Simon Horvat
Transcript of Simon Horvat
PREHRANA IN ČLOVEŠKI GENOM (NUTRIGENOMIKA in NUTRIGENETIKA)
Simon Horvat
TODAY’S MENU
• Definitions • Nutrigenetics • Nutrigenomics
– Transcriptome – Proteome – Metabolom – Microbiome
• Challenges and Outlooks
Level: DNA
RNA PROTEIN METABOLITES MICROBIOTA
NUTRIGENOMICS How nutrients affect
transcriptome, proteome, Metabolome…
NUTRIGENETICS How gene variants
respond (differentially) to nutrients
Pérez-Martínez P, Pérez-Jiménez F, Ordovás JM, The APOB -516C/T polymorphism is associated with differences in insulin sensitivity in healthy males during the consumption of diets with different fat content., British Journal of Nutrition 2007 Apr;97(4):622-7
NUTRIGENETICS – case study
SFA: “Western” diet 15% protein, 47% carbohydrate (CHO) 38% fat
MUFA diet 15% protein, 47% carbohydrate (CHO) 38% fat (10% SFA, 6% PUFA 22% MUFA)
CHO diet 15% protein, 55% carbohydrate (CHO) >30% fat
HUMAN TRIAL!
Fig. 2 Plasma glucose at the end of test following insulin suppresion! At the end of diet trial all people received infusion of somatostatin (inhibits endogenous insulin secretion), insulin and glucose. Plasma glucose values were significantly higher in C/T than in C/C subjects after the MUFA, CHO and SFA diets suggesting that C/T genotype is more insulin resistant.
-516 C/T ApoB genotypes (especially males) were more insulin resistant than -516 C/C genotype after consuming all three diets, effect largest in SFA diet
Plas
ma
gluc
ose
(mm
ol /
l)
NUTRIGENETICS – case study Pérez-Martínez et al : Br J Nutr. 2007:622-7
Main result
-516 C/C
-516 C/T
NUTRIGENETICS – examples from companies selling nutrigenetic tests
GENOVA DIAGNOSTICS http://www.genovadiagnostics.com
……
NUTRIGENETICS- GOOD EXAMPLE –Choline SNPs
Big Study - Pregnant women in California -too low choline in 25% women (high correlation to PEMT SNP
--à birth defects (Sha et al 2010; Zeisel 2008, Shaw et al., 2004, 2006; Fischer et al., 2007;).
Gene PEMT: responsible for endogenous formation of choline
STUDY: effect of SNP (in ER (estrogen) binding site) within Promotor of the PEMT gene
Pregnant women with Loss of function allele In the gene PEMT need choline entirely from diet (eggs, liver, meat..
These usually not recommmended by physician, nutritionists
People and especially pregnana and postmenopausal women With the SNP rs12325817 polymorhism at higher risk
• How nutrients affect transcriptome, proteome, metabolome…
• How gene variants respond (differentially) to nutrients
NUTRIGENOMICS NUTRIGENETICS
NUTRIGENOMICS
Mostly applies to: - an “average Homo sapiens” - of an average genotype - in an average environment
Mostly applies to: - Particular genotype
Very far from „personalised approach“
HIGH PROTEIN vs CONTROL DIET
Rowlands D S et al. Physiol. Genomics 2011;43:1004-1020
©2011 by American Physiological Society
NUTRIGENOMICS – case study 1 TRANSCRIPTOME
Effect of protein vs. control nutrition following intense endurance exercise on gene expression involved in protein modification and breakdown at 3 h postexercise.
