Silvopastoral Systems(SPS)inBrazil

FelipePinheiroPhDStudent.SchoolofNaturalResourceandEnvironment

UniversityofFlorida

Site Ambiente e EnergiaGuito Moreto / Agência O Globo

Largestworldbeefexporter2012–13(Fao 2014)/ MaincauseofAmazondeforestation

1. Introduction Cattle production in Brazil

http://exame.abril.com.br/mundo/noticias/areas-degradadas-no-brasil-equivalem-a-duas-francas

• Degradedpastures:50%ofAmazonand80%ofCerrado (Braziliansavannah)(Macedo etal.,2014;Perón &Evangelista2004)

1. Introduction Soil degradation

Dodó Rebouças

Caatinga biome:

and Desertification.

• Overgrazing,• Slashandburnwithafallowperiod<45years

J. Araujo FilhoJ. Araujo Filho J. Araujo Filho

1. Introduction Soil degradation

28%soildegradedinsomelevel(FAO)=140mihectare,2Frances

Brazil:SPSiscalledasanintegratedsystem.Twocategories:1) ThetraditionalSPS.livestock+trees

Sorgum andSunflower

1. Introduction SPS Alternative

2)Integrationofcrop-livestock-forest(iCLF).a)inthefirstyearsofimplementationorb)asacroprotationwiththepastureandtheanimals.(Balbino etal.2011)

2) Questions

1)ArecasesorstudiesinBrazilsupportinguseofSPSforeitherbenefits:productivity,soilmanagement,biodiversity?2)WhataretheSPSmanagementsbeingconsideredinBrazil?

3) Objectives

a)IdentifytheEcosystemServicesandEconomicsofSPSinBrazilb)Highlightmanagementpracticesthatmaybeapplicableinthecountryandinsimilarecologicalregionsaroundtheworld.

4)Results:4.1)EcosystemServicesandEconomicsofSPSinBrazil.4.2)GeneralSPSManagement.4.3)ManagementsbyEcological/GeographicalregionsofBrazil.

• SPSwithPinus elliotimitigateGHGemissionsof3,58cows/ha bythewoodcomponent(Oliveiraetal.2008).

4 )Results 4.1 ) Ecosystem Services and Economics of SPS in Brazil

ruralcentro.uol.com.br

Carbon Sequestration

Top20cm(Lossetal.2014):SPS>OpenPasture(OP).

Top40cm(Maiaetal.2007):SPS>OP.SPS>IntensiveCroppingSPS>OtheragroforestrytypeSPS=Nativeforest.

1meteronetimecollection(Tonucci etal.2011):SPS=OP**Soilstructure:SPSbetterthanOP

Soil Organic Carbon (SOC)

4.1 ) Ecosystem Services and Economics of SPS in Brazil

Soil Organic Carbon (SOC)

4.1 ) Ecosystem Services and Economics of SPS in Brazil

FelipePinhero

SantaRitaExperimentalFarm/EPAMIG,PrudentedeMorais,MG,Brazil,

Hymenoptera(Auad etal.2015)

Abundance:SPS(3.889individuals)>OP(1.473ind.)Richness: SPS(305spp.)>OP(173spp.)

www.naturespot.org.uk

www.houstonzoo.org

www.hngn.com

Insects Biodiversity

4.1 ) Ecosystem Services and Economics of SPS in Brazil

www.realh.com.br

www.embrapa.br

ComparedtoOP:

• Milkyield+1kg/cowperday(Paciullo etal.2014)

• Treecover>30%increasedforageandmeatproductionintheCaatinga (Menezes&Sancedo 2009)

• Lowinvestmentrisk(CoelhoJunioretal.2008,Rodigheri 1998)

>profitability(Baggio&Schreiner1988,Santos&Grzebieluckas 2014)

• CropproductioninthefirstyearscanreturnallcostsoftheSPSimplementation(soilrecovery,seedlings,etc.).

Profitability ~ Microclimate amelioration

4.1 ) Ecosystem Services and Economics of SPS in Brazil

PRONAFandABCProgram(LowCarbon Agriculture):2billion$(2013/2014).

- Impediments to SPS implementation

1) + intensiveandqualifiedlabor,2) +costsoftheestablishmentcomparedtoanOP.3) Findtreeseeds4) Protectyoungtreesfrom:cows,excessivesolarradiation,wind,competitionwith

theforageandweedsandants.5)Culturalconceptthattreesinthepasturedecreasecattleproduction.

