sid 2011 preview/honors and awards issue

SID 2011 PREVIEW/HONORS AND AWARDS ISSUE

Official Monthly Publication of the Society for Information Display • www.informationdisplay.orgApril 2011

Vol. 27, No. 4

http://www.informationdisplay.org

See Us at Display Week 2011, Booth 807

http://3M.com/displayfilms

http://3M.com/displayfilms

2 EditorialA Warning from Sendai for Displays� By Stephen P. Atwood

3 Industry NewsSamsung Electronics Begins Mass Production of Transparent LCD Panel� By Jenny Donelan

6 2011 SID Honors and AwardsThis year’s winners of the Society for Information Display’s Honors and Awards include Dr. Rudolf Eidenschink, recipient of the Karl Ferdinand Braun Prize, Dr. Hideo Hosono, recipient of the Jan Rajchman Prize, Scott Daly, recipient of the Otto Schade Prize, and Dr. Shin-Tson Wu, recipient of the Slottow-Owaki Prize.� By Jenny Donelan

12 Symposium PreviewPlan your visit to Display Week 2011 with an advance look at some of the most exciting developments that will be revealed in this year’s display-technology sessions.� By Jenny Donelan

18 Frontline Technology: Multiprimary-Color Displays and Their Evaluation MethodsA multiprimary-color display provides high fidelity and wide-gamut color reproduction, as well as power savings and other advantages. New methods will be required for evaluating multiprimary displays, particularly in terms of color gamut, color accuracy, and smooth tone reproduction.� By Masahiro Yamaguchi

24 Cutting-Edge Technology: Part I: Emerging Topics in Medical DisplaysNew display applications for the interpretation of medical images include mobile image viewers,true-color modalities, and 3-D technologies for improved diagnostic performance. � By Aldo Badano and Wei-Chung Cheng

28 Cutting-Edge Technology: Part II: Pre-Clinical Assessment of MedicalDisplays for Regulatory Evaluation Challenges are emerging with regard to the pre-clinical, regulatory assessment of display systemsused for viewing and interpreting medical images. This article discusses those, and also thetypes of evidence that might be relevant to the evaluation of mobile image-viewing devices,true-color devices with applications in digital microscopy and 3-D medical displays as discussedin Part 1. � By Aldo Badano, Wei-Chung Cheng, Brenden J. O’Leary, and Kyle J. Myers

32 Display Marketplace: Display Interfaces Go WirelessThe question is not whether display interfaces will become wireless but how. The sheer numberof standards makes that difficult to determine.� By Matthew Brennesholtz

40 SID NewsGet the Bigger Picture at Display Week 2011� By Jenny Donelan

45 Journal of the SID April Contents

48 Sustaining Members

48 Index to Advertisers

APRIL 2011VOL. 27, NO. 4

Next Month inInformation Display

DYA / Show Issue� 2011 Display of the Year Awards

� Display Industry Predictions

� Products on Display at Display Week

� Optical Bonding Makes Its Mark

� China’s Flat-Panel Industry

INFORMATION DISPLAY (ISSN 0362-0972) is published 10 timesa year for the Society for Information Display by PalisadesConvention Management, 411 Lafayette Street, 2nd Floor, New York,NY 10003; William Klein, President and CEO. EDITORIAL ANDBUSINESS OFFICES: Jay Morreale, Editor-in-Chief, PalisadesConvention Management, 411 Lafayette Street, 2nd Floor, New York,NY 10003; telephone 212/460-9700. Send manuscripts to the attentionof the Editor, ID. Director of Sales: Michele Klein, PalisadesConvention Management, 411 Lafayette Street, 2nd Floor, New York,NY 10003; 212/460-9700. SID HEADQUARTERS, for corres-pondence on subscriptions and membership: Society for InformationDisplay, 1475 S. Bascom Ave., Ste. 114, Campbell, CA 95008;telephone 408/879-3901, fax -3833. SUBSCRIPTIONS: InformationDisplay is distributed without charge to those qualified and to SIDmembers as a benefit of membership (annual dues $100.00).Subscriptions to others: U.S. & Canada: $75.00 one year, $7.50 singlecopy; elsewhere: $100.00 one year, $7.50 single copy. PRINTED bySheridan Printing Company, Alpha, NJ 08865. Third-class postagepaid at Lehigh Valley, PA. PERMISSIONS: Abstracting is permittedwith credit to the source. Libraries are permitted to photocopy beyondthe limits of the U.S. copyright law for private use of patrons,providing a fee of $2.00 per article is paid to the Copyright ClearanceCenter, 21 Congress Street, Salem, MA 01970 (reference serial code0362-0972/11/$1.00 + $0.00). Instructors are permitted to photocopyisolated articles for noncommercial classroom use without fee. Thispermission does not apply to any special reports or lists published inthis magazine. For other copying, reprint or republication permission,write to Society for Information Display, 1475 S. Bascom Ave.,Ste. 114, Campbell, CA 95008. Copyright © 2011 Society forInformation Display. All rights reserved.