Rowlands D S et al. Physiol. Genomics 2011;43:1004-1020
©2011 by American Physiological Society
+ 0.15% cholesterol
+ 20% Picual olive oil (90 mg polyphenols/kg)
+ 20% Arbequina olive oil (25 mg polyphenols/kg)
+ 20% Palm oil
Polyphenols low
Polyphenols high
J. M. Arbones-Mainar….. B. Roos Journal of Proteome Research 2007, 6, 4041-4054
NUTRIGENOMICS – case study PROTEOME
Proteome analysis by 2D gel electrophoresis
+ Olive Oil + Palm Oil
Overlay
-Identification of differentially expressed proteins -Quantification of differences
80 proteins differentially expressed ( Olive oil vs. Palm oil )
Significant increases in the “Olive oil gropus) were observed in liver proteins for several : - antioxidant enzymes
- enzymes of carbohydrate metabolism - enzymes of the methionine cycle - enzymes of glutathione synthesis
-Diminish oxidative stress -Slow down atherosclerosis
NUTRIGENOMICS –METABOLOM
-Methods: mass spectrometer or nuclear magnetic resonance analysis (NMR). HUMAN METABOLOME DATABASE http://www.hmdb.ca/ -16.11. 2013, version 3.5 : ~ 41,511 entries of metabolites -Available databases suggest that there will be more molecules identified in future (with thousands more if bacterial metabolites are included).
METABOLOMICS: High through-put study of many small molecules formed by metabolism and relations between treatment and metabolome
Biological samples for metabolomics
+ other tissues (liver….)
Blood Urine Saliva Spinal fluid
Griffin et al Metabolomics (2007) 3:179–188 On standardization of biological sample reporting
METABOLOM– case study E. Chorell….. M. B. Svensson
Journal of Proteome Research 2009, 8, 2966-2977
OBJECTIVES: - Investigate if post-exercise ingestion of carbohydrates with proteins generates a different systemic metabolic response compared to carbohydrates or water.
4 tests of 90 min ergometer cycling Post exercise beverage/test Ingestion of different Beverages post exercise
Pre and post exercise Blood metabolom
GC-TOF Mass Spectroscopy
Identified metabolites
……
(A) Cross validated scores from a calculated OPLS-DA model describing the separation of subjects with high and low fitness level in the early recovery phase when ingesting water, that is, samples taken 15, 30, 60, and 90 min after performed exercise. Subjects with high fitness level (HighFit) are plotted as black circles while subjects with low fitness level (LowFit) are plotted as white dots. Corresponding LowFit subjects ingesting low carbohydrate−protein beverage (LCHO-P) following exercise were predicted into existing model and plotted here as gray dots. The corresponding LowFit subjects’ are connected with arrows. (Inset) Insulin concentration of LowFit subject with a deviating metabolic pattern when ingesting LCHO-P.
Published in: Elin Chorell; Thomas Moritz; Stefan Branth; Henrik Antti; Michael B. Svensson; J. Proteome Res. 2009, 8, 2966-2977. DOI: 10.1021/pr900081q Copyright © 2009 American Chemical Society
Nutritional modulation by Low carbohydrate-protein beverage ingestion was shown to improve the metabolic status of less fit subjects in the recovery phase.
Low fit subjects’ metabolome profile moved in the direction of the HighFit subjects, if they ingested macronutrients (low carbohydrates plus proteins) after exercise
High Fit - Water
Low Fit - Water
Low Fit + low carb./ PROTEIN
Two Low fit subjects with abnormal response after low carboh-protein intake -they had also high insulin increase and high level of metabolite myo- inositol
?Early indication of impaired insulin function or insulin resistance (BUT caution N = 2!)
High fit versus Low fit subject fell into separate clusters
Relative mean concentration of resolved 3-methylhistidine (3-MeHis) (A) and pseudouridine (PSU) (B), from the GC−TOF MS data, after normalization by means of subtracting the detected concentration immediately after peformed exercise (0min) from the corresponing recovery time points, that is, 15, 30, 60, and 90 min in recovery. 3-MeHis decreases when ingesting a low carbohydrate−protein beverage whereas PSU increases, compared to the sole ingestion of carbohydrate or water.
