differently.
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Thought Map
Problem1. What is the problemor experience?
My feelingsWhat others thought
What I did2. What came
before theproblem or
experience? Leads to
My feelingsWhat others would
think and do
What I would do
6. How wouldthings be different?
Consequences3. What happened?
Different Behavior4. What could I have done instead?
Different Consequences
5. What would be different?
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Comments
A Rural cognitive behavioral therapy was developed and tailored with rural clients which focuses on Antecedents, Behavior, and Consequences using:Structured StoriesThought mapping
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EMPLOYMENT AND WORK
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Employment
Employment is associated with:– Less relapse (Magure et al., 2005; Wickizer
et al., 1994; Wolkstein & Spiller, 1998)– Staying in treatment (McLellan, 1983; Platt,
1995; Schottenfeld et al., 1995)– Positive community functioning (Comerford,
1999; Platt, 1995; Room, 1998; Wolkstein et al., 2000)
– But no differences in jobs -- food service and construction -- between full-time and part-time work (Leukefeld et al. ,2004)
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Background
This NIDA supported randomized trial examined an employment intervention focused on -- Getting a job (Obtaining), Keeping a job (Maintaining) and Getting a better job (Upgrading)
This study adds a focus on Upgrading Employment
This analysis examines12-month outcomes by upgrading dosage
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Procedures
Participants were recruited during their first drug court session between March 2000 and November 2002
Face-to-face interviews were completed within two weeks after drug court entry
After face-to-face interviews, participants were randomized into the employment intervention or to the treatment as usual control condition
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Baseline
Interview
Recruitment:
2 Drug Courts
Study Design
RandomAssignment
Employment Group(n=250)
Employment Group(n=250)
Control --Drug CourtAs Usual(n=250)
12-Month
Follow-up
Interview
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Employment Intervention
ObtainingObtainingObtainingObtaining MaintainingMaintainingMaintainingMaintaining UpgradingUpgradingUpgradingUpgrading
Phase 1
Phase 2
Phase 3
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Obtaining Employment
ObtainingObtainingObtainingObtaining
(Skills to (Skills to get a job)get a job)
Individual SessionsIndividual SessionsIndividual SessionsIndividual Sessions
• Job search• Resume writing• Job applications
• Cover letter• Job services• Job interviews
Group SessionsGroup SessionsGroup SessionsGroup Sessions
• Job readiness assessment• Getting immediate employment• Employment behavioral contracting
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Maintaining Employment
MaintainingMaintainingMaintainingMaintaining
(Skills to (Skills to keep a job)keep a job)
Individual SessionsIndividual SessionsIndividual SessionsIndividual Sessions
• Self-esteemSelf-esteem• Job retentionJob retention• AssertivenessAssertiveness
• Goal settingGoal setting• Time managementTime management• Asking for a raiseAsking for a raise
Group SessionsGroup SessionsGroup SessionsGroup Sessions
• Resolving work conflicts Resolving work conflicts • Setting goals and problem solvingSetting goals and problem solving• Life skills at workLife skills at work
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Upgrading Employment
UpgradingUpgradingUpgradingUpgrading
(Skills to (Skills to get a better job)get a better job)
Individual SessionsIndividual Sessions Individual SessionsIndividual Sessions
• Job searchesJob searches• Getting alongGetting along• Managing TimeManaging Time
• BudgetingBudgeting• Interviewing skillsInterviewing skills• Professional interactionProfessional interaction
Group SessionsGroup SessionsGroup SessionsGroup Sessions
• Finding new employersFinding new employers• Job developmentJob development• Job placementJob placement
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Subjects
475 of the 500 baseline participants were interviewed at 12 month follow-up which is a 96% follow-up rate after excluding 4 deaths
Overall participants were: 30.5 years
old (range=18-57), male (65%), white (61.8%), never married (53.4%) with 11.8 years of education
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Method
To examine the Upgrading intervention dose, the number of Upgrading Sessions each subject attended was divided by the number of possible Upgrading Sessions for subjects randomized into the intervention
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Method (cont.)
