"Simple" passive RFID tag
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Transcript of "Simple" passive RFID tag
Nov 2007
Richard Paine, BoeingSlide 1
doc.: IEEE 802.11-07/2787r0
Submission
RFID Tutorial for 802
Enterprise use of RFID
Ongoing Activities
Challenges
Radio Standards Issues
Nov 2007
Richard Paine, BoeingSlide 2
doc.: IEEE 802.11-07/2787r0
Submission
RFID
• What is it?
• Where is it in technology life cycle?
• Challenges
• Issues
• Radio Issues
• What can IEEE and 802 do?
Nov 2007
Richard Paine, BoeingSlide 3
doc.: IEEE 802.11-07/2787r0
Submission
“Simple” passive RFID tag• Low cost tag with pre-defined id
– Logically mapped to tracked asset• Radio Field Excites Tag
– 4W Burst– EPCGlobal Frequencies
• 857MHz Europe (3MHz wide)• 915MHz US (26MHz wide)• 960MHz Japan (3MHz wide)
• Location– Last known Location
• Benefits:– Reusable (can be re-assigned)– Zero production costs (purchased ready-to-use from vendor)
• Boeing examples:– Employee badge
• proximity chip id bemsid– Wichita
• Passive tag id order number– Philadelphia
• Passive tag id part number– Auburn pilot
• Passive tag id cart electronic manifest
Nov 2007
Richard Paine, BoeingSlide 4
doc.: IEEE 802.11-07/2787r0
Submission
Active Tag RFID
• Battery– Last 3-5 years– Motion activated tags
• 802.11 Versions
• Real Time Location Services (using WLAN Access Points)
Nov 2007
Richard Paine, BoeingSlide 5
doc.: IEEE 802.11-07/2787r0
Submission
Passive Tag RFID Life Cycle
• Promotion by Wal-Mart and DoD– Consumer product emphasis– 2 cent tags
• Valley of Despair– Been through the hype– Been through the heights– Radio issues put it in the valley of despair
Nov 2007
Richard Paine, BoeingSlide 6
doc.: IEEE 802.11-07/2787r0
Submission
Active Tag RFID Life Cycle
• Valley of Despair– Little hype– Expensive tags ($50)– Radio advantages over passive (no burst of
power)– RSSI issues put it in the valley of despair for
factory applications– Minimally requires TDOA to be usable
Nov 2007
Richard Paine, BoeingSlide 7
doc.: IEEE 802.11-07/2787r0
Submission
“Simple” RFID Architecture
Tag
Vendors/w
Reader/Antenna
MessageParser
AssetMapping
BusinessRules
RFID“application”
Business Application(s)
•Tag Id
•Tag Id•Antenna
XML message:•Tag Id•Antenna•Date/Time
Vendor Enterprise
(Pre-defined RFID tag)
“RFID Application” can be used to determine what needs to be delivered where and how
(variation 2)
(variation 1)
Nov 2007
Richard Paine, BoeingSlide 8
doc.: IEEE 802.11-07/2787r0
Submission
Badge Access Management System (AMS)
The proximity (badge) reader communicates with a control panel that resides locally. The panel keeps a local copy of badges that have previously accessed the building along with some other data. If the badge being scanned is not in the panel, a request is sent to the AMS host to validate the badge. The AMS host executes the proximity chip id employee BEMSID “look-up” as appropriate.
ProximityReader
Local Control Panel(upon verification, opens door)
delivers
proximity chip id
Verificationrequest
AMS Application
Badging Application
BITBems ID
Translator
Nov 2007
Richard Paine, BoeingSlide 9
doc.: IEEE 802.11-07/XXXXr0
Submission
RFID Architecture Logical View
UnprocessedTag Data
ParsedTag Data
XMLParser
TemporaryFlat Files
Tag data inXML Files
ParsedTag Data
MatricsVisibilityManager(MVM)
Matrics AntennaReader
DatabaseLoader
RFIDOracle
Database
Tag ID
Tag Data
ShopOrders
RFID Tag(Matrics format)
Tag IDAssigned byMatrics
Web basedManagementVisibility screen
DC/MRCI/F to ERP
HEIVAX
UserScreens
Nov 2007
Richard Paine, BoeingSlide 10
doc.: IEEE 802.11-07/XXXXr0
Submission
RFID Across an Enterprise
of interestunder investigationin developmentin shop trialbeing implementedimplemented
Part/Assembly ToolingCalibrated Tools / Gages (Certified)Computing Assets & SecurityCranes (Overhead) Utilization-SchedulingConsumablesDocuments Fleet Maintenance (flight hardware)Foreign Object DetectionHazMat / Time&Temp SensMaterialsHardware Health MonitoringMaterial "out-life" (e.g. composites)Panstock(Standards)Parts / Assemblies - Work-in-ProgressParts / Assembly Shipments Personnel / Security (Boeing external)Personnel / Security (Boeing internal)Portable / Hand Tools @ tool crib levelPortable / Hand Tools @ toolbox levelRamp / Flight Test EquipmentRaw material / Parts ReceivingStores InventoryRotablesTransport Equip (Slings, Dollies, etc)Serialized Parts (flight hardware)Vehicles (e.g. fork lifts, scooters)Waste Containers (Trash)
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Legend
Nov 2007
Richard Paine, BoeingSlide 11
doc.: IEEE 802.11-07/XXXXr0
Submission
Challenges• Establishing “standards” within an evolving industry for a
multi-dimensional systems (passive, active, semi-passive, etc)– Retail versus Manufacturing “requirements” (EPC??)