Published in: Elin Chorell; Thomas Moritz; Stefan Branth; Henrik Antti; Michael B. Svensson; J. Proteome Res. 2009, 8, 2966-2977. DOI: 10.1021/pr900081q Copyright © 2009 American Chemical Society
Pseudouridine was suggested as a novel marker for pro-anabolic effect following Low carbohydrate-protein beverage ingestion, which was supported by the
detected decrease of the catabolic marker 3-methylhistidine.
decrease in 3-methylhistidine marker for protein (myofibrillar) breakdown
Pseudouridine, modified nucleoside - potential marker for increased protein synthesis, pseudouridine (PSU)
De Filippo C et al. PNAS 2010;107:14691-14696 ©2010 by National Academy of Sciences
Life in a rural village of Burkina Faso.
DIET – GUT MICROBIOTA case study
African versus European children
Millet and Sorghum (high fiber staple diet)
De Filippo C et al. PNAS 2010;107:14691-14696
©2010 by National Academy of Sciences
DIET – GUT MICROBIOTA case study
African versus European children
Rural African children
European children (mainly city of Florence)
Prevotella; Xylanibacter Cellulose, xylan hydrolisis Maximize E intake from fiber
Absent in EU kids
short-chain fatty acids (SCFA)-producing bacteria could help to prevent establishment of some potentially pathogenic intestinal bacteria.
De Filippo C et al. PNAS 2010;107:14691-14696
©2010 by National Academy of Sciences
Quantification of SCFA in fecal samples Quantification of Enterobacteria potentially Causing diarrhea and gastrointestinal diseases
African children
EU children
African children
EU children
EU EU
EU EU
EU
EU EU
EU
HORIZONTAL DNA
TRANSFER!!!!
HOW DID porphyranases from
marine bacteria ENDED up in the
Japanese gut bacterium B. plebeius
Bacteroides plebeius
Porphyra (red algae)
Challenges - EPIGENETICS
Metilacija DNA (Citozinov)
Post-translacijske Modifikacije
Histonov (predvsem H3, H4)
Epigenetske spremebe DNA, proteinov – spremembe v izražanju
Encimi, ki dodajajo ali odstranjujejo
Epigenetske „značke“
Challenges - EPIGENETICS Epigenetske spremembe zaradi OKOLJA tekom življenja
Gluckman_Beedle 2009 NATURE REV ENDO Epigenetic mechanism-metabolic-cardiovascular
? Mehanizem dedovanja epigenetskih spremembah (navadno par generacij) ? ncRNA, donor spermij?)
Painter_ Roseboom 2008 Transgenerational effects of prenatal exposure to the Dutch famine on neonatal adiposity and health in later life.". BJOG : an international journal of obstetrics and gynaecology 115 (10): 1243–9
Case - Dutch famine 1944-45 (500-1000 Kcal /day/person)
Challenges - EPIGENETICS
http://www.precisionnutrition.com/epigenetics-feast-famine-and-fatness
Children of the women who were pregnant during the famine were smaller, as expected. However, surprisingly, when these women grew up and had children those grandchildren had increased neonatal adiposity and poor health in later. Six decades after being conceived during the Dutch hunger winter CHILDREN had less methylation on their IGF2 gene compared to their unexposed same-sex brother or sister. These data suggested that the famine experienced by the mothers in utero caused some kind of epigenetic changes that were passed down to the next generation.
Challenges - EPIGENETICS Case - Dutch famine 1944-45 (500-1000 Kcal /day/person)
Painter_ Roseboom 2008 Transgenerational effects of prenatal exposure to the Dutch famine on neonatal adiposity and health in later life.". BJOG : an international journal of obstetrics and gynaecology 115 (10): 1243–9
Challenges – better define DIET components
NAŠA TEKOČA ŠTUDIJA : testiranje
hipoteze
„pri inzulinski rezistenci povzročeni Z MAŠČOBNIMI
KISLINAMI deluje TLR4 »NIŽJE V KASKADI« od
ROSov.“
Pal s sod. NATURE MEDICINE 2012
TEST DODATKA ANTIOKSIDANTOV? VPRAŠLJIVA PRIPOROČILA????
