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Transcript of Simion Sorin HowDoesTheUniverseWork
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MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH
(MINISTERUL EDUCATIEI SI CERCETARII STIINTIFICE)
LICEUL TEORETIC “DANTE ALIGHIERI”
ASSIGNMENT FOR OBTAINING THE PROFICIENCY CERTIFICATEFOR ALUMNI CLASSES WITH INTENSIVE STUDY OF ENGLISH
(Lucrare pentru obtinerea atestatului de competentă lingvistică pentru absolventii claselor cu studiu intensiv al limbii engleze)
Coordinain! "a#$"r% Pro&' TONE MONICAS(d"n% SIMION SORIN GABRIEL) *II+B
BUCHAREST)
,-./
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HOW DOES THEUNIVERSEW OR0 1
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Table of Contents
ARGUMENT
INTRODUCTION
Space
Our Solar System ,Planets, Moons and Dwarf Planets
Kuiper BeltExoplanets -Planets around other Stars
Galaxies
Pretty strane stuff in space
!e"ulae - #he Dust of Stars
Beyond Our Solar System
Beyond Our Galaxy
UNSOLVED MYSTERIES OF SPACE
$hat are the Mysterious !oises from Space% &nd $hat is Dar' Enery%
&re we alone in the (ni)erse%
$here are the $hite *oles%
$hy does #itan *a)e an &tmosphere%+
$hat are the ermi Bu""les%
$here &re the Missin Baryons%
$here do *ih-enery osmic .ays come from%
$here Did Saturn/s .ins ome rom% and $here did alaxies come from%NEW DISCOVERIES and NEW TELESCOPE TECHNOLOGY
*ow did we et here%
God Particle/ *is Boson
0atest Secrets of Mars
!&S&1s Space #elescopes
FINAL CONSIDERATIONS
ILIOGRAPHY ! RESOURCES2
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Ar!(2"n•
• Since ancient times man has contemplated the niht s'y, wonderin3 $hat is the s'y%
$hat laws o)ern the motion% But the only thin he could do was to o"ser)e the
approximately 4,555 stars )isi"le to the na'ed eye and write down their positions in so-
called constellations2
•
6 feel li'e explorers who are at the ede of a new frontier2 6 want to 'now more2 6 want to'now why the uni)erse is expandin faster and faster, why alaxies stay toether rather than
apart, why less than 7 percent of the uni)erse is ordinary matter made of 8uar's, electrons
and neutrinos, the rest "ein dar' matters 9:; percent< and dar' enery 9=: percent<2
• #he idea of a uni)erse that does not end, "ecause no"ody 'nows for sure if the uni)erse
is finite or infinite, distur"s me and ma'es me di>>y, especially in our little world, where we
are used that e)erythin has marins and endins 2#herefore, the most trou"lin 8uestionsthat 6 as' myself a"out the world, are3?*ow was the uni)erse created%?,?*ow does the
uni)erse wor'%@
• #hese are some of the many reasons 6 chose these su"Aects as my proAect2 6 can find the
time to thin' a"out the 8uestions of existence and the functionin of the uni)erse despite my
school acti)ities
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Int"od#$t%on• What does the universe mean? How big can space be? What does limits mean? Where did
time start and where will it end?
• #here are many 8uestions associated with the creation and e)olution of the maAor
constituents of the uni)erse2 & "asic 8uestion astronomers must address is, how did the uni)erse
create its first stars and alaxies% *ow did they influence su"se8uent alaxy, star and planet
formation%
• Our uni)erse is old and lare, and expandin outwards e)ery day2 #his uni)erse, the dar'
enery that seems to "e "ehind it, and other 8uestions li'e the exact nature of the Bi Ban and
the early e)olution of the uni)erse are amon the 8uestions of cosmoloy2
• #he uni)erse is filled with stars, alaxies, planets and more, and there are some mysteries
li'e dar' matter to "e sol)ed "y astronomers and scientists ha)e sinaled some of the maAor
disco)eries of our uni)erse2
• 6t is still un'nown whether the uni)erse created "lac' holes with the first eneration ofstars or whether these weird o"Aects were created "y the first eneration of stars2 &s "lac' holes
represent the most extreme physical conditions of space-time and enerate some of the most
eneretic phenomena followin the Bi Ban, they are ood material for testin the theories of
the uni)erse
• 0et us tal' more a"out a"out the su"Aect2
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SPACE ) SOLAR SYSTEM andBEYOND
• Space is a roc'y place2 #he "iest space roc's are asteroids2
&steroids are made up of roc' and iron li'e the four planets
closest to our sun, "ut they are much smaller2 &ll the asteroids put
toether would "e smaller than our moon2 &steroids are different
from comets, which are mostly roc' and ice2 omets ha)e tails• Our solar system is made up of a star - the Sun - eiht planets,
+4 moons, plenty of comets, asteroids and space roc's, ice and
se)eral dwarf planets, such as Pluto2
• #he eiht planetsare3Mercury, Cenus, Earth, Mars, upiter, Saturn, (ranus and !ept
une
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• .emem"er the order of the planets li'e this3 M y V ery
E ducated M other J ust S howed U s N eptune• e&ond O#" Sola" S&ste'
