SID Teach u IT

8/8/2019 SID Teach u IT

1/63

Introduction toIntroduction toComputerComputer

Introduction toIntroduction toComputerComputer


2/63

2

Wha

t Isa

Computer?Wha

t Isa

Computer? A computer is an electronicA computer is an electronic

device, operating under thedevice, operating under the

control of instructions storedcontrol of instructions storedin its own memory, that canin its own memory, that canaccept data (input), processaccept data (input), processthe data according to specifiedthe data according to specified

rules (process), produce resultsrules (process), produce results

(output), and store the results(output), and store the results(storage) for future use(storage) for future use


3/63

3

A

Computer System .A

Computer System . In general, a computer is a machine whichIn general, a computer is a machine which

accepts data, processes it and returns newaccepts data, processes it and returns new

information as output.information as output.

Data Information

Processing


4/63

4

Types of ComputersTypes of Computers

Supercomputer.Supercomputer.

Mainframe computer.Mainframe computer.

Super Mini Computer.Super Mini Computer. Minicomputer.Minicomputer.

Super PC.Super PC.

Personal / Desktop ComputerPersonal / Desktop Computer Laptop, Note Book, Palmtop & Card Computers.Laptop, Note Book, Palmtop & Card Computers.


5/63

5

LaptopLaptop

Personal /Personal /

Desktop ComputerDesktop ComputerSupercomputerSupercomputerSupercomputerSupercomputer

Mainfr

ame computerM

ainfr

ame computer

Super MiniSuper MiniSuper PCSuper PC

MinicomputerMinicomputerPalmtopPalmtop

Types ofTypes of

ComputersComputers

Note BookNote Book


6/63

6

Computer HardwareComputer Hardware


7/63

7

Information Processing CycleInformation Processing Cycle

Secondary Storage

Internal OutputInput

ALU

ControlUnit

Program Instructions Flow Control Instructions Flow Data Flow


8/63

8

Computer HardwareComputer Hardware

1.1. Input Devices.Input Devices.

2.2. Output Devices.Output Devices.

3.3. Internal Storage.Internal Storage.

4.4. Processor orProcessor or CCentralentral PProcessingrocessingUUnit (nit (CPUCPU).).

5.5. SecondaryStorage Devices.SecondaryStorage Devices.

The physical devices of a computer system that can

be touched or tangible are called computer hardware.

Hardware can be classified into main categories suchas:


9/63

9

Input DevicesInput Devices

Any hardware component that allows you toAny hardware component that allows you to

enter data, programs, commands, and userenter data, programs, commands, and userresponses into a computerresponses into a computer

Input DeviceInput DeviceExamplesExamples

KeyboardKeyboard

MouseMouse


10/63

10

System Unit ( CPU )System Unit ( CPU )

The motherboard, or system board, is the main circuit board ofThe motherboard, or system board, is the main circuit board ofthe system unitthe system unit

The processor, also called the central processing unit (CPU),The processor, also called the central processing unit (CPU),interprets and carries out the basic instructions that operate ainterprets and carries out the basic instructions that operate a

computercomputer The control unit interprets the instructionsThe control unit interprets the instructions

The arithmetic/logic unit performs the logical and arithmeticThe arithmetic/logic unit performs the logical and arithmeticprocessesprocesses

Memory, also called random access memory, or RAM, consistsMemory, also called random access memory, or RAM, consistsof electronic components that store data, instructions, andof electronic components that store data, instructions, andinformation, as needed by the processorinformation, as needed by the processor


11/63

11

System Unit ( CPU )System Unit ( CPU )


12/63

12

Internal Devices.Internal Devices.

Primary storage.Primary storage.

Main storage.Main storage.

Immediate Access Storage (LAS).Immediate Access Storage (LAS).

RAM.RAM. (Store programs, input data & information, can read and write)(Store programs, input data & information, can read and write)

ROM.ROM. (This is the permanent memory to store special control programs (System(This is the permanent memory to store special control programs (Systemsoftware), loading of main components of the OP at the time of starting a computer.)software), loading of main components of the OP at the time of starting a computer.)