PROBLEM (PRAVILNO)sestaviti DIETO???? V komercialnih VIŠEK ANTIOKSIDANTOV, MINERALOV!!!!
CUSTOM DIET -‐ HORVAT # gm% kcal%
Protein 23,0 20,0 Carbohydrate 45,0 40,0 Fat 20,0 40,0 Total 100,0 99,0
Ingredient gm kcal Casein 200,0 800,0 L-‐CysOne 3,0 12,0 pure starch 212,0 848,0 Maltodextrin 71,0 284,0 Sucrose 113,0 452,0 Cellulose 50,0 0,0 Choline Bitartrate 2,0 0,0 Cholesterol 11,3 0,0 Custom mineral mix Custom Vitamin mix
NUTRIGENOMICS –
VARIOME project
Ref. Kaput et al GENES AND NUTRITION Connecting the Human Variome Project to nutrigenomics (2010) Vol5 Pages: 275-283
FINAL GOAL OF NUTRIGENETICS / NUTRIGENOMICS
Common changes in all “omics” platforms
Adapted from Mutch et al, FASEB 2005
UNRAVEL roles of nutrients in the bio- system IDENTIFY differential response of genotypes Fo
od c
ompo
nent
s, ad
ditiv
es, l
ifest
yle,
con
tam
inan
ts…
. DNA (SNPs)
RNA (Transcriptome)
PROTEIN (Proteome)
METABOLITES (Metabolom)
Bio-computations (Network Model)
SKLEPI – NUTRIGENETIKA-NUTRIGENOMIKA
vplivi na prehranske potrebe • (nutri“GENI“ velik vpliv, nepoznavanje! • Trenutno TRANSLACIJA v PRIPOROČILA glede
na GENOTIP samo za REDKE gene – (¸mutacije v PKU, galaktozemija, APOE, APOB…),kjer je
vpliv genotipa glavna determinanta prehranskega in zdravstvenega stanja
• BODOČNOST - ? „Nutri podskupine“? • NA KRATKI ROK: izobraževanje, podporne politike
za zdrav življenjski slog
DANAŠNJE DEBELOSTNO OKOLJE
21 C 0
PRITISK SOVRSTNIKOV, REKLAM (JE EVOLUCIJSKO „STARA“ LASTNOST)
LAHKO „POVOZI“ VSA SVETOVANJA STARŠEV
NUTRIGENETSKIH TESTOV ČE NI PODPORNIH POLITIK V DRUŽBI ZA VZGOJO
ZDRAVEGA ŽIVLJENJSKEGA SLOGA
Opice - Pritisk sovrstnikov.MOV
DEBELOST = geni + okolje
OBESITY
DEPTOR is inhibitor of mTor signaling pathway now linked also to OBESITY
http://lollitop.magicgate.eu/
DEDIŠČINA VARČNIH GENOV Neel 1962: naravni izbor - “varčni” genotip!
10 MILJONOV LET ZADNJIH 100 LET
DEDIŠČINA VARČNIH GENOV
10 MILIJONOV LET = 24 ur
SPREMEMBA DEBELOSTNO OKOLJE = zadnjih 8,6 sekund
Pijača (0,33L):35 g slad. = 150 Kcal Medaljoni (200g) 500 Kcal Pomfrit (169g) 519 Kcal SKUPAJ: 1169 Kcal
Genotip X Okolje – zadnjih 50 let
G*O - AGRESIVNE ZAVAJUJOČE REKLAME
BIOTEHNOLOŠKO PRIDELANO MESO???