Information Display 4/11 1

Cover Design: Acapella Studios, Inc.

InformationDISPLAY

ON THE COVER: This year’s winners,announced in the article beginning on page 6, will be honored during the annual Awards Banquetto be held on the Monday evening prior to theSymposium. Tickets for this event are available inadvance only by registering at www.sid2011.org.

ccoonntteennttss

SIDSOCIETY FOR INFORMATION DISPLAY

For Industry News, New Products, Current and Forthcoming Articles, see www.informationdisplay.org

http://www.sid2011.org


A Warning from Sendai for Displays

Stephen Atwood

The effects of the recent earthquake and tsunami in thenortheast region of Japan continue to draw the world’sattention as stories emerge about the full impact not only onthe people but on the display, electronics, and technologyindustries as a whole. We have all seen the aftermath ofearthquakes and some of you may even have experienced amajor earthquake firsthand. Recently, there have been three

earthquake events that formed permanent memories for me. The first two were in California (Loma Prieta, 1989, near San Francisco) and (Northridge 1994, near LosAngeles). Both those quakes caused major disruptions of infrastructure and commerceas well as loss of life. Many of us remember the 1989 San Francisco event because ithappened during the baseball World Series game, but the memory that is more vividfor me was the footage of the collapse of sections of the double-deck Interstate 880highway. To this day, I fear driving on the lower level of bridges.

Besides the immediate upheavals, both of these events in California caused majorcommercial disruptions for long periods of time and certainly affected supply chainsfor many businesses. Consequently, they brought about more frequent discussions of“disaster planning,” in which suppliers provide their customers with plans for howthey will recover from events like these and still provide the required components andservices. Making such planning trickier, modern manufacturing plants use processesthat are designed to require the smallest possible amount of extra inventory. Thismakes regular on-time delivery of components critical to the plant’s operation. Evenone missed day of deliveries due to an earthquake or other disruptive event can shutdown the lines and cause a significant economic hardship up and down the chain,making the risk far too great to ignore.

The other earthquake that is unforgettable is the 1995 Great Hanshin Quake insouthwestern Japan near Kobe. There as well we saw an extraordinary disruption ofinfrastructure and commerce, but in this case a much larger loss of life than in the two California events. The images from Japan were terrifying – people being rescued from under the rubble and the devastating collapse of highways and buildings. (Still furtherreason for my fear of driving on bridges.) At that time I had colleagues traveling inJapan who were missing for several hours but later were located unharmed. I had justmade trips to Japan myself for business and had been in Kobe earlier that year. It waspainful to see all the damage and destruction. And, my business was materiallyimpacted because afterwards we could not get some critical electrical components andneither could many of our customers, so we experienced a double hit both in lost production days and in cancellation of orders. I’m sure other companies experiencedmuch greater impacts than we did, but it galvanized my recognition of the fragility ofthe economic food chain.

However, none of these memories, nor my ability to understand the science of geology, nor even my appreciation of other recent events (such as the tsunami in thePacific Ocean in 2009), prepared me to expect what happened in Japan on March 11,2011. The remarkable combination of a 9.0-scale earthquake that lasted literally minutes, and a subsequent tsunami that swept the low-lying region around Sendai, hasshown me that I did not appreciate the full scope of what could happen, in terms ofboth human and commercial catastrophe.

2 Information Display 4/11

The opinions expressed in editorials, columns, andfeature articles do not necessarily reflect the opinionsof the Executive Editor or Publisher of InformationDisplay Magazine, nor do they necessarily reflect theposition of the Society for Information Display.