- Government support

fotos.noticias.bol.uol.com.br

• Dispersedtrees *SmallgroupoftreesspreadinthepastureCanbebynaturalregeneration=nocost.

www.goldmarkfarm.com

Tree planting arrangements4 )Results 4.2 ) General SPS Management

www.marietta.edu

• Livefences(fodderbank,etc.)

Tree planting arrangements4.2 ) General SPS Management

• Lines

Tree planting arrangements4.2 ) General SPS Management

Protectedduringtheirinitialdevelopment1) physicalbarrierssuchasfencesaround

immaturetrees2) byalleycroppingsystems

Cattle damage to trees

Eucalyptusspp:1year,cowsareallowed.+somevarieties/speciesaremoresusceptibletopredationbycows.(Balbino etal.2011,Guerreiro etal.2015).

4.2 ) General SPS Management

Forage: Stylosanthes guianensisXavier et al. (2014)

Nitrogen fixing plants4.2 ) General SPS Management

Tree: Gliricidia sepium

Pantanal

Caatinga

Cerrado Atlantic Forest

Amazon

Pampa

4 )Results 4.3 Managements by. Ecological / Geographical regions of Brazil

4 )Results 4.3) Managements by. Ecological / Geographical regions of Brazil

Ricardo Mercadante

Pampa

Southern Brazil

Varellaetal(2016)

southwestfarmpress.com

Southern Brazil Main animal: Bos taurus

• Soybeans(Glycinemax)• Watermelon(Citrullus lanatus),• Wheat(Triticum spp)

Watermelon Plant care Guide

pixabay.com

www.aguia.agr.br

Southern Brazil

iCFL : Crop Component

Southern Brazil Grass Selection : C3 or C4 / Annual or Perennial?

Varellaetal(2016)

Grevillea (Grevillea robusta) Corymbia citriodora

en.wikipedia.org

Southern Brazil Exotic trees in SPS

(Varella etal.2016)

Canafístula - Peltophorum dubium

www.seedshelf.com

www.bookmyfoliage.com

Southern Brazil

Ipe - Tabebuia spp.(Varella etal.2016)

Native trees

Southern Brazil Native trees

Aracauria angustifolia(Brazilianpine)

• Threatened species• Fruit and wood

AndréBonacin

4 )Results

Cerrado

4.3) Managements by. Ecological / Geographical regions of Brazil

Bos indicus

www.quebracho.net

revistapesquisa.fapesp.br

www.cpac.embrapa.br

• Crops:RiceandSoybeans,SorgoandCorn.• ResearchCenters+~14.000ha

CerradoiCFL : Crop Component

http://www.repileite.com.br/m/blogpost?id=5899308%3ABlogPost%3A90149

Cerrado Rotational Grazing

*http://senarms.org.br/embrapa-lanca-regua-de-manejo-de-pastagem/

Megathyrsus maximus:Allow grazing:90cmStopgrazing:40cm*

Panicum maximum:Allow grazing:55cmStopgrazing:25cm*

Eucalyptusspp.

www.ifriresearch.net

Cerrado Exotic trees in SPS

Africanmahogany- Khaya ivorensis

Instituto Brasileiro deFlorestas

4 )Results 4.3) Managements by. Ecological / Geographical regions of Brazil

Amazon

bmeditores.mx

• SPSConceptionrateof53.84% /Openpasture(OP):43.33%.(Silvaetal.2010).

Animal component * Cows + Buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis) Amazon

cites.org

Africanmahogany(Khaya ivorensis)

Roots Viveiro Ambientalpousodaroca.blogspot.com

Exotic trees in SPS

Indianneem (Azadirachta indica)

Amazon

cites.org www.guiaflorestal.com.br

Rubbertree(Hevea brasiliensis) Brazilianmahogany(Swietenia macrophylla)

Amazon

Native trees in SPS

4 )Results

Caatinga

Eciene Araújo

4.3) Managements by. Ecological / Geographical regions of Brazil

https://s-media-cache-ak0.pinimg.com/originals/02/70/b6/0270b617decd69a597bc578077ee57e3.jpg

• 90%ofcattle,sheepandgoatproductionassociatedwithnativevegetation.

MMA

Caatinga Traditional use of SPS

• 30%ofthetreecoverincreasedforageandmeatproduction(Menezes &Sancedo2009).

Sheeps GoatsCattle

%grazing time

Grazinghe

ight

(m)

Adapted from Lechner-Doll etal.,1995by Carvalho&Rodrigues,1997).

http://paduacampos.com.br/2012/tag/bioma-caatinga/

http://www.cabraeovelha.com.br/placeholders/80/manejo.jpg

Caatinga Grazing height by grazing time

http://www.fitoterapicos.info/juazeiro.php

+Medicinalandfruits

Glauco Umbelino.j

Caatinga

Juazeiro,Ziziphus joazeiro:Increasessoilorganicmatterandnutrients(N,P,K,Ca,andMg)(Menezes &Sancedo 2009).