BIOTEHNOLOŠKO PRIDELANO MESO???
http://culturedbeef.net/
? Cena/burger
$ 330 000
The promise of personalised medicine 20 YEARS AGO
• “In the not-so-distant future, we can expect to walk into a physician’s office for an annual physical examination and walk out with a blueprint of our genetic inheritance – and with the knowledge of the most likely cause of our own death”
• Henig RM: High tech fortune telling. The New York Times, NY, USA page 6, 24. December 1989
275 URLs
HEALTH TESTS -disease genes -pharmacogenetic (e.g. P450 2D6) -~30 to 1200 clinical conditions
NUTRITIONAL -nutrigenetic -nutrigenomic -Diet and metabolic profiling
SOCIAL-GENETIC - ancestry -prenatal sex deter. -semen detection -Infidelity tests
STATUS: WHAT IS OFFERED adapted from Sterling, Genetic in Medicine 2008 and other
STATUS – WHERE is offered
Reference: adapted from Sterling, Genetics in Medicine 2008 and others
TYPES OF ORGANISATIONS
COMPANIES -Biotech comp. -Laboratories -Testing facil.
HEALTH CARE PROVIDERS WITH DOCTOR -Biotech comp. -Laboratories -Testing facilities
WELLNES CARE PROVIDERS -Biotech comp. -Laboratories -Testing facilities
e-VENDOR -Pharmacies -Drugstores
OTHER -Consumer org. -Non-profit org.
26 % 17 % 33 % 11 % 13 %
Web based Personalised medicine
2
SEND SALIVA BY POST
200
$ 200
NUTRIGENETICS – genotype PPARG – MUFA (Mediterranean diet)
Gen: PPARG
Gen: APOA2
NUTRIGENETICS – genotype APOA2 – dieta bogata z nasičenimi maščobami
Gen: APOA5
NUTRIGENETICS – genotype APOA5 – dieta bogata z maščobami (30% kalorij iz maščob ali več)
NUTRIGENETICS – genotype TAS2R38– APETIT
Gen: TAS2R38
NUTRIGENETICS – SNP v 8q14– rak na prostati
Priporočila za osebo , ki je nosilec mutantnega alela
Odds calculations
Marker effects
Odds ratios - Razmerje obetov Razmerje obetov (OR) pomeni, da je verjetnost, da se bo nek dogodek zgodil v eni skupini 1, 2, 3-krat večji kot v drugi skupini. Npr., če je razmerje obetov pri neki bolezni za Alel A proti alelu T enako 1,42, pomeni, da se bo v tej populaciji pojavljal 1,42- krat bolj pogosto pri obolelih kot pri zdravih osebkih
Vmesna razlaga
Odds ratios - Razmerje obetov Razmerje obetov (OR) pomeni, da je verjetnost, da se bo nek dogodek zgodil v eni skupini 1, 2, 3-krat večji kot v drugi skupini. Npr., če je razmerje obetov pri neki bolezni za Alel A proti alelu T enako 1,42, pomeni, da se bo v tej populaciji pojavljal 1,42- krat bolj pogosto pri obolelih kot pri zdravih osebkih
Vmesna razlaga
Vmesna razlaga
Example Suppose that in a sample of 100 men, 90 have drunk wine in the previous week, while in a sample of 100 women only 20 have drunk wine in the same period. The odds of a man drinking wine are 90 to 10, or 9:1, while the odds of a woman drinking wine are only 20 to 80, or 1:4 = 0.25:1. The odds ratio is thus 9/0.25, or 36, showing that men are much more likely to drink wine than women. Using the above formula for the calculation yields the same result:
The above example also shows how odds ratios are sometimes sensitive in stating relative positions: in this sample men are 90/20 = 4.5 times more likely to have drunk wine than women, but have 36 times the odds. The logarithm of the odds ratio, the difference of the logits of the probabilities, tempers this effect, and also makes the measure symmetric with respect to the ordering of groups. For example, using natural logarithms, an odds ratio of 36/1 maps to 3.584, and an odds ratio of 1/36 maps to −3.584.
Log(2) = 3,58
Male
Fem.
