SIMILARITIES Both processes result in the formation of haploid gametes Both processes involve...
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Sexual Reproduction
Topic 11.4
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Understanding:Spermatogenesis & oogenesis both involve mitosis, cell growth, 2 divisions of meiosis & differentiation.
SIMILARITIES
• Both processes result in the formation of haploid gametes• Both processes involve mitosis, growth and meiosis
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Differences
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OOGENESIS
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SPERMATOGENESIS
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SPERMATOGENESIS
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TESTESInside testes:1. Seminiferous tubules make sperm2. Leydig cells (interstitial cells) make
testosterone• Basement membrane made of germline epithelial
divide by meiosis to make spermatogonia• Sertoli cells (nurse cells) nourish germ cells
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Seminiferous tubules
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ovary
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Skill:Annotation of diagrams of seminiferous tubule and ovary to show the stages of gametogenesis.
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OOGENESIS
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Skill:Annotation of diagrams of mature sperm and egg to indicate functions.
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Label it!
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Draw!
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Understanding:Processes in spermatogenesis & oogenesis result in different numbers of gametes with different amounts of cytoplasm.
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Space……….. the final frontier……
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Understanding:Processes in spermatogenesis & oogenesis result in different numbers of gametes with different amounts of cytoplasm
• Why is the egg bigger than sperm?• All the requirements for beginning growth of early
embryo must be present in the egg!
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Understanding:Fertilization involves mechanisms that prevent polyspermy.
• Fertilization = union of egg & sperm to form zygote• Chemical attraction of sperm to egg
• Steps to prevent polyspermy:1. Acrosome Rxn2. Penetration of egg membrane3. Cortical Rxn
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1. Acrosome Rxn
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2. Penetration of egg membrane
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3. Cortical Rxn
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Understanding:Fertilization in animals can be internal or external.• Aquatic animals: externally
• E.g. fish, coral, starfish• Spawning = release of egg & sperm into
water
• Terrestrial animals: internally• E.g. salamanders, scorpions, octopus
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Understanding:Implantation of the blastocyst in the endometrium is essential for the continuation of pregnancy.
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Understanding:hCG stimulates the ovary to secrete progesterone during early pregnancy
• Pregnancy depends on maintaining uterus lining (Endometrium)
• Endometrium supplies embryo with everything it needs
• Endometrium remains if enough estrogen & progesterone
• Embryo produces hCG = human chorionic gonadotropin
• hCG stimulates corpus luteum to produce estrogen & progesterone
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Role of hCG in early pregnancy
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Understanding:The placenta facilitates the exchange of materials between mom & embryo
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Placenta3 types of mammals:1. Placental – live birth (humans)2. Monotremes – lay eggs (duck-billed platypus; anteater)3. Marsupials – offspring finish developing inside pouch (kangaroo, opossum)
Placenta needed as fetus grows and surface area/volume ratio gets smaller. Placenta = fetal + maternal tissue Amniotic sac = fetal tissue; contains amniotic fluid = supports & protects fetus Placental villi = functional unit of placenta; exchange of materials with mom;
increase in # Maternal blood flows into inter-villous spaces around villi Fetal blood circulates in capillaries in villi Placental barrier = cells that separate maternal & fetal blood (~5μm);
selectively permeable
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Exchange of materials in placenta
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Understanding:Estrogen & progesterone are secreted by the placenta once it has formed.
• 0 – 8th week corpus luteum secretes enough estrogen & progesterone to maintain pregnancy
• 9th week – birth placenta starts to secrete enough estrogen & progesterone to maintain pregnancy; corpus luteum no longer needed so it degenerates
•Danger of miscarriage at this stage if switch-over fails!
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Understanding:Birth is mediated by positive feedback involving estrogen & oxytocin.2 different feedback mechanisms in homeostasis:• Positive feedback enhances a change• Negative feedback reverses a change
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Role of hormones in parturitionParturition = labor & delivery; childbirth
Endometrium = uterus liningMyometrium = muscular uterus wallProgesterone = hormone secreted by placenta to maintain endometriumOxytocin = hormone secreted by pituitary to cause myometrium to contract
2 different feedback mechanisms in homeostasis:• Positive feedback enhances a change• Negative feedback reverses a change
During pregnancy, high progesterone inhibits oxytocin & uterine contractions.At end of pregnancy, fetus produces hormones which signal placenta to stop secreting progesterone. Then oxytocin secreted.
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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=heWOEkjutHc
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Stages of labor & deliveryhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZDP_ewMDxCo
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How long is a full-term pregnancy?(in weeks)
38
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Nature of Science: assessing risks & benefits of scientific research:The risks to human male fertility were not adequately assessed before steroids related to progesterone & estrogen were released into the environment as a result of the use of the female contraceptive pill.
• Birth control pills = mimics pregnancy; contains high amount of estrogen• Estrogen inhibits FSH, so no follicles develop, no ovulation• Synthetic estrogen levels in water have increased through sewage• 1980’s – large birth control pill hormones reported in water = “estrogen pollution”
• 1992 – human male sperm count declined by 50% over 50 years, according to 61 studies• 2004 – UK, 86% male fish in 51 sites were “intersex” (feminized)• Limited scientific consensus on causation
• One solution: 2012 – European Commission proposed policy to limit conc. in H2O
• Another solution: upgrade technology for wastewater treatment & preventing livestock from urinating close to rivers
• Who should pay costs? Water companies? Drug companies? Public?
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Application:The average 38-week pregnancy in humans can be positioned on a graph showing the correlation between animal size & the development of the young at birth for other mammals.
• Altricial = helpless at birth• Precocial = mobile at birth
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Good advice….
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Prostate Cancer
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Prostate exam recommended starting age: 40
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D.R.E.
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Cervical Cancer
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Pap smearrecommended for ages 21 – 65
Good for ~ 3 years!
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HPV DNA test