– Minimize proprietary if/when possible
• Successful implementations of suitable RFID product to business application– Defining data/tag and collection requirements
– Security issues
– Satisfying frequency management, etc. (avoiding conflicts, redundancy)
• Providing enterprise-wide resources for:– Current & past RFID “lessons learned”
– Technical expertise
– Common approach for evaluation, implementation, etc.
Nov 2007
Richard Paine, BoeingSlide 12
doc.: IEEE 802.11-07/XXXXr0
Submission
Electronic Product Code (EPC)
Nov 2007
Richard Paine, BoeingSlide 13
doc.: IEEE 802.11-07/XXXXr0
Submission
“Finding the ROI in RFID”From an AMR Research, Inc publication ( Report #16660, October 2003):
• RFID must be business case/business process driven:•“The Bottom Line: In order for companies to find value in RFID, it needs to be viewed as more than a bar code replacement; successful companies have overhauled their business processes to take advantage of the process automation capabilities it offers”
• “RFID will not cure a bad business process. Achieving the transformational potential of this technology requires creative thinking, often from cross-functional areas of your enterprise.”
• Infrastructure is a major consideration in RFID implementations• “The back end is the key; there is too much focus on tags and readers and not enough on the impact on the software infrastructure and systems integration required to support RFID. Our research shows that this is the area that present the most risk of unexpected cost and project overrun.”
Nov 2007
Richard Paine, BoeingSlide 14
doc.: IEEE 802.11-07/XXXXr0
Submission
Critical C
omponents
Large Assemblies
Contract Tools
In-T
ransit
Materie
l
How can we use RFID?How can we use RFID?
Calibrated Measuring
Tools
Legal Docu
ments
Technical Documents
Hazardous Material
Receipts Shipments
Inventory
Phones
How We Got StartedComputing
AssetsWhat Problem(s) are we What Problem(s) are we
Trying to Solve?Trying to Solve?
Nov 2007
Richard Paine, BoeingSlide 15
doc.: IEEE 802.11-07/XXXXr0
Submission
FrequencyManagement
Council(Local)
Approval
RFID Project Approval Process
SafetyHealth
EnvironmentalAffairs(Local)
NetworkSupport(Local)
BusinessCase(TCO)
LeanAssessment
NonStandard
Justification
ProcessIdentification
Use CaseDefinition
ApprovedHardware/Software
RFIDTechnologyStandards
CommonUse
Cases
ITInterfaces
Nov 2007
Richard Paine, BoeingSlide 16
doc.: IEEE 802.11-07/XXXXr0
Submission
Value Proposition and Customers
Logistics Chain of custody,Movement history
MaintenanceTask manning/tooling/
requred certs)
Reliability Recurring Maintenance
Actions, Failure Patterns
Unstructured DataOEM feedback,
Helpful observations
LegacyOEM, Birth record,
Certs/Specs
AuthenticityValidation of authenticity &
Authorizations for Repair and custody
EngineeringCurious, life limited or
Unique repairControl documents
Sustainment
Logistics Chain of custody,Movement history
Demand PlanningInventory Behavior,
Consumption History
InventoryWhere, How Much
Supply ChainVisibility from
Partner to Partner
FlowVelocity & Idle Time
TransportationIn-Transit Visibility
Asset ManagementProperty, Equipment
Visibility
Operations
Collaboration onBusiness Value
• Life Cycle Data Management
• Emergency Equipment
• Tooling tracking• Inventory tracking • Government property• Shipping Labels • Part tracking and reliability
OSD Spend is over $250M/year on RFID technology
BCA estimates $1M value increase of RFID enabled A/C
Nov 2007
Richard Paine, BoeingSlide 17
doc.: IEEE 802.11-07/XXXXr0
Submission
802.11. Usage Standards
Other Boeing ISM & UNII
RFID is a user of the unlicensed RF spectrum resource. Due to current and legacy technology and licensing constraints, this is a limited resource.