Male Fem. 0.2 / 0.8
0.9 / 0.1 1 / 36 Log(2) = -3,58
Odds ratios - Razmerje obetov
Allelic odds ratios (razmerje obetov)
SNP v genu Alel, ki veča ITM
Drug alel OR – rizik za prekomerno
težo
OR – rizik za debelost
FTO A T 1,14 1,25
TMEM18 C T 1,13 1,19
MC4R C T 1,07 1,15
GNPDA2 ….
G A 1,08 1,12
PRIMER IZRAČUN RAZMERJA OBETOV
AA AT TT
Normalna teža
20 33 6
Debelost
110 167 80
A T
Normalna teža
A 40+33=73
b 33+12=45
Debelost C 220+167=387
D 160+167=327
OR= 73:45 / 387:327 = 1,38
Frekvence GENOTIPOV
Frekvence ALELOV
Current status – BAD EXAMPLE –Sciona Personalised nutrition
BAD EXAMPLE –Sciona Personalised nutrition
BAD EXAMPLE –Sciona Personalised nutrition and Lifestyle
PROBLEMATIC: -TO FEW GENES ANALYSED (28) -RESULTS HEAVILY BASED ON QUESTIONNAIRE -INTERPRETATION AND RECOMMENDATIONS OVER AMBITIOUS AND IN PART QUESTIONABLE
NUTRIGENETICS – examples from companies selling nutrigenetic tests
GENOVA DIAGNOSTICS http://www.genovadiagnostics.com
……
NUTRIGENETICS – examples from companies selling nutrigenetic tests
INTERLEUKIN GENETICS http://www.ilgenetics.com
Genetic variations (MTHFR) have been shown to prevent appropriate utilization of vitamins B-6, B-12 and folate in one-carbon metabolism
MTHFR 677 C>T variant genotypes disrupts Homocystein metabolism, methylation of proteins, DNA and phospholipids in cells and is associated with certain disease states.
TREATMENT OPTION: Increasing plasma levels of vitamins B-6, B-12 and folate will benefit persons carrying MTHFR 677 C>T genetic variations.
NTD = neural tube defect
CHD = coronary
heart disease
NUTRIGENETICS- GOOD EXAMPLE –Choline SNPs
Big Study - Pregnant women in California -too low choline in 25% women (high correlation to PEMT SNP
--à birth defects (Sha et al 2010; Zeisel 2008, Shaw et al., 2004, 2006; Fischer et al., 2007;).
Gene PEMT: responsible for endogenous formation of choline
STUDY: effect of SNP (in ER (estrogen) binding site) within Promotor of the PEMT gene
Pregnant women with Loss of function allele In the gene PEMT need choline entirely from diet (eggs, liver, meat..
These usually not recommmended by physician, nutritionists
People and especially pregnana and postmenopausal women With the SNP rs12325817 polymorhism at higher risk
NUTRIGENETICS- NUTRIENT PROFILING – NUTRIENT COUNCELLING– case study
OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY 1.) compare
- a.)the personalized dietary recommendations suggested by a commercial nutri genomic and nutrigenetic test kit, the G-profile with - b) the recommendations based on 2 different, widely used Nutritional Profiling schemes usually taken as references
2.) to calculate genetic test-NP agreement regarding the suitability of 50 commonly eaten foods.
