Silvopasture and Riparian Agroforestry in Santa Catarina ...Silvopasture and Riparian Agroforestry...
Transcript of Silvopasture and Riparian Agroforestry in Santa Catarina ...Silvopasture and Riparian Agroforestry...
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Silvopasture and Riparian Agroforestry in Santa Catarina:
An Alternative Approach to Ecosytem Services
Ben Dube University of Vermont
Abdon Schmidt-Filho Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina
Josh Farley University of Vermont
Alfredo Fantini Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina
(And Many others….
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20,000 species of plants, 263 mammals, 936
birds, 306 reptiles and 475 amphibians
(Mittermeier 2005, Ribeiro 2011)
Endemism approx. >%30 (Mittermeier 2005)
100 million people.
The Atlantic Forest
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• 85% deforested.
• >50% remaining forest in fragments of <100 ha.
• Forest cover of 30% likely needed to prevent massive extinctions and loss of resilience.(Banks-Leite et al., 2014)
• A closing window of opportunity to act.
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Santa Catarina – family farmers and livelihoods
• 88 % own land
• 87% of agricultural output, 44% of land
• 90% of rural population
• Tenuous hold on the “global middle
class.”
• Rural-urban migration important issue.
• “Outlaw Farmers”: not in compliance w/
Brazilian Forest Code.
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The choice between’s : “larger farms or larger favelas.”-Luiz Henrique da Silveira
Is there a way out?
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Santa Rosa de Lima
Study Site
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Stage 1: Voisin Rotational Grazing (Management Intensive Grazing).
From 0 to statewide program (EPAGRI) in 15 years.
Farmer reports:• 75% increase in stocking rates.• 28% increase in milk/cow• Over 100% increase in milk
yield and revenue.• Alvez, et al 2012
Detailed Farm Finance Surveys:• 60% higher income/ha and
profit/ha compared with non-Vosin Farmers.
• Brasiliero, et al forthcoming
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Voisin Rotational Grazing
Traditional Continuous Grazing
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VoisinContinuous
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Stage 2: Hi-Biodiversity Silvopastoral Systems
• Nucleation system
• Provide Shade and windbreaks
• Euterpe edulis (juçai fruit), Mimosa scabrella (bracatinga: nitrogen fixation, timber, honey), other NTFPs, charcoal trees, etc.
• Bananas (the non-native exception)
• Wild bees?
• >60 farmers signed up for pilot.
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Stage 3: Riparian Agroforestry, HBSPS and new approaches to Ecosystem Services
• Goal is to comply with and exceed the forest code using agroforestry systems with native species.
• Most farmers feel they cannot comply with forest code.
• Biodiversity conservation (habitat matrix) and watershed services.
• Working with Secretariat of Sustainable Development on ecosystem services scheme in collaboration with farmers
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Hypothesis:
• Research, extension, support and cost-sharing for agro-forestry (a co-investment paradigm) can restore ecosystem functions more cost-effectively and reliably than Commodification of Ecosystem Services.
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Rationale
Problems with CES
• Political and Economic Risks (from local to global)
• High transaction costs• Hard to fund small family farms.
• Opportunity costs fluctuate.
• May erode social economy• “Crowding out” altruism.
Benefits of Co-investment in Agro-Forestry
• One-time financial outlay• Repayment could allow system to
self-support.
• Lower transaction costs• Embedded in existing co-op /
extensionist relationships.
• Value of products fluctuates with opportunity costs.
• May promote the social economy. • Reciprocity over quid pro quo.
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Design Parameters:
• Proportion of public vs farmer investment.• Loans? Free trees? Planting assistance?
• Proportion of commodity revenue shared with government.• Based on initial assistance? “loan repayment”
• Based on system revenue? A “tax” or “in-kind contribution”
• A mix?
• None?
• Proportion of commodity vs ecosystem service flows.• Ex: % native trees. % non commodity trees.
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Economic Qualities
Positive Factors
• Shade for cows in summer.
• Higher quality forage in summer.
• High quality browse as supplemental forage.
• Diversified income streams.
• Income added with low labor costs and low external inputs.
Negatives/Risks
• Shade impacts on winter forage growth.
• Long wait until system matures (time value of $).
• New commercial crop.
• Large up front costs.
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0
1000
2000
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5000
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7000
8000
9000
R$
per
ha
Milk Revenue (Current) Bannana Revenue (2nd year)
E.E. Revenue (7th year) Cost of Trees & Fencing(Milk Revenue from Brasiliero et al, forthcoming)
Financial Estimates
Potential Change in Milk Production
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SPS coinvestment Conservation PES
• R$1500-2000/ha/yrindefinitely. (50-70% of avg profit).
• Long term, much greater ES.
• R$7,400/ha once.
• Fast ES provision
• Long-term revenue positive for local gov (repayments & economic activity.)
Multifunctional Riparian Forest Coinvestment
• R$11,600/ha once• Fast ES provision• Regulatory compliance
for farms• Meets farm opportunity
costs
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Some Questions for the Future
• How will systems actually evolve?• Ongoing monitoring and research investigation.
• How do farmers view the co-investment?• Can we activate financial and intrinsic motivations?
• Quantifying and Valuating Ecosystem Services
• Can/should international carbon markets help fund projects for local ecosystem services?
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Thank you!