13/63

13

Output DevicesOutput Devices

Output devices make the information resultingOutput devices make the information resulting

from processing available for usefrom processing available for use

Output Device ExamplesOutput Device Examples PrintersPrinters

Display Devices (Monitors)Display Devices (Monitors)

LCDLCD

Speakers.Speakers.


14/63

14

Secondary Storage DevicesSecondary Storage Devices

Used to storeUsed to store

instructions, data, andinstructions, data, andinformation when theyinformation when they

are not being used inare not being used inmemorymemory


15/63

15

Magnetic disks use magneticMagnetic disks use magneticparticles to store items on aparticles to store items on adisks surfacedisks surface

Floppy disksFloppy disks Zip disksZip disks

Hard disksHard disks

USB penUSB pen



16/63

16


Optical discsOptical discs

CDCD--ROMROM

CDCD--RR

CDCD--RWRW

DVDDVD--ROMROM

DVDDVD--RR

DVD+RDVD+R

DVDDVD--RWRW

DVD+RWDVD+RW DVD+RAMDVD+RAM

TapeTape


17/63

17


Miniature mobile storageMiniature mobile storage

mediamedia


18/63

18

Software is set of programs (which are step bySoftware is set of programs (which are step bystep instructions) telling the computer how tostep instructions) telling the computer how toprocess data.process data.

Software needs to be installed on a computer,Software needs to be installed on a computer,usually from a CD.usually from a CD.

Softwares can be divided into two groups:Softwares can be divided into two groups:

-- System SoftwareSystem Software

-- ApplicationSoftwareApplication

Software


19/63

19

SoftwareSoftwareApplication softwareSystem software

PackagesLanguages

Operating Systems (OS)

Windows XP,98

DOS

Mac

Linux

Novell

Java

C++

HTML

Visual Basic .NET

Graphic (DTP)

E.g.:- Corel DrawSpread Sheet

E.g.:- MS Excel

Word Processing

E.g.:- MS

WordDatabases

E.g.:- MS Access


20/63

20

It controls the overall operation of the system.It controls the overall operation of the system.

It is stored in the computer's memory andIt is stored in the computer's memory and

instructs the computer to load, store, andinstructs the computer to load, store, andexecute an application.execute an application.

Examples: OperatingSystem (OS), TranslatorsExamples: OperatingSystem (OS), Translators

DOS, Windows, Unix etc.DOS, Windows, Unix etc.

System Software ( Operating System )System Software ( Operating System )


21/63

21

Operating SystemsOperating Systems


22/63

22

Application SoftwareApplication Software

They are Softwares written to perform specificThey are Softwares written to perform specific

tasks.tasks.

The basic types of application software are:The basic types of application software are:

word processing, database, spreadsheet,word processing, database, spreadsheet,desktop publishing, and communication.desktop publishing, and communication.

Examples:Examples: MSOfficeMSOffice, Tally, MS Outlook,, Tally, MS Outlook,


23/63

23

Application SoftwareApplication Software

Languages Packages


24/63

24

Computer NetworkComputer Network

A Computer Network isA Computer Network isinterconnection of Computers to shareinterconnection of Computers to shareresources.resources.

Resources can be : Information, Load,Resources can be : Information, Load,Devices etc.Devices etc.


25/63

25

Types Of Computer NetworksTypes Of Computer Networks

On the basis ofSize:On the basis ofSize:

Local Area Network (LAN)Local Area Network (LAN)

Its a network of the computers locally i.e. inIts a network of the computers locally i.e. inone room, one building.one room, one building.

Wide Area Network (WAN)Wide Area Network (WAN)

Its a network of the computers spread widelyIts a network of the computers spread widelygeographically.geographically.


26/63

26

Benefits of Computer NetworksBenefits of Computer Networks

Information SharingInformation Sharing

Device SharingDevice Sharing

Load SharingLoad Sharing MobilityMobility

Fast CommunicationFast Communication

Anywhere Anytime BankingAnywhere Anytime Banking


27/63

27

Network topologyNetwork topology

What is a network topology?What is a network topology? In communicationIn communicationnetworks, a topology is a usually schematic descriptionnetworks, a topology is a usually schematic descriptionof the arrangement of a network, including its nodesof the arrangement of a network, including its nodes

and connecting lines. There are two ways of definingand connecting lines. There are two ways of definingnetwork geometry: thenetwork geometry: the physical topologyphysical topologyand theand the logicallogical(or signal) topology.(or signal) topology.