Gregori D, Foltran F, Verduci E, Ballali S, Franchin L, Ghidina M, Halpern GM, Giovannini M: A Genetic Perspective on Nutritional Profiles.. J Nutrigenet Nutrigenomics 2011; 4:25-35
NUTRIGENETICS- NUTRIENT PROFILING – NUTRIENT COUNCELLING– case study
DATA COLLECTION 12 normal-weight and 12 overweight children, matched by age and gender, were recruited in the Trieste district Nutrigenetic testing was offered to them using the G-Diet® Nutrigenomic Kit. The parents of all study participants signed a consent form
Gregori D, Foltran F, Verduci E, Ballali S, Franchin L, Ghidina M, Halpern GM, Giovannini M: A Genetic Perspective on Nutritional Profiles.. J Nutrigenet Nutrigenomics 2011; 4:25-35
NUTRIGENETIC- NUTRIENT PROFILING – NUTRIENT COUNCELLING– case study
Gregori D, Foltran F, Verduci E, Ballali S, Franchin L, Ghidina M, Halpern GM, Giovannini M: A Genetic Perspective on Nutritional Profiles.. J Nutrigenet Nutrigenomics 2011; 4:25-35
Individual Nutrigenetic test results
Favourable alleles Less Favourable alleles Average alleles
M = male, F = female; S = sensitive allele NS non-sensistive; NT non-taster; Mt medium taster; ST supertaster
Child 1 Child 2 Child 3 Child 4 Child 5 Child 6 Child 7 Child 8 Child 9
Child 10 Child 11 Child 12
NUTRIGENETICS- NUTRIENT PROFILING – NUTRIENT COUNCELLING– case study
Gregori D, Foltran F, Verduci E, Ballali S, Franchin L, Ghidina M, Halpern GM, Giovannini M: A Genetic Perspective on Nutritional Profiles.. J Nutrigenet Nutrigenomics 2011; 4:25-35
Nutritional Profiling schemes
Nutrigenetic test recommmendatinos
Food recommended
Food not recommended
NUTRIGENETICS- NUTRIENT PROFILING – NUTRIENT COUNCELLING– case study
Gregori D, Foltran F, Verduci E, Ballali S, Franchin L, Ghidina M, Halpern GM, Giovannini M: A Genetic Perspective on Nutritional Profiles.. J Nutrigenet Nutrigenomics 2011; 4:25-35
1. ) (Dis)Agreement between the 2 NUTRITIONAL PROFILING SCHEMES -VERY POOR CORRELATION
-average coefficient 0,66, especially low for cereals, milk products and drinks (below 0.5) “CLASSICAL NUTRITIONAL PROFILING” questionable as they assume average dietary requirements resulting in inappropriate diet recommendations
CONCLUSIONS
2. ) Agreement between the NUTRIGENETIC TEST predicitions and 2 NUTRITIONAL PROFILING SCHEMES variable (from 0.3 to 0.8) -NUTRIGENOMIC TESTING PROMISING IN THAT IT CAN COPE WITH GENETIC HETEROGENEITY BUT STILL A LONG WAY TO BECOME A GOLD STANDARD
PODJETJA PRI NAS NUTRIGENETIKA-NUTRIGENOMIKA
http://www.nutrigenomika.info/kdo_smo.htm
Kako poteka določanje vašega nutrigenomičnega profila® Najprej boste predložili osebne podatke in izpolnili nekaj vprašalnikov v zvezi z vašim zdravstvenim stanjem ter dosedanjimi navadami glede prehrane in načina življenja. Bistven podatek za določanje vašega nutrigenomičnega profila® je vaša krvna skupina po sistemu ABO in Rh faktor, zato morate predložiti potrdilo o vaši krvni skupini ABO in Rh faktorju, ki ga izda zdravnik ali ustrezna zdravstvena ustanova.
PODJETJA PRI NAS NUTRIGENETIKA-NUTRIGENOMIKA
http://www.nutrigenomika.info/kdo_smo.htm
Kako poteka določanje vašega nutrigenomičnega profila® Najprej boste predložili osebne podatke in izpolnili nekaj vprašalnikov v zvezi z vašim zdravstvenim stanjem ter dosedanjimi navadami glede prehrane in načina življenja. Bistven podatek za določanje vašega nutrigenomičnega profila® je vaša krvna skupina po sistemu ABO in Rh faktor, zato morate predložiti potrdilo o vaši krvni skupini ABO in Rh faktorju, ki ga izda zdravnik ali ustrezna zdravstvena ustanova.