(continued on page 42)

Executive Editor: Stephen P. Atwood617/306-9729, [email protected]

Editor-in-Chief: Jay Morreale212/460-9700, [email protected]

Managing Editor: Jenny Donelan603/924-9628, [email protected]

Administrative Assistant: Ralph Nadell

Ad Coordinator: Michele Klein

Marketing & Sales Dir.: Sharae Johnson

Sales Manager: Christine von Steiger

Editorial Advisory Board

Stephen P. Atwood, ChairCrane/Azonix Corp., U.S.A.

Helge SeetzenTandemLaunch Technologies, Westmont,

Quebec, Canada

Allan KmetzConsultant, U.S.A.

Larry WeberConsultant, U.S.A.

Guest Editors

Films and CoatingsIon Bita, Qualcomm MEMS

Technologies

Flexible and Mobile DisplaysPaul Drzaic, Consultant

Touch TechnologyGeoff Walker, NextWindow

Cutting-Edge TechnologiesAldo Badano, U.S. Food and Drug

Administration

LC TechnologyPhil Bos, Kent State University

OLEDs and Solid-State LightingMike Hack, Universal Display Corp.

3-DBrian Schowengerdt,

University of Washington

Information

DISPLAYeeddiittoorriiaall

mailto:[email protected]



Samsung Electronics BeginsMass Production of TransparentLCD PanelSamsung Electronics Co., Ltd., began massproduction of a 22-in. transparent LCD panelin March of this year, claiming it is the firstcompany to do so. (Samsung showed a 46-in.transparent LCD prototype at Display Weekin Seattle last year.) The panels do not have amirror or other type of reflective materialbehind the LCD. Users can look right throughthem. For illumination, the panels use ambi-ent light such as sunlight, which consequentlyreduces dependency on electricity for generat-ing power. According to Samsung, the panelsconsume 90% less electricity compared toconventional LCD panels using backlightunits. According to Bill Beaton, Senior Manager, TV/DID, Samsung LCD Business, “In most applications where sufficient ambient light is available, no backlight or additionallighting is required. When the ambient light-ing is not sufficient, external lighting could beadded to light the display.”

Obviously, transparent LCDs are not forlaptops or workstations. “What is specialabout them,” says Jennifer Colegrove, a vicepresident with DisplaySearch, “is that theyoffer a new kind of functionality. They can beused for retail sales and advertising – in shop

windows, for example. They are definitely“attention-getting” (Fig. 1). A watch or otherobject, for example, can be placed behind thedisplay, and information about the watchoverlaid on the display in front of the object.Samsung also suggests that corporations andschools could use the panels as interactivecommunication devices of some kind.Museum exhibits are another possibility.

The new panels come in two varieties,black-and-white or color. They have a contrast ratio of 500:1 with a WSXGA+ resolution of 1680 × 1050). Compared withconventional LCD panels that use a backlightunit (BLU) and have 5% transparency, Samsung’s transparent LCD panel have transparency rates of over 20% for the black-and-white model and over 15% for the color model. They also incorporate theHigh Definition Multimedia Interface (HDMI)and the Universal Serial Bus (USB) interface.

– Jenny Donelan

industry news

Fig. 1: Samsung’s transparent LCD panelwill allow retailers to place changing text andgraphics in front of physical merchandise,such as these portable display devices.


http://www.eldim.fr


http://www.sid.org/displayweek2011

* This part is tested under the condition of assembling it on a PCB and isolating the electrical path by silicone. Cree, the Cree logo, and Screen Master are registered trademarks, and Lighting the LED Revolution and the

Lighting the LED Revolution logo are trademarks of Cree, Inc. or a wholly-owned subsidiary of Cree.