The physical topology of a network isThe physical topology of a network is

the actual geometric layout of workstations. There arethe actual geometric layout of workstations. There areseveral common physical topologiesseveral common physical topologies


28/63

28

Network topologies are categorizedNetwork topologies are categorized

into the following basic typesinto the following basic types

BusBus

RingRing

Star

Tree

Mesh


29/63

29

Bus TopologyBus Topology

Bus networks (not to be confused with the system bus of a computer) use a commonBus networks (not to be confused with the system bus of a computer) use a common

backbone to connect all devices. A single cable, the backbone functions as a sharedbackbone to connect all devices. A single cable, the backbone functions as a sharedcommunication medium that devices attach or tap into with an interface connector. Acommunication medium that devices attach or tap into with an interface connector. A

device wanting to communicate with another device on the network sends adevice wanting to communicate with another device on the network sends abroadcast message onto the wire that all other devices see, but only the intendedbroadcast message onto the wire that all other devices see, but only the intended

recipient actually accepts and processes the message.recipient actually accepts and processes the message.Ethernet busEthernet bus

topologies are relatively easy to install and don't require much cabling compared totopologies are relatively easy to install and don't require much cabling compared tothe alternatives. 10Basethe alternatives. 10Base--2 ("ThinNet") and 10Base2 ("ThinNet") and 10Base--5 ("ThickNet") both were popular5 ("ThickNet") both were popular

Ethernet cabling options many years ago for bus topologies. However, bus networksEthernet cabling options many years ago for bus topologies. However, bus networkswork best with a limited number of devices. If more than a few dozen computers arework best with a limited number of devices. If more than a few dozen computers are

added to a network bus, performance problems will likely result. In addition, if theadded to a network bus, performance problems will likely result. In addition, if thebackbone cable fails, the entire network effectively becomes unusablebackbone cable fails, the entire network effectively becomes unusable..


30/63

30

Ring TopologyRing Topology

In a ring network, every device has exactly twoIn a ring network, every device has exactly two

neighbors for communication purposes. Allneighbors for communication purposes. Allmessages travel through a ring in the samemessages travel through a ring in the same

direction (either "clockwise" ordirection (either "clockwise" or"counterclockwise"). A failure in any cable or"counterclockwise"). A failure in any cable or

device breaks the loop and can take down thedevice breaks the loop and can take down the

entire network.entire network.


31/63

31

Star TopologyStar Topology

Many home networks use the star topology. AMany home networks use the star topology. A

star network features a central connection pointstar network features a central connection pointcalled a "hub" that may be acalled a "hub" that may be a hubhub,, switchswitch oror

routerrouter. Devices typically connect to the hub with. Devices typically connect to the hub withUnshielded Twisted Pair (UTP) Ethernet.Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP) Ethernet.


32/63

32

Tree TopologyTree Topology

Tree topologies integrate multiple starTree topologies integrate multiple startopologies together onto a bus. In its simplesttopologies together onto a bus. In its simplestform, only hub devices connect directly to theform, only hub devices connect directly to the

tree bus, and each hub functions as the "root" oftree bus, and each hub functions as the "root" ofa tree of devices. This bus/star hybrid approacha tree of devices. This bus/star hybrid approachsupports future expandability of the networksupports future expandability of the networkmuch better than a bus (limited in the numbermuch better than a bus (limited in the number

of devices due to the broadcast traffic itof devices due to the broadcast traffic itgenerates) or a star (limited by the number ofgenerates) or a star (limited by the number ofhub connection points) alone.hub connection points) alone.


33/63

33

MeshTopologyMeshTopology

Mesh topologies involve the concept of routes.Mesh topologies involve the concept of routes.

Unlike each of the previous topologies,Unlike each of the previous topologies,messages sent on a mesh network can take anymessages sent on a mesh network can take any

of several possible paths from source toof several possible paths from source todestination. (Recall that even in a ring, althoughdestination. (Recall that even in a ring, although

two cable paths exist, messages can only traveltwo cable paths exist, messages can only travel

in one direction.) Somein one direction.) SomeWANsWANs, most notably, most notablythe Internet, employ mesh routing.the Internet, employ mesh routing.