Session attendance percentages were used to median split the intervention subjects into a Low dose upgrading group (n=120) and a High dose upgrading group (n=118) which were compared with the no intervention Control group (n=237)
These 3 groups (Control, Low dose upgrading, and High dose upgrading) were used in a series of ANOVA and Chi-square analyses to examine differences in outcomes at 12-month follow-up
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Demographics for the three groups (n=475)
Control
(n=237)
Low Dose Upgrading
(n=120)
High Dose Upgrading
(N=118)
n 237 120 118
Age 31.3 28.4 31.3
% Male 64% 65% 65%
% Single 52% 59% 50%
% HS Education
67% 56% 65%
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Employment status at 12 month follow-up
25
16
59
33
13
54
4
13
83
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
Control Low Dose High Dose
%Unemployed %Part-time %Full-time
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Days legally employed
19.4 13.423.4
216.2
185.7
275.8
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
Past 30 days* Past year*
Control Low Dose High Dose
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Days illegally employed
0.6 0.4 0.4
16.4
22.3
4.8
0
5
10
15
20
25
Past 30 days Past year*
Control Low Dose High Dose
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Days with employment problems
2.94.4
2
34.936.8
20.6
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
Past 30 days Past year
Control Low Dose High Dose
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Legal Income
$1,277$841
$1,297
$11,367
$7,414
$13,272
$0
$2,000
$4,000
$6,000
$8,000
$10,000
$12,000
$14,000
Past 30 days Past year*
Control Low Dose High Dose
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Illegal Income
$472$326 $292
$3,892
$1,597
$321
$0
$500
$1,000
$1,500
$2,000
$2,500
$3,000
$3,500
$4,000
Past 30 days Past year*
Control Low Dose High Dose
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Drug use in the past year at follow-up (%)
41
56
21
26
39
8
31
40
25
30
37
11
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Alcohol* Marijuana* Cocaine* Multiple Drugs*
Control Low Dose High Dose
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Crimes at follow-up (%)
11
19
6
15
20
4
8
10
1
15
20
4
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
Damaged Property Received StolenProperty*
Stole Something>$50*
Sold Drugs*
Control Low Dose High Dose
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Implications
Maybe this is not really new “news” since intervention outcome is associated with retention
Session participation could be an indirect indicator of motivation
The Low dose group is different from the High dose group which could suggest differences in intervention engagement
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Implications (cont.)
Since subjects who received the higher Upgrading dose reported changes in employment, drug use and crime -- it appears that more attention should be placed on helping drug abusers get better jobs.
Practitioners should consider identifiable employment interventions.
Practitioners should consider separate employment assessments
Employment interventions should be tailored and examined in controlled studies.
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Limitations
The employment market shifted during the project with fewer jobs available.
It is not known how truthful participants were.The employment variables are not
exhaustive.Only two sites and drug courts were included.Drug court data may not generalize to other
samples because of possible sanctions.
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Restructuring Risky Relationships-HIV
(RRR-HIV)
Participating Centers:
University of Kentucky Center on Drug & Alcohol Research
University of Delaware
University of Maryland
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Background
Relationships are important to women (Covington, 1998; Surrey, 1991; Staton Tindall, 2004).
Women adapt their sexual behavior – risky or not – to a relationship and their level of involvement with a partner (Morrill, et al., 1996).
A woman’s ability to recognize relationship “thinking errors”, which may increase her risk for HIV decisions, has not been fully examined.
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Purpose
This study examines how women can change relationship thinking errors to reduce their HIV risk behaviors within intimate relationships.
This project will:
(1) Examine the unique issues of female drug abusing prisoners and HIV.
(2) Develop, pilot, and test a HIV intervention targeting relationship thinking errors for incarcerated women who are re-entering the community.