PLCC4 1 in 1 SMD LED

Color Temperatures (K) - Cool White: Min. (4600) / Typical (5500) - Warm White: Min. (2500) / Typical (3200)

Typical CRI: Cool White 72, Warm White 80

Luminous Intensity (mcd) - Cool White (1800 - 4500) - Warm White (1400 - 3550)

4-mm Oval LED

Screen Master® Series for matched radiation pattern

Offers the widest viewing angle in the industry - C4SMK Red (110° x 60°) Green (115° x 65°) Blue (115° x 65°)


Water-Resistant (IPX5*)

Moisture Sensitivity Level: 3

Luminous Intensity (mcd) - Red (560 - 1120) - Green (1120 - 2240) - Blue (280 - 560)


Luminous Intensity (mcd) - Red (355 - 900) - Green (560 - 1400) - Blue (180 - 450)

Viewing Angle: 120 degree

LEAD-FREERoHS-COMPLIANT

Cree LEDs are revolutionizing lighting. Our full line of RGB and white high-brightness LEDs deliver high-

performance at an economical price. Cree can help you bring energy-efficient LED light to video screens,

display and informational signage, channel lighting, light strips and architectural lighting worldwide.

LEDs FOR DISPLAY AND SIGNAGE FROM CREE.

GAME CHANGING PERFORMANCE.

HIGH-BRIGHTNESS

Contact an authorized distributor at www.cree.com/hb

or call 800-533-2583.

CR2516 ID 09/10 HiB 2010 Soccer R1 AF.indd 1 8/26/10 12:05:51 PM

http://www.cree.com/hb

SERENDIPITY has played a part in thecareers of many of the individuals honored bythe Society for Information Display this year.One scientist whose research would eventu-ally contribute to the commercial success ofLCDs encountered liquid crystals by chancein one of his first jobs. At the time, LCs wereconsidered non-essential and non-viable forbusiness purposes. Another young researcherawoke to the possibilities of his future field onhearing an industry pioneer describe amorphoussemiconductors. Yet another honoree waslucky enough to be born in a time when hecould merge his interests in art and scienceinto new discoveries about visual perception.And a lab researcher with no prior teachingexperience discovered that he had a gift forinspiring students to do great work

So, it is true that all this year’s winnerswere lucky in being at the right place at theright time, but it is also true that they madetheir own luck. They kept their eyes open and

stayed receptive to new ways of doing things.As Jan Rajchtman prizewinner Dr. HideoHonsono puts it, although it is valuable tocontribute to the improvement of existingtechnology, “It is revolutionary materials thatopen new frontiers.” We owe this year’s honors and awards recipients a debt of gratitude for their farsightedness and theirwillingness to recognize the possibility innew, as-yet-untested technologies.

This year’s winners will be honored by the Society for Information Display duringDisplay Week 2011 at the annual awards banquet to be held on Monday evening, May16, prior to the Symposium. Tickets for thisevent are available in advance only by regis-tering at www.sid2011.org.

Karl Ferdinand Braun PrizeThis award is presented for an outstandingtechnical achievement in, or contribution to,display technology.

Dr. Rudolf Eidenschink, SID Fellow andFounder and President of Nematel, hasreceived the Karl Ferdinand Braun Prize “for his invention and development of low-

birefringence, fast-responding, and highly stable phenyl-cyclohexane (PCH) and bi-cyclohexane (CCH) liquid-crystal families,enabling the advancement of thin-film-transistor liquid-crystal displays (TFT-LCDs).”

Dr. Eidenschink spent many years at MerckDarmstadt, where he did most of his pioneer-ing work as a key liquid-crystal researchchemist in the synthesis of PCH and CCH liquid crystals.

“Dr. Rudolf Eidenschink is one of the mostoutstanding pioneers in the field of liquid-crystal material research and development,”according to Dr. Haruyoshi Takatsu, companyFellow of DIC Corporation. “The phenylcyclohexane liquid crystals (PCHs) Dr. Eiden-schink invented in 1977 showed a new con-cept of liquid crystals linking directly betweena benzene and a cyclohexane ring, andextended the applications of LCDs due to thehigh stability and excellent properties.”