34/63

34

What Are the ComponentsWhat Are the Components

ofa Computer?ofa Computer?


35/63

35

ObjectivesObjectives

Define the term computer and discuss the four basicDefine the term computer and discuss the four basiccomputer operations: input, processing, output, andcomputer operations: input, processing, output, andstoragestorage

Define data and informationDefine data and information Explain the principal components of the computer andExplain the principal components of the computer and

their usetheir use

Describe the use of hard disks, USB flash drives, floppyDescribe the use of hard disks, USB flash drives, floppy

disks, and other storage mediadisks, and other storage media Discuss computer software and explain the differenceDiscuss computer software and explain the difference

between system software and application softwarebetween system software and application software


36/63

36

ObjectivesObjectives

Identify several types of personal computer applicationIdentify several types of personal computer applicationsoftwaresoftware

Discuss computer communications channels andDiscuss computer communications channels and

equipment and the Internet and World Wide Webequipment and the Internet and World Wide Web

Define eDefine e--commercecommerce

Explain how to purchase a personal computerExplain how to purchase a personal computer


37/63

37

Communications DevicesCommunications Devices

A communications device is a hardwareA communications device is a hardware

component that enables a computer to sendcomponent that enables a computer to send(transmit) and receive data, instructions, and(transmit) and receive data, instructions, and

information to and from one or moreinformation to and from one or morecomputerscomputers

Communications occur over transmissionCommunications occur over transmission

media, such as telephone lines, cables, cellularmedia, such as telephone lines, cables, cellularradio networks, and satellitesradio networks, and satellites


38/63

38

Computer SoftwareComputer Software

System software consists of programs to control theSystem software consists of programs to control theoperations of computer equipmentoperations of computer equipment

Instructions in the operating system tell the computerInstructions in the operating system tell the computerhow to perform the functions of loading, storing, andhow to perform the functions of loading, storing, andexecuting an application program and how to transferexecuting an application program and how to transferdatadata

When a computer is turned on, the operating system isWhen a computer is turned on, the operating system isloaded into the computers memory from auxiliaryloaded into the computers memory from auxiliary

storage, a process called bootingstorage, a process called booting Most computers use an operating system that has aMost computers use an operating system that has a

graphical user interface (GUI)graphical user interface (GUI)


39/63

39



40/63

40


Application software consists of programs thatApplication software consists of programs that

tell a computer how to produce informationtell a computer how to produce information

Word processing softwareWord processing software

Spreadsheet softwareSpreadsheet software

Database softwareDatabase software

Presentation Graphics softwarePresentation Graphics software


41/63

41



42/63

42

Networks and the InternetNetworks and the Internet

A network is a collection of computers andA network is a collection of computers and

devices connected via communications mediadevices connected via communications mediaand devicesand devices

A local area network (LAN) connects computersA local area network (LAN) connects computersin a limited geographic areain a limited geographic area

A wide area network (WAN) covers a largeA wide area network (WAN) covers a largegeographical areageographical area


43/63

43


Local Area Network (LAN) Wide Area Network (WAN)


44/63

44


The worlds largestThe worlds largestnetwork is the Internetnetwork is the Internet

Most users connect toMost users connect to

the Internet in one ofthe Internet in one oftwo ways:two ways: Internet serviceInternet service

providerprovider

Online service providerOnline service provider


45/63

45

The World Wide WebThe World Wide Web

One of the more popular segments of the Internet isOne of the more popular segments of the Internet isthe World Wide Web, also called the Webthe World Wide Web, also called the Web

A Web page is a document that contains text, graphics,A Web page is a document that contains text, graphics,

sound, and/or video and has builtsound, and/or video and has built--in connections, orin connections, orhyperlinks to other Web documentshyperlinks to other Web documents

A Web site is a related collection of Web pagesA Web site is a related collection of Web pages

You access and view Web pages using a softwareYou access and view Web pages using a software

program called a Web browserprogram called a Web browser A Web page has a unique address, called a UniformA Web page has a unique address, called a Uniform

Resource Locator (URL)Resource Locator (URL)