Native trees in SPS

Multipurposetree:1)ModeratelyNfixation2)Fruitsinthedryseason3)Strongwood

www.naturalmedicinefacts.info

Glauco Umbelino.j

Caatinga

Algaroba, Prosopis juliflora.:Increasessoilorganicmatterandnutrients(N,P,K,Ca,andMg)(Menezes&Sancedo2009).

Native trees in SPS

Caatinga Leguminous trees in SPS

Forweedmanagementandmanurea)Irrigatedlands:Goiaba (Psidium guajava)andAcerola(Malpighia glabra).b)Nonirrigatedlands: CajuAnacardium occidentale (Pereiraetal.,2009).

br.pinterest.com www.boutique-vegetale.com www.imagejuicy.com

theparamananda.com

www.feedipedia.orgCaatinga Orchards conversion to SPS

Caatinga Caatinga – Buffel – Leguminous Systems

PaulodeAraújo/MMA

+ Firewood

Caatinga

Fodderproduction Foodsecurity:Riceand beans

• Milk/meat• Forewood• Honey• Medicinals• Biodiversity Conservation

Nativevegetation+Livestock

Model of an Integrated Crop Livestock Forest Production

http://www.cnpgl.embrapa.br/sistemaproducao/3532-palma-forrageira-adensada

• Nomanagement:Lowproductivity(~20kgwinweightanimal/ha/y)

• Reducingnumberoftreesintheplot(>30%treecover):

Productivityincreasesto~37kg.

• Toppingat30– 40cmhigh:Productivity~50kg.

• Plantingforagingplants,grassesortrees.Productivity~80kg*

Caatinga Native Forest Management

*Araujo Filho(1992,1997)

>Soilquality >Resilience. >Biodiversity.>Profitability. +Fightagainstclimatechange.

8- Conclusions

SPSinBrazilbenefits:

ManagementsattestedinallecologicalregionsofBrazil.

Possibilitytousedifferenttreespeciesfordifferentpurposes(wood,firewood,fruits,medicinal,etc.).

ImportantmorestudiesandeducationalprojectsandcapacitationtospreadtheuseofSPS.

9- Bibliography:

• ABCObservatory,2013.Agricultura deBaixa Emissão deCarbono – AEvolução deumnovoparadigma.FGV,SãoPaulo.

• Aguiar,M.I.;Maia,S.M.F.;Xavier,F.A.S.;Mendonca,E.S.;AraujoFilho,J.A.&Oliveira,T.S.2010.Sediment,nutrientandwaterlossesbywatererosionunderagroforestrysystemsinthesemi-arid regioninnortheasternBrazil.AgroforestrySystems.79:277–289

• Auad,A.M.;Braga,A.L.F.;Fonseca,M.G.;Resende,T.T.;Toledo,A.M.O.;Lucindo,T.S.&Vilela,E.F.2015.DoestheSilvopastoral SystemAlterHymenopteranFauna(Insecta:Hymenoptera)inBrachiaria decumbensMonocultures?.AnnalsoftheEntomologicalSocietyofAmerica,108(4):468-473.

• Baggio,A.J.&Schreiner,H.G.1988.Análise deumsistema silvipastoril comPinus elliottii egado decorte.Boletim dePesquisa Florestal,n.16,p.19-29.

• Balbino,L.C.;Cordeiro,L.A.M.;Porfirio-da-Silva,V.;DeMoraes,A.;Martinez,G.B.,Alvarenga,R.C.,Kichel,A.N.,Fontaneli,R.S.,DosSantos,H.P.,Franchini,J.C.&Galerani,P.R.2011.Evolucao tecnologica earranjos produtivos desistemas deintegracao lavoura-pecuaria-floresta noBrasil.Pesquisa Agropecuaria Brasileira.46:i–xii.

• Carvalho,M.M.;Silva,J.L.O.&CamposJúnior,B.A.1997.Produção dematéria seca ecomposição mineraldaforragem deseis gramíneas tropicais estabelecidas em umsub-bosque deangico vermelho.Revista BrasileiraZootecnia,v.26,p.213-218.

• CoelhoJúnior,L.M.;Rezende,J.L.P.De;Oliveira,A.D.;Coimbra,L.A.B.&Souza,A.N.2008.Análise deinvestimento deumsistema agroflorestal sobsituação derisco.Cerne,v.14,p.368-378.