• Our sun is one of at least +55 "illion stars in the Mil'y $ay, a
spiral alaxy a"out +55,555 liht years across2 #he stars are arraned
li'e a pinwheel with four maAor arms, and we li)e a"out two-thirds of
the way up one of them2
• e&ond O#" Gala(&
• #he Mil'y $ay is part of the 0ocal Group, a neih"orhood a"out
+5 million liht years across, consistin of more than ;5 alaxies that
are ra)itationally connected to each other2 &side from our alaxy,the most massi)e one in this roup is &ndromeda, which appears to
"e on course to collide with the Mil'y $ay in a"out "illion years
MERCURY VENUS EARTH MARS )UPITER SATURN URANUS NEPTUN PLUTO
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UNSOLVED MYSTERIES OF SPACE
• or thousands of years scientists ha)e tried to understand the mysteries of
the niht s'y2 Strane noises from the depth of space, unexplained as
"u""les circlin the earth, and mysterious moons are Aust three of the
unexplained space mysteries scientists are tryin to sol)e2
• So far, world wide uni)erse still contains many mysteries that modern
science has not yet fully explored2 But with what we 'now a"out the
uni)erse, there are many facts that we ha)e to feel surprised2 *ere are the
thins li'e that2
• W*at %s Da"+ Ene",&-
•
A"e .e alone %n t*e Un%/e"se- T*%s 0#est%on %s as old as *#'an+%nd%tself1
• W*e"e a"e t*e W*%te Holes-
• W*e"e D%d Sat#"n2s R%n,s Co'e F"o'-
• W*e"e d%d ,ala(%es $o'e f"o'-
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NEW DISCOVERIES and NEW
TELESCOPE TECHNOLOGY
• God Pa"t%$le2 H%,,s oson
• 6n :5+:, scientists confirmed the detection of the lon-souht *is Boson, also 'nown "y its nic'name
the ?God 3a"t%$le,? at the 0are *adron ollider 90*<, the most powerful particle accelerator on the planet2
• #he recently disco)ered *is "oson, which helps i)e particles their mass, could ha)e destroyed the
cosmos shortly after it was "orn, causin the uni)erse to collapse Aust after the Bi Ban2
• Latest Se$"ets of Ma"s
•
#hese days, in their search for life in the uni)erse !&S& confirms e)idence that li8uid water flows ontoday1s Mars2 !ew findins from !&S&/s Mars .econnaissance Or"iter 9M.O< pro)ide the stronest e)idence
yet that li8uid water flows intermittently on present-day
• NASA4s S3a$e Teles$o3es
• #he *u""le Space #elescope is a lare telescope in space !&S& launched *u""le in +52 *u""le is as
lon as a lare school "us22 *u""le tra)els around Earth at a"out 7 miles per second2 *u""le faces toward
space2 6t ta'es pictures of planets, stars and alaxies2 H#bble *as seen sta"s be%n, bo"n5 H#bble *as seen
sta"s d%e5 It *as seen ,ala(%es t*at a"e t"%ll%ons of '%les a.a& 2 *u""le also has seen comet pieces crash into
the ases a"o)e upiter2
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FINAL CONSIDERATIONS
• Our ideas a"out the nature of space and time ha)e chaned and they are sometimes similar to
the science fiction ones2
• 6t is difficult to answer the 8uestion of how the uni)erse wor's2 #here are a lot of effecti)e
thins in astronomy and we ha)e new explanations concernin the e)olution of the uni)erse
and we now 'now the nature of matter1s content2 *owe)er, some 8uestions still do not ha)e an
answer2 $e ha)e to "e creati)e and thin' whether rules of a different nature could o)ern
empty space, "lac' holes as opposed to those that apply to the dense matter from which the
Bi Ban started2
• 6s the end of the (ni)erse near% #here are three alternati)es3
• T*e %, C"#n$*2 E)erythin is o)erned "y ra)ity and the (ni)erse ends up in a point, all
the matter "ein athered there2
• T*e %, R%32 #he opposite is true2 #he (ni)erse expands surprisinly 8uic'ly, repellin
forces o)ern e)erythin2#he ra)itational attraction disappears2
• T*e %, F"ee6e5 6t is a mixture of the a"o)e mentioned theories2#he system neither condenses
nor expands at a hih speed, it expands slowly and it oes on and on and any acti)ity
disappears due to free>in2 6t seems to "e the most feasi"le theory2
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ILIOGRAPHY ! RESOURCES
• The Fabric of the Cosmos: Space, Time, and the Texture of Reality by Brian andolph !reene
(Publisher:Random House C, !ew "or#: $inta%e &oo#s, ')*"
• The +le%ant ni-erse:Superstrin%s, Hidden .imensions, and the /uest for the ltimate Theory b#
Brian andolph !reene $ Publisher:0101!orton 2 Company February 3444*5
• 6 &rief History of Time: From the &i% &an% to &lac# Holes b# Stephen Haw%ing (Publisher:&antam
.ell Publishin% 7roup,3448*5
• 6 ni-erse from !othin% b# &awrence Ma'well (rauss (initially published on 9anuary 3, '3' by Free Press*5
• https:www1cfa1har-ard1eduseuforum5
• http:science1nasa1%o-astrophysics5
• http:solarsystem1nasa1%o-planetssolarsystem
• https:www1nasa1%o-press;release
•
http:www1bbc1com• https:www1ted1comspea#ersbrian<%reene5
• http:www1astronomia1%o1rostiri1html5
• http:www1scientia1ro5
• http:www1descopera1or%5
• http:teostie1rostiinta=;mistere;neelucidate;de;stiinta5