46/63

46

The World Wide WebThe World Wide Web


47/63

47

Electronic CommerceElectronic Commerce

When you conduct business activities online,When you conduct business activities online,you are participating in electronic commerce,you are participating in electronic commerce,also known as ealso known as e--commercecommerce

Business to consumer (B2C) involves the sale ofBusiness to consumer (B2C) involves the sale ofgoods to the general publicgoods to the general public

Consumer to consumer (C2C) involves oneConsumer to consumer (C2C) involves one

consumer selling directly to anotherconsumer selling directly to another Business to business (B2B) provides goods andBusiness to business (B2B) provides goods and

services to other businessesservices to other businesses


48/63

48

How to PurchaseHow to Purchase

a Personal Computera Personal Computer

Do you want a desktop computer, mobileDo you want a desktop computer, mobile

computer, or personal mobile device?computer, or personal mobile device?

For what purposes will you use the computer?For what purposes will you use the computer? Should the computer be compatible with theShould the computer be compatible with the

computers at school or work?computers at school or work?

Should the computer be a Mac or PC?Should the computer be a Mac or PC?


49/63

49


a Desktop Computera Desktop Computer

Determine the specific software you want to use onDetermine the specific software you want to use onyour computeryour computer

Look for bundled softwareLook for bundled software

Avoid buying the least powerful computer availableAvoid buying the least powerful computer available Consider upgrades to the mouse, keyboard, monitor,Consider upgrades to the mouse, keyboard, monitor,

printer, microphone, and speakersprinter, microphone, and speakers

Determine whether you want to use the telephone linesDetermine whether you want to use the telephone lines

or broadband (cable or DSL) to access the Internetor broadband (cable or DSL) to access the Internet


50/63

50


a Desktop Computera Desktop Computer If you are using a dialIf you are using a dial--up or wireless connection toup or wireless connection to

connect to the Internet, then select an ISP or OSPconnect to the Internet, then select an ISP or OSP Use a worksheet to compare computers, services, andUse a worksheet to compare computers, services, and

other considerationsother considerations If you are buying a new computer, consider yourIf you are buying a new computer, consider your

several purchasing optionsseveral purchasing options If you are buying a used computer, stay with nameIf you are buying a used computer, stay with name

brands such as Dell, Gateway, Hewlettbrands such as Dell, Gateway, Hewlett--Packard, andPackard, and

AppleApple If you have a computer and are upgrading to a newIf you have a computer and are upgrading to a new

one, then consider selling or trading in the old oneone, then consider selling or trading in the old one


51/63

51


a Desktop Computera Desktop Computer

Be aware of hidden costsBe aware of hidden costs

Consider more than just priceConsider more than just price

Avoid restocking feesAvoid restocking fees Use a credit card to purchase your newUse a credit card to purchase your new

computercomputer

Consider purchasing an extended warranty orConsider purchasing an extended warranty orservice planservice plan


52/63

52


a Notebook Computera Notebook Computer

Purchase a notebook computer with aPurchase a notebook computer with asufficiently large activesufficiently large active--matrix screenmatrix screen

Experiment with different keyboards andExperiment with different keyboards and

pointing devicespointing devices Make sure the notebook computer you purchaseMake sure the notebook computer you purchase

has a CD and/or DVD drivehas a CD and/or DVD drive

If necessary, upgrade the processor, memory,If necessary, upgrade the processor, memory,and disk storage at the time of purchaseand disk storage at the time of purchase


53/63

53



The availability of builtThe availability of built--in ports on a notebookin ports on a notebookcomputer is importantcomputer is important

If you plan to use your notebook computer for noteIf you plan to use your notebook computer for note--

taking at school or in meetings, consider a notebooktaking at school or in meetings, consider a notebookcomputer that converts to a Tablet PCcomputer that converts to a Tablet PC

Consider purchasing a notebook computer with a builtConsider purchasing a notebook computer with a built--in wireless card to connect to your home networkin wireless card to connect to your home network

If you are going to use your notebook computer forIf you are going to use your notebook computer forlong periods without access to an electrical outlet,long periods without access to an electrical outlet,purchase a second batterypurchase a second battery


54/63

54



Purchase a wellPurchase a well--padded and wellpadded and well--designed carrying casedesigned carrying case