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Predisposing ConditionsPredisposing Conditions
HIV RiskBehavior
Restructuring Risky
Relationships – HIV
(RRR-HIV)
Relationships
EnvironmentalPsychologicalHistorical Social Support
Conceptual framework
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Phase 1:InterventionDevelopment
Phase 2:InterventionRefinement
Phase 3:InterventionEvaluation
RandomizationNIDA Standard
(n=120)
RRR-HIV Intervention
(n=120)
6 Month Follow-up
6 Month Follow-up
Study design
![Page 53: Simplicities can be Complications in Intervention Research Carl Leukefeld, faculty and staff Department of Behavioral Science & Center on Drug and Alcohol.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062718/56649e7f5503460f94b837fa/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
Procedures – Phase 1
During Phase 1, focus groups will be conducted with three groups of 10 women (n=30) who are:
(1) Incarcerated and receiving in-prison drug abuse treatment
(2) Recently released women who received in-prison drug abuse treatment and are receiving community treatment
(3) Recently released women who did not receive in-prison treatment but are receiving community drug treatment.
![Page 54: Simplicities can be Complications in Intervention Research Carl Leukefeld, faculty and staff Department of Behavioral Science & Center on Drug and Alcohol.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062718/56649e7f5503460f94b837fa/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
Procedures – Phase 2
The RRR-HIV intervention will be piloted for feasibility during Phase 2 with two groups of women who are currently enrolled in prison-based substance abuse treatment in Kentucky.
Female inmates who are nearing the end of their treatment participation (approximately 8 weeks prior to seeing the parole board) will be eligible for the pilot.
Volunteer participants will be asked to meet with the RRR interventionist and to attend weekly groups for 5 weeks.
![Page 55: Simplicities can be Complications in Intervention Research Carl Leukefeld, faculty and staff Department of Behavioral Science & Center on Drug and Alcohol.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062718/56649e7f5503460f94b837fa/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
Procedures – Phase 3
Study participants will be randomized into one of two groups: 1. RRR-HIV intervention group (n=120) 2. NIDA Standard group (n=120)
Data collection will take place at baseline and 6-months post-release to allow for comparisons in outcomes related to high risk behaviors, drug use, and relationships across the two groups.
The key outcomes examined will be HIV risk behaviors which include sexual activity and drug use.
![Page 56: Simplicities can be Complications in Intervention Research Carl Leukefeld, faculty and staff Department of Behavioral Science & Center on Drug and Alcohol.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062718/56649e7f5503460f94b837fa/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
The RRR-HIV intervention
The intervention is planned over 7 weeks, which includes individual and group sessions targeted on understanding the association between thinking errors about relationships and HIV risk behavior among women.
Seven Sessions are proposed– Sessions 1 to 5 will take place in prison immediately
before community re-entry. – Sessions 6 and 7 will take place in the community
after release.
![Page 57: Simplicities can be Complications in Intervention Research Carl Leukefeld, faculty and staff Department of Behavioral Science & Center on Drug and Alcohol.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062718/56649e7f5503460f94b837fa/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
The RRR-HIV intervention
Overview
Session 1
Session 2
Session 3 & 4
Session 5
Session 6 & 7
Relationships at re-entry
Presenting HIV risk behaviors
Cognitive skills building sessions
Individualizing skills for community re-entry
Personalization of relationships, risky sex & social skills
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Four Initial Focus Group Themes
Relationship expectations are coupled with low self-esteem – (I expect to get hurt in bad relationships – That is what I deserve. But -- Getting hurt is harder to overcome in a good relationship)
Relationships are used to get things (He gives me what I need – I let him do what he needs to do)
![Page 59: Simplicities can be Complications in Intervention Research Carl Leukefeld, faculty and staff Department of Behavioral Science & Center on Drug and Alcohol.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062718/56649e7f5503460f94b837fa/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
Initial Focus Group Themes (cont.)
A cycle of bad relationships --Dysfunction is expected and can be “comfortable”
Recovering women do not stay out of relationships even thought they may be asked to.
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Questions/Comments