• Dias-Filho,M.B.2006.Sistemas Silvipastoris na recuperação depastagens tropicais degradadas.Revista Brasileira deZootecnia,v.35,p.535-553.

• FAO,2014.TheStatisticsDivisionoftheFAO(FoodandAgricultureOrganizationoftheUnitedNations).

• Guerreiro,M.F.;Nicodemo,M.L.F.&Porfírio-da-Silva,V.2015.Vulnerabilityofteneucalyptusvarietiestopredationbycattleinasilvopastoral system.AgroforestrySystems.Volume89,Issue4,pp743-749.

• Hermuche,P.M.;Vieira,D.L.M.&San,E.E.2013.Modelingtreecoverchangesinapasture-dominatedlandscapebyadoptingsilvopastoral practicesinadryforestregioninCentralBrazil.AgroforestrySystems.Volume87,Issue4,pp881-890;

• Kirchner, R; Soares, A. B; Sartor, L. R; Adami, P. F; Migliorini, F & Fonseca, L. 2010. Desempenho de forrageiras hibernais sob distintos níveis de luminosidade. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia. Viçosa, v. 39, n. 11, p. 2371 – 2379.

• Latawiec, A. E.; Strassburg, B. B. N.; Valentim, J. F.; Ramos F. & Alves-Pinto H. N. 2014. Intensification of cattle ranching production systems: socioeconomic and environmental synergies and risks in Brazil. Animal, 8:8, pp 1255–1263.

• Loss, A.; Ribeiro, E.C.; Pereira, M. G. & Costa, E. M. 2014. Atributos físicos e químicos do solo em sistemas de consórcio e sucessão de lavoura, pastagem e silvipastoril em Santa Teresa. Bioscience Journal. Vol 30. No 5. 1981-3163.

• Macedo, M.C.M. ; Zimmer, A.H. ; Kichel, A.N.; de Almeida, R.G & de Araújo, A.R.. 2014. Degradação de pastagens, alternativas de recuperação e renovação, e formas de mitigação Embrapa Gado de Corte-Artigo Em Anais deCongresso (ALICE), pp. 158–181.

• Maia, S.M.F.; Xavier, F.A.S.; Oliveira, T.S.; Mendonça, E.S. & Araújo Filho, J.A. 2007. Organic carbon pools in a Luvisol under agroforestry an conventional farming systems in the semiarid region of Ceará, Brazil. Agroforestry.Systems. 71:127-138.

• Martuscello, J. A; Jank, L; Gontijo Neto, M. M; Laura, V. A & Cunha, D. De N. F. V. 2009. Produção de gramíneas do gênero Brachiaria sob níveis de sombreamento. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia. Viçosa, v. 38, n. 7, p. 1183 –1190.

• Mendonca, R. M. A.; Leite, R. C.; Lana, A. M. Q.; Costa, J. O. & Toth, G. 2014. Parasitic helminth infection in young cattle raised on silvopasture and open-pasture in Southeastern Brazil. Agroforestry Systems. 88:53–62

• Menezes, R.S.C. & Salcedo, I.H. 1999. Influence of tree species on the herbaceous understory and soil chemical characteristics in a silvopastoral system in semiarid Northeastern Brazil. Revista Brasileira de Ciencias do Solo. 23:817–826.

9- Bibliography:

• Nair,P.K.; Tonucci, R.G.; Garcia, R. & Nair, V.D. 2011. Silvopasture and carbon sequestration with special reference to the Brazilian Savanna (Cerrado). In: Kumar BM & Nair R.P.K. (eds). Carbon sequestration potential ofagroforestry systems: opportunities and challenges. Springer, Dordrecht, pp 145–162.

• Oliveira, T.K.; Macedo, R.L.G.; Venturin, N.; Higashikawa, E.M. & Magalhães, W.M. 2006. Crescimento e produção de eucalipto em diferentes arranjos estruturais de sistema agrossilvipastoril. In: Congresso Brasileiro DeSistemas Agroflorestais, Campos dos Goytacazes. Anais... Campos : SBSAF, v. 1.

• Oliveira, E.B.; Ribaski, J.; Zanetti E. A. & Penteado Junior J.F. 2008. Produção, carbono e rentabilidade econômica de Pinus elliottii e Eucalyptus grandis em sistemas silvipastoris no Sul do Brasil. Pesquisa Florestal Brasileira,Colombo, n 57, p. 45-56.