If you travel overseas, obtain a set of electrical andIf you travel overseas, obtain a set of electrical andtelephone adapterstelephone adapters

If you plan to connect your notebook computer to aIf you plan to connect your notebook computer to avideo projector, make sure the notebook computer isvideo projector, make sure the notebook computer iscompatible with the video projectorcompatible with the video projector

For improved security, consider a fingerprint scannerFor improved security, consider a fingerprint scanner


55/63

55


aTablet PCaTablet PC

Make sure the Tablet PC fits your mobileMake sure the Tablet PC fits your mobilecomputing needscomputing needs

Decide whether you want a convertible or pureDecide whether you want a convertible or pure

Tablet PCTablet PC Be sure the weight and dimensions areBe sure the weight and dimensions are

conducive to portabilityconducive to portability

Port availability, battery life, and durability arePort availability, battery life, and durability areeven more important with a Tablet PC than theyeven more important with a Tablet PC than theyare with a notebook computerare with a notebook computer


56/63

56



Experiment with different models of the Tablet PC toExperiment with different models of the Tablet PC tofind the digital pen that works best for youfind the digital pen that works best for you

Check out the comfort level of handwriting in differentCheck out the comfort level of handwriting in different

positionspositions Make sure the LCD display device has a resolution highMake sure the LCD display device has a resolution high

enough to take advantage of Microsofts ClearTypeenough to take advantage of Microsofts ClearTypetechnologiestechnologies

Test the builtTest the built--in Tablet PC microphone and speakersin Tablet PC microphone and speakers


57/63

57



Consider a Tablet PC with a builtConsider a Tablet PC with a built--in PC videoin PC video

cameracamera

Review the docking capabilities of the Tablet PCReview the docking capabilities of the Tablet PC

Wireless access to the Internet and your eWireless access to the Internet and your e--mail ismail is

essential with a Tablet PCessential with a Tablet PC

Review available accessories to purchase withReview available accessories to purchase with

your Tablet PCyour Tablet PC


58/63

58

How to Purchase aHow to Purchase a

Personal Mobile DevicePersonal Mobile Device

Determine the programs you plan to run onDetermine the programs you plan to run on

your deviceyour device

Consider how much you want to payConsider how much you want to pay

Determine whether you need wireless access toDetermine whether you need wireless access to

the Internet and ethe Internet and e--mail or mobile telephonemail or mobile telephone

capabilities with your devicecapabilities with your device

For wireless devices, determine how and whereFor wireless devices, determine how and whereyou will use the serviceyou will use the service


59/63

59



Make sure your device has enough memoryMake sure your device has enough memory

Practice with the touch screen, handwritingPractice with the touch screen, handwritingrecognition, and builtrecognition, and built--in keyboard beforein keyboard before

deciding on a modeldeciding on a model

Decide whether you want a color displayDecide whether you want a color display

Compare battery lifeCompare battery life


60/63

60



Seriously consider the importance ofSeriously consider the importance of

ergonomicsergonomics

Check out the accessoriesCheck out the accessories

Decide whether you want additionalDecide whether you want additional

functionalityfunctionality

Determine whether synchronization of data withDetermine whether synchronization of data with

other devices or personal computers isother devices or personal computers isimportantimportant


61/63

61

SummarySummary

Define the term computer and discuss the four basicDefine the term computer and discuss the four basiccomputer operations: input, processing, output, andcomputer operations: input, processing, output, andstoragestorage

Define data and informationDefine data and information Explain the principal components of the computer andExplain the principal components of the computer and

their usetheir use Describe the use of hard disks, USB flash drives, floppyDescribe the use of hard disks, USB flash drives, floppy

disks, and other storage mediadisks, and other storage media

Discuss computer software and explain the differenceDiscuss computer software and explain the differencebetween system software and application softwarebetween system software and application software


62/63

62

SummarySummary

Identify several types of personal computer applicationIdentify several types of personal computer applicationsoftwaresoftware

Discuss computer communications channels andDiscuss computer communications channels and

equipment and the Internet and World Wide Webequipment and the Internet and World Wide Web Define eDefine e--commercecommerce

Explain how to purchase a personal computerExplain how to purchase a personal computer


63/63

SID Teach u IT

Documents

Transcript of SID Teach u IT