At the age of 16, Eidenschink was workingas an apprentice in a large chemical factorywhen he began to notice the work that engi-neers were doing to make chemical reactionsoccur on a large scale. This kind of work

2011 SID Honors and Awards

This year’s winners of the Society for Information Display’s Honors and Awards include Dr. Rudolf Eidenschink, who will receive the Karl Ferdinand Braun Prize for his inventionand development of low-birefringence, fast-responding, and highly stable phenyl-cyclohexane(PCH) and bi-cyclohexane (CCH) liquid-crystal families; Dr. Hideo Hosono, who will beawarded the Jan Rajchman Prize for his invention and development of high-performancetransparent thin-film amorphous oxide semiconductors with large electron mobility; ScottDaly, who will receive the Otto Schade Prize for his many contributions to the enhancementof image quality and display performance; and Dr. Shin-Tson Wu, who will be awarded theSlottow-Owaki Prize in recognition of his exceptional contributions to the education andtraining of graduate students and professionals in the field of flat-panel displays.

by Jenny Donelan

Jenny Donelan is the Managing Editor ofInformation Display Magazine. She can bereached at [email protected].

6 Information Display 4/110362-0972/04/2011-006$1.00 + .00 © SID 2011

SID’s best and brightest



impressed him, and he continued in the fieldof chemistry, working at AEG and earning a doctorate in organic chemistry at the Univer-sity of Münster. He was also granted a post-doctoral fellowship at the University of Sussex in England. Upon his return to Germany, Eidenschink joined the liquid-crystal research department of the chemicalcompany Merck KGaA.

“At the time,” says Eidenschink, “knowl-edge of the liquid-crystal state was not verygreat in chemistry.” In fact, liquid crystals –“fluessige Kristalle” in German – were oftenreferred to as “ueberfluessige Kristalle”(superfluous crystals) because of their lack of relevance to profitable business models.However, notes Eidenschink, “having seen thefirst pocket calculator with a TN cell, it wasclear to me that this was the beginning of anever-ending story. There was no techniqueto compete with it in terms of low energy con-sumption and use of space. [Liquid-crystal]TV screens, however, were dismissed as science fiction.”

In his career at Merck and later on, Eiden-schink was responsible for or involved inmore than 60 journal articles and approxi-mately 120 patents. In 1987, he founded hisown research and development company,Nematel, Inc., in Mainz. He notes that thedisplay industry represents an “exciting over-lap” of different fields of knowledge. It is anindustry that keeps you young, he says,“because you are steadily being reexamined inphysics, engineering, and chemistry.”

Jan Rajchman PrizeThis award is presented for an outstandingscientific or technical achievement in, or con-tribution to, research on flat-panel displays.

Dr. Hideo Hosono, a professor at theTokyo Institute of Technology, has receivedthe Jan Rajchman Prize “for his invention anddevelopment of high-performance transparentthin-film amorphous oxide semiconductors with large electron mobility, especially InGaZnOx,for use in active-matrix-addressed displays.”

A backplane TFT array is the central build-ing block of active displays. To date, amor-phous hydrogenated Si (a-Si:H), which wasinvented by Spear and LeComber in 1975, hasbeen widely used as the channel layer of TFTsfor active-matrix LCDs. However, becausethe mobility in a-Si:H is low, this technologyis not as suitable for active-matrix OLED dis-plays as it is for AMLCDs. The next genera-tion of LCDs, with larger dimensions andframe frequencies of 240 or 480 Hz for 3-Ddisplays, also demands new backplane TFTtechnology with higher mobility. In addition,future flexible display technologies willdemand TFTs that can be fabricated by a low-temperature process.

Dr. Hosono’s research efforts have resultedin creating technology that may answer theabove challenges. He has invented a newclass of semiconductor, transparent amor-phous oxide semiconductors (TAOS), whichmeet the above requirements of high mobilityand easy formation at low temperaturethrough conventional sputtering methods.

According to Hideya Kumomi, “Prof.Hosono’s invention with the first demonstra-tion of high-performance amorphous In-Ga-Zn-O TFTs in 2004 opened up a new field oftransparent amorphous oxide semiconductor(TAOS) TFTs, based on a theoretical hypoth-esis he established in 1996. Today, TAOSTFTs occupy the majority of technical meet-ing and journal papers for TFTs and displaysand are regarded as the most promising back-plane technology for the next-generation ofactive-matrix flat-panel displays (FPDs).Such a revolution has come not only throughProfessor Hosono’s pioneering work or theinherent excellent characteristics of TAOS,but from his continuous contributions to rapidprogress in TAOS TFT technology.” Suchcontributions include publishing many papersthat clarify fundamental scientific issues withregard to the electrical and structural proper-ties of TAOS and presenting information

about these results in both academic andindustrial settings. “We may expect commer-cialization of TAOS TFT-based FPDs soon,”says Kumomi.