The Boeing RFThe Boeing RF resource must be used in accordance with established company RF management processes and priorities.
The priorities for the use of the unlicensed spectrum resource were established at a company-wide wireless summit in St. Louis in May, 2001.
Processes
Priorities
RFID at the RF Layer
Nov 2007
Richard Paine, BoeingSlide 18
doc.: IEEE 802.11-07/XXXXr0
Submission
1. Product
2. Process that support product
3. General purpose WLAN
4. Single purpose
• Try to satisfy priority 2 and 4 requirements with services added to the general purpose wireless service.
• CNO should team with Engineering to maximize compatibility and synergy between “e-enabled” products and facilities.
Boeing’s Wireless Priorities
Nov 2007
Richard Paine, BoeingSlide 19
doc.: IEEE 802.11-07/XXXXr0
Submission
Standards Required
• Tag data standards (EPCGlobal)– Schema Form factor
• Air-interface protocols– Encryption (IEEE 802.11)– Re-broadcast– Location (IEEE 802.11k, 802.11y)
• Waveform– Frequency (expanding with 802.11y)– Reflection (i.e.: backscatter)
• Reader Protocol– Content of Reader/Host
• Exchanges (abstract syntax)– Message formatting
• Message framing• Message syntax• Error information
– O/S-provided network facility• Network/application integration
Nov 2007
Richard Paine, BoeingSlide 20
doc.: IEEE 802.11-07/XXXXr0
Submission
Passive Tag RFID: Passive tag RFID systems will in most cases be priority 4, single purpose users of the RF spectrum. Proposed applications must be reviewed with Boeing Frequency Management for compatibility with existing uses of the Boeing RF spectrum resource.
Active Tag RFID (RTLS): Requirements for active tag RFID systems in most cases will be satisfied by a Boeing Network Location Service (BNLS) and its WLAN coverage. Requirements for a standalone non-standard RTLS are by definition priority 4, single purpose users of the RF spectrum. Proposed applications must be reviewed with Boeing Frequency Management for compatibility with existing uses of the Boeing RF spectrum resource.
RFID Boeing RF Priorities
Nov 2007
Richard Paine, BoeingSlide 21
doc.: IEEE 802.11-07/XXXXr0
Submission
RFID Standards Big Picture• Tag data standards – Boeing Standards (Kathryn Chalfan/Susan Jordan/Ken Porad/Steve Georgevitch/Dave
McCoy/Craig Dupler)– Form factor– Schema (maybe more than one)
• Air-interface protocols – EPCGlobal/ETSI/IEEE?– Encryption– Re-broadcast– Etc.
• Waveform – EPCGlobal/ETSI/IEEE?– Frequency– Reflection (i.e.: backscatter)
• Reader Protocol – EPCGlobal/ETSI/IEEE?– Content of Reader/Host
• Exchanges (abstract syntax)– Message formatting
• Message framing• Message syntax• Error information
– O/S-provided network facility• Network/application integration – Boeing Network/Applications
– Location– Schema
Nov 2007
Richard Paine, BoeingSlide 22
doc.: IEEE 802.11-07/XXXXr0
Submission
RF Perspectives
• Bar Coding – anywhere using IEEE 802.11 for communication to network (relatively close range laser bar code range at 10s of feet)
• RFID Passive Tag – gates and docks (receiving and transportation)– Away from other RF at same frequency (902-928MHz)– Confined RF location– Work on “Good Neighbor” protocols at PHY/MAC
• RFID Active Tag – anywhere using the existing infrastructure (IEEE 802.11)
Nov 2007
Richard Paine, BoeingSlide 23
doc.: IEEE 802.11-07/XXXXr0
Submission
Security Requirements for RFID Tag Data
Data collected from RFID tags, including either the tag’s or tagged item’s identifier may be subject to rules for both “sensitive data” and “data integrity.”
• Data that is sensitive to disclosure (e.g. proprietary) should not be stored on tags.
• Any sensitive data to be stored on tags must be encrypted using an approved standard before being transmitted and written to the tag.
SensitiveData
• Tag writing and storage must use measures to detect tampering and provide non-repudiation of the originator commensurate with the value of the data (e.g. HMAC or digital signature).
