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Side View of the Prostate

The prostate is a walnut-sized gland located between the bladder and the penis. The prostate is

just in front of the rectum. The urethra runs through the center of the prostate, from the bladder

to the penis, letting urine flow out of the body.

The prostate secretes fluid that nourishes and protects sperm. During ejaculation, the prostatesqueezes this fluid into the urethra, and its expelled with sperm as semen.

The vasa deferentia (singular: vas deferens) bring sperm from the testes to the seminal vesicles.The seminal vesicles contribute fluid to semen during ejaculation.

Prostate Conditions

Prostatitis:Inflammation of the prostate, sometimes caused by infection. In some cases, it

is treated with antibiotics. Enlarged prostate:Called benign prostatic hypertrophy or BPH, prostate growth affects

virtually all men over 50. Symptoms of difficult urination tend to increase with age.

Medicines or surgery can treat BPH.

Prostate cancer:Its the most common form of cancer in men (besides skin cancer), butonly one in 35 men die from prostate cancer. Surgery, radiation, hormone therapy, and

chemotherapy can be used to treat prostate cancer. Some men choose to delay treatment,

which is called watchful waiting.

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Prostate Tests

Digital rectal examination (DRE):A doctor inserts a lubricated, gloved finger into therectum and feels the prostate. A DRE can sometimes detect an enlarged prostate, lumps

or nodules of prostate cancer, or tenderness from prostatitis.

Prostate-specific antigen (PSA):The prostate makes a protein called PSA, which can bemeasured by a blood test. If PSA is high, prostate cancer is more likely, but an enlarged

prostate can also cause a high PSA.

Prostate ultrasound (transrectal ultrasound):An ultrasound probe is inserted into therectum, bringing it close to the prostate. Ultrasound is often done with a biopsy to test for

prostate cancer.

Prostate biopsy:A needle is inserted into the prostate to take tissue out to check for

prostate cancer. This is usually done through the rectum.

Prostate Treatments

Enlarged Prostate Treatment

Alpha-blockers:Alpha-blockers relax the muscles around the urethra in men with

symptoms from an enlarged prostate. Urine then flows more freely.

5-alpha-reductase inhibitors:These medications reduce the level of a certain form oftestosterone (DHT). The prostate shrinks when less DHT is present, improving urineflow.

Surgery for an enlarged prostate:Usually, medications resolve symptoms of an enlarged

prostate, but some men require surgery to improve symptoms and prevent complications.

Prostate Cancer Treatment

Prostatectomy:Surgery for prostate cancer, called a prostatectomy, removes the prostate

with the goal of removing all the cancer.

Radiation therapy:Radiation kills prostate cancer cells while minimizing damage to

healthy cells.

Radioactive seed implants:Instead of radiation pointed at the prostate from outside the

body, radioactive seeds can be implanted into the prostate to kill cancer cells.

Cryotherapy:Cryotherapy involves killing prostate cancer cells by freezing them.

Hormone therapy:Prostate cancer cells grow in response to hormones. Hormone therapy

helps block that effect.

Chemotherapy:When prostate cancer is advanced, chemotherapy may help reduce thecancers spread.

Watchful waiting:Since prostate cancer is often slow growing, some older men and their

doctors hold off on treatment and wait to see if the cancer appears to be growing.

Clinical trials:Through prostate cancer clinical trials, researchers test the effects of new

medications on a group of volunteers with prostate cancer.

Prostatitis Treatment

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Acute and chronic prostatitis:Depending on the type of prostatitis, treatment includes

antibiotics, medications, and/or surgery.

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