PODJETJA PRI NAS NUTRIGENETIKA-NUTRIGENOMIKA
http://lifegenetics.eu/pogosta-vprasanja/nutrigenomika/
POMEMBNO OPOZORILO! NUTRIGENOMIKA, NUTRIGENOMIČNI PROFIL in drugi izpeljani izrazi se v Sloveniji pogosto zlorabljajo. Pri nakupu bodite pozorni, da izvajalec nutrigenomske analize dejansko opravlja analizo genov oz. DNK test in ne le analizo krvne skupine. Velik indikator prevare je že dejstvo, da izvajalec za opravljanje storitve potrebuje odvzem krvi z namenom določitve krvne skupine. Za GENSKO ANALIZO ODVZEM KRVI NI POTREBEN in je prava redkost.
STRENGHTS – HP vs. DTC
• Doctor and other professionals involved (dietitian, geneticists)
• Likely more regulatory control (?)
• Better data safety (?) • Follow up procedures not left to
consumer decision
• Easy access at will • Greater consumer involvement – • Greater potential for education –
better interaction with physicians
• Data there for future review, re-interpretation without the need to ask physician
“Official health providers “Direct-to-consumer companies
Cahill LE, Fontaine-Bisson B, El-Sohemy A: Functional genetic variants of glutathione S-transferase protect against serum ascorbic acid deficiency. Am J Clin Nutr 2009; 90: 1411–1417. Xie L, Innis SM: Genetic variants of the FADS1 FADS2 gene cluster are associated with altered (n-6) and (n-3) essential fatty acids in plasma and erythrocyte phospholipids in women during pregnancy and in breast milk during lactation. J Nutr 2008; 138: 2222–2228. Yuan J-M, Koh W-P, Sun C-L, Lee H-P, Yu MC: Green tea intake, ACE gene polymorphism and breast cancer risk among Chinese women in Singapore. Carcinogenesis 2005; 26: 1389–1394. Petermann I, Triggs CM, Huebner C, et al: Mushroom intolerance: a novel diet-gene interaction in Crohn’s disease. Br J Nutr 2009; 102: 506–508.
NUTRIGENETICS –
4 additional „good“ case studies
NUTRIGENOMICS – case study 2 TRANSCRIPTOME
HUMANS - OLIVE OIL (POLYPHENOLS) – MEDITERRANEAN DIET - TRANSCRIPTOME
Konstantinidou, Valentini; Covas, Maria-Isabel; Munoz-Aguayo, Daniel; et al. In vivo nutrigenomic effects of virgin olive oil polyphenols within the frame of the Mediterranean diet: a randomized controlled trial FASEB JOURNAL Volume: 24 Issue: 7 Pages: 2546-2557 JUL 2010
TMD – traditional Mediterranean diet (instructed, e.g.,. the use of olive oil for cooking to dress vegetables, pasta, rice; increased consumption of fruit, vegetables, and fish; homemade sauce with tomato, garlic, onion, aromatic herbs, and olive oil, white > red meat, moderate consumption of red wine. WOO = VOO but less polyphenols (55 and 328 mg/kg, respectively)
DESIGN-OBJECTIVE:
Group 1, TMD with virgin olive oil (TMD-VOO) group 2, TMD with washed virgin olive oil (TMD-WOO) group 3, control group with their habitual
VOO = Virgin Olive Oil
WOO = Washed Olive Oil
HUMANS - OLIVE OIL (POLYPHENOLS) – MEDITERRANEAN DIET - TRANSCRIPTOME
VOO WOO
VIRGIN OLIVE OIL – significant effect of POLYPHENOLS more so than MUFA (in TMD) Beneficial effects on expression of -inflammatory genes; oxidative stress, metabolic stress transcriptome
Peripheral Blood Monocyte expression
VOO WOO CONTROL CONTROL
PRO-ATHEROGENIC GENES DOWNREGUlATED