• Paciullo, D. S. C; Carvalho, C. A. B. De; Aroeira, L. J. M; Morenz, M. J. F; Lopes, F. C. F & Rossiello, R. O. P. 2007. Morfofisiologia e valor nutritivo do capim-braquiária sob sombreamento natural e a sol pleno. PesquisaAgropecuária Brasileira. Brasília, DF, v. 42, n. 4, p. 573 – 579.

• Paciullo, D.S.C.; Pires, M.F.A.; Aroeira, L.J.; Morenz, M.J.F.; Maurício, R.M.; Gomide, C.A.M. & Silveira S.R. 2014. Sward characteristics and performance of dairy cows in organic grass–legume pastures shaded by tropical trees.Animal 8, 1264–1271.

• Pereira, L.G.R.; Voltolini, T.V.; Moraes, S.A.; Aragão, A. S.L.; Brandão, L.G.N. & Chizzotti, M.L. 2009. Integração lavoura-pecuária-floresta (ILPF): sistema de integração fruticultura pecuária. In: Simpósio De Produção Animal DoVale Do São Francisco. Petrolina. Anais. Petrolina: Universidade Federal do Vale do São Francisco: Embrapa Semi-Árido. 11p.

• Perón A.J. & Evangelista, A.R. 2004. Degradação de pastagens em regiões de cerrado. Ciência e Agrotecnologia 28(3): 655-661.

• Pezzopane, J. R. M.; Bosi, C.; Nicodemo, M. L. F.; Santos, P. M.; Cruz, P. G. & Parmejiani, R. S. 2015. Microclimate and soil moisture in a silvopastoral system in southeastern Brazil. Bragantia, Campinas, v.74, n. 1, p.110-119.

• Rivero, S; Almeida, O; Ávila, S & Oliveira, W 2009. Pecuária e desmatamento: uma análise das principais causas diretas do desmatamento na Amazônia. Nova Economica 19, 41–66.

• Rodigheri, H.R. 1998. Viabilidade econômica de plantios florestais solteiros e de sistemas agroflorestais. Colombo: Embrapa Florestas.. 4p. (Embrapa Florestas. Comunicado técnico, 22).

• Santos, S. S. & Grzebieluckas, C. 2014. Sistema silvipastoril com eucalipto e pecuária de corte: uma análise de viabilidade econômica em uma propriedade rural em Mato Grosso/Brasil .Custos e @gronegócio on line. v. 10,n. 3.

• Silva, J.A.R.; Santos, N.F.A.; Araujo, A.A.; Jr Lourenço, J.B.; Viana, R.B.; Garcia, A.R. & Nahúm, B.S. 2010. Thermoregulatory answers in buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis) created on the shading and sun, in the climatic conditions of theBrazilian Eastern Amazon. Rev Vet 21, 812-815.

• Soares, A. B; Sartor, L. R; Adami, P. F; Varella, A. C; Fonseca, L & Mezzalira, J. C. 2009. Influência da luminosidade no comportamento de onze espécies forrageiras perenes de verão. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia. Viçosa, v. 38,n. 3, p. 443 – 451.

• Strassburg, B.B.N.; Latawiec, A.E.; Barioni, L., Nobre, C.; Portifio-da-Silva, V.; Valentim, J.; Vianna, M. & Assad, E. 2014. When enough should be enough: improved use of current agricultural lands could meet demands andspare nature in Brazil. Global Environmental Change 28. 84–97.

• Tonucci, R.G.; Garcia, R.; Nair, P.K., Nair, V.D. & Bernardino, F.S. 2011. Soil carbon storage in silvopasture and related land use systems in the Brazilian Cerrado. Journal Environmental Quality. 40:833–841.

• Varella A. C.; Barro; A. C.; da Silva; R.S.; Porfirio-da-Silva, J. L. S. & Saibro, J.C. 2016. Silvopastoral Systems in the Cold Zone of Brazil. Chapter. Volume 11 of the series Advances in Agroforestry pp 231-255. 2016.

• Victor, D. M.; Jank, L.; Lempp, B.; Resende, R. M. S.; Resende, M. D. V. & Gonçalves, M. C. 2015. Selection of full-sib families of Panicum maximum Jacq under low light conditions. Revista Ceres, 62(2), 199-207.

• Xavier, D. F.; Ledo, F. J. S.; Paciullo, D. S. C.; Urquiaga, S.; Alves, B. J. R. & Boddey, R. M. 2014. Nitrogen cycling in a Brachiaria-based silvopastoral system in the Atlantic forest region of Minas Gerais, Brazil. Nutrient Cycling inAgroecosystems. 99:45.

Thankyou!

felipempinheiro@ufl.edu

BelAcosta