Hosono first became interested in his fieldas a graduate student when he heard a talk byDr. Kazunobu Tanaka about amorphous semi-conductors. Until that time, he says, he hadnot considered that amorphous material suchas glass had anything to do with semiconduc-tors, but Tanaka’s original approach andenthusiasm impressed him. Ten years thenpassed before Hosono began to focus on ionicsemiconductors. At the time, “almost no cultivation of iconic semiconductors such asoxides had been performed,” he says. He developed a material design to realize a TAOS with high electron mobility and presented a paper on it at the 16th International Conference on Amorphous Semiconductors (ICAS) heldin Kobe, Japan, in 1995. Interest in a-Si wasso high at the time, he remarks, that his paperwas the only one on amorphous oxide. Nineyears later, interest in TAOS had grown to thepoint where a review paper Hosono had written on it was chosen as a plenary lecture at thatyear’s ICAS. Hosano began that talk by say-ing, “This is a kind of revenge for ICAS 16.”

He advises those entering the field ofresearch to be alert for novel concepts inmaterials. Incremental improvements ofexisting technology are indispensable forindustrial applications, he explains, but even-tually reach their limit. “It is revolutionarymaterials that open new frontiers.”


Dr. Hideo HosonoDr. Rudolf Eidenschink

Dr. Hosono received his Ph.D. in appliedchemistry from Tokyo Metropolitan Univer-sity in 1982 and became a professor of TokyoInstitute of Technology in 1999.

Otto Schade PrizeThe Otto Schade Prize is awarded for an out-standing scientific or technical achievementin, or contribution to, the advancement offunctional performance and/or image qualityof information displays.

Scott Daly, a Senior Member, Engineeringand Color Science, with Dolby Laboratories,is receiving the Otto Schade Prize “for hismany contributions to the enhancement ofimage quality and display performance,including the development of image/video/display algorithms incorporating advanced models of the human visual system and methods for visualizing maps of visible image distortions.”

Daly’s career over the past 25+ years repre-sents a unique mix of science and art. In addi-tion to degrees in electrical engineering andbioengineering, “I’ve been interacting withimagery ever since I could pick up a pencil,”says Daly. Early experiences working instage lighting were followed by work in photography, electronic art, and television displays – all of which fed a lifelong interestin visual perception.

Today, Daly is most often cited for hiswork on a model developed for determiningthe perceptibility of image distortions (whatartifacts and distortions were likely to occur)

as well as the visualization of those distortionsin a map known as the VDP (Visible Differ-ences Predictor). The VDP combined knowl-edge of spatial channels, transducer functions,and contrast masking to provide a practical

model of the visibility of artifacts in images.An extension of this work, the HDR-VDP(High Dynamic Range Visible DifferencesPredictor), which was developed with MaxPlanck Institute researchers, has become a



Scott Daly

Julie J. Brown, “For hermany contributions to the OLED displayindustry, including the pioneering development ofhigh-efficiency phospho-rescent OLEDs, and for

technical leadership in commercializing the technology.” Dr. Brown is Senior VicePresident and Chief Technical Officer atUniversal Display Corp. (UDC). Shereceived her Ph.D. in electrical engineering/electrophysics at the University of SouthernCalifornia.

In-Jae Chung, “for hiscontributions to advanced technology for the TFT-LCD flat-panel-displayindustry, including copperbus lines, low-mask-countTFT-array processes, and

in-plane-switching (IPS) displays.” He is theChief Innovation Officer at LG Display Co.,Ltd.. He received his Ph.D. in electronicengineering from the University of SouthAustralia.

Yoichi Sato, “For hismajor contributions to thedevelopment of advancedPDP technologies, includ-ing T-shaped electrodes,waffle ribs, the CLEARdriving method, high-

Xe-content gas, and cathode electrolumines-cence (CEL).” Mr. Sato is the Director ofthe PDP Development Center at PanasonicPlasma Display Co., Ltd., and President ofthe Advanced PDP Development CenterCorporation. He received his B.E. degree in electronic engineering from Tohoku University.

Sung Tae Shin, “For hisinvention and develop-ment of