Integrity
Nov 2007
Richard Paine, BoeingSlide 24
doc.: IEEE 802.11-07/XXXXr0
Submission
125KHz and 2.4GHz Analysis
Analysis VIIWELS, IFE-Open, CIS-
CWLU, Onboard Microwave Oven, Wireless Test Sensors (for flight test
only)
TPISIn-Air
(Above 10,000 Feet)
Analysis VIWELS, CIS, Onboard
Microwave Oven, Gatelink, Adjacent
Airplane Wireless Systems
TPISOn-Ground at Airport
Analysis VWELS, IFE-Open, CIS,
Onboard Microwave Oven, BEN, Wireless Test
Sensors
TPISOn-Ground on Flightline
Analysis IVWELS, IFE-Open, CIS,
Onboard Microwave Oven, BEN, RTLS, Factory
Microwave Oven, Zigbee?
Tire Pressure Indication
System (TPIS)On-Ground in Factory
2.4 GHz134.2 kHz
Analysis VIIWELS, IFE-Open, CIS-
CWLU, Onboard Microwave Oven, Wireless Test Sensors (for flight test
only)
TPISIn-Air
(Above 10,000 Feet)
Analysis VIWELS, CIS, Onboard
Microwave Oven, Gatelink, Adjacent
Airplane Wireless Systems
TPISOn-Ground at Airport
Analysis VWELS, IFE-Open, CIS,
Onboard Microwave Oven, BEN, Wireless Test
Sensors
TPISOn-Ground on Flightline
Analysis IVWELS, IFE-Open, CIS,
Onboard Microwave Oven, BEN, RTLS, Factory
Microwave Oven, Zigbee?
Tire Pressure Indication
System (TPIS)On-Ground in Factory
2.4 GHz134.2 kHz
Nov 2007
Richard Paine, BoeingSlide 25
doc.: IEEE 802.11-07/XXXXr0
Submission
Zigbee Coexistence Map
Zigbee & 802.11b/g Frequency Space
2412
2417 2422 2427 2432
2437
2442 2447 2452 2457
2462
2480 24852405 2425 2450 2465 2470 2475
24
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24
10
24
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24
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24
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24
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24
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24
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24
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24
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24
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85
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90
Frequency in MHz
In Use Tested Possible
Ch
ann
el 11 C
han
nel
15 Ch
ann
el 20 C
han
nel
23 Ch
ann
el 24 C
han
nel
25 Ch
ann
el 26
ZigbeeChannels
Ch
ann
el 1
Ch
ann
el 6
Ch
ann
el 11802.11a/b
Channels
Ch
ann
el 27
Nov 2007
Richard Paine, BoeingSlide 26
doc.: IEEE 802.11-07/XXXXr0
Submission
• RFID Active Tags
• RFID Passive Tags
• Asset Tracking (Location)
• Supply Chain
• Cable Replacement
• VoWLAN and Data
• Sensors
• Line-of-Sight (LOS) Directional Delivery of Communications
• Emergency Lighting
WLANs can handle the application classes in “black”:
Red applications not able to use WLANs
Green can use either WLAN (SMA) or Zigbee
2005 Wireless Application (WAG)
Nov 2007
Richard Paine, BoeingSlide 27
doc.: IEEE 802.11-07/XXXXr0
Submission
• Leverage what is Intranet equipment (almost ubiquitous 802.11 WLANs)
• Do not interfere with 802.11 WLAN installed network 2.4GHz (ISM) and 5GHz (UNII+EU+WRC+Japan) deployments
• Standardize unlicensed frequencies within the enterprise to optimize unlicensed wireless usage
Network Principles
Nov 2007
Richard Paine, BoeingSlide 28
doc.: IEEE 802.11-07/XXXXr0
Submission
WAG Principles
• Principle 1: Underlying Wireless Communications Used by Wireless Applications Must be Secure
• Principle 2: Information on the Tags and Sensors Must be Capable of Being Secure
• Principle 3: Use Standards-Based specifications [IEEE 802.11, IEEE 802.15.4 (Zigbee), etc] for Data Backhaul in Sensor Applications
• Principle 4: Use IEEE 802.11 Active Tags for RFID
• Principle 5: Develop a 850-960MHz Passive Tag Standard for Portal or Reader Point Passive Tag RFID
RED – Work in Progress; BLACK – Work Accomplished
Nov 2007
Richard Paine, BoeingSlide 29
doc.: IEEE 802.11-07/XXXXr0
Submission
WAG Principles (Contd)
• Principle 6: Frequency Management/ Wireless Network Operations will do a baseline scan before a wireless application deployment.
• Principle 7: Allow for Confinement of the Passive Tag Reader Energies to Confined Handheld Readers, Portals, Faraday Cages, and Gateways
• Principle 8: Transition of 915MHz Serial Cable Replacements to Zigbee or 802.11.
• Principle 9: Use of IEEE 802.11a/b Ethernet Extensions for Autonomous Wireless Devices [AWDs or Automated Guided Vehicle (AGV)] Using Secure Mobile Communications Methods
RED – Work in Progress; BLACK – Work Accomplished
Nov 2007
Richard Paine, BoeingSlide 30
doc.: IEEE 802.11-07/XXXXr0
Submission
WAG Principles (Contd)
• Principle 10: An Enterprise Wireless Management Council be Established to Determine Spectrum Policy
• Principle 11: An Enterprise Wireless Technical Council be Established to Advise the Spectrum Management Council
• Principle 12: Maintain Railroad Charts for Wireless Technologies Futures
RED – Work in Progress; BLACK – Work Accomplished
Nov 2007
Richard Paine, BoeingSlide 31
doc.: IEEE 802.11-07/XXXXr0
Submission
WAG 2007 UNLICENSED WIRELESS STANDARDS EFFORT
(RFID + Other Wireless Applications)
Nov 2007
Richard Paine, BoeingSlide 32
doc.: IEEE 802.11-07/XXXXr0
Submission
Boeing Directions• Active Tags
• Real Time Location Service (RTLS)
– Active Tags
– Network Connected Devices
• Passive tag for airplane Line Replaceable Units (LRUs)
• Passive tag for receiving supply chain parts
• Boeing Worldwide Wireless Requirements
– 2.4GHz
– 5GHz
– EPCGlobal (Japan, Europe, US)
Nov 2007
Richard Paine, BoeingSlide 33
doc.: IEEE 802.11-07/XXXXr0
Submission
Manufacturers/Suppliers
Transportation/Supply/Theater
Depots/TDCs
POEs/PODsDistribution
Centers/DepotsCustomers
PASSIVEPASSIVE ACTIVEACTIVE PASSIVEPASSIVEPASSIVEPASSIVE ACTIVEACTIVE PASSIVEPASSIVE
Traditional Active and Passive Tag Roles
Nov 2007
Richard Paine, BoeingSlide 34
doc.: IEEE 802.11-07/XXXXr0
Submission
Manufacturers/Suppliers
Transportation/Supply/Theater
Depots/TDCs
POEs/PODsDistribution
Centers/DepotsCustomers
PASSIVEPASSIVE ACTIVEACTIVE PASSIVEPASSIVE
Actual Active and Passive Tag Roles
Nov 2007
Richard Paine, BoeingSlide 35
doc.: IEEE 802.11-07/XXXXr0
Submission
• Principles and Architecture Published in 2005
– Preserve 2.4GHz for WLANs
– Preserve 5.15GHz for WLANs
• Late 2006 to Present – Standards for Other Unlicensed Frequencies
– 125KHz
– 13.56MHz
– 433MHz
– *860MHz (Europe)
– *902MHz (US and others)
– *960MHz (Japan)
– 1.9GHz
– 3.1-10.6GHz (UWB)
– 3.65GHz
– 2.4GHz (other than WLAN)
– 5.15GHz (other than WLAN)
Boeing’s Wireless Applications Group (WAG)
Candidates for Global Passive Tag RFID Standards Development Organization (SDO)
Nov 2007
Richard Paine, BoeingSlide 36
doc.: IEEE 802.11-07/XXXXr0
Submission
902-928MHz Testing in the Boeing Facilities
FACTORY TESTING OF 902-928MHz
CLEAN ROOM TESTING OF 902-928MHz
Nov 2007
Richard Paine, BoeingSlide 37
doc.: IEEE 802.11-07/XXXXr0
Submission
902-928MHz Testing Conclusions• Devices interfere with each other (8 different devices tested)
• Need for 902-928MHz radio and media access standards
• Need for global radio and media access standards for passive tag RFID
• Need for Boeing global access of all unlicensed frequencies– Aircraft move worldwide– Boeing military products move worldwide
• Need standards for all unlicensed radios and media access
Nov 2007
Richard Paine, BoeingSlide 38
doc.: IEEE 802.11-07/XXXXr0
Submission
IEEE Possibilities
• Do nothing for a many billion $ industry
• IEEE 802.15.4 for Passive Tag RFID– Mike McInnis from Boeing leading RFID Study Group in 802.15
• IEEE 802 for 902-928MHz– Contention-Based Protocol
• IEEE 802 for all unlicensed frequencies– Contention-Based Protocol
• IEEE 19XX for all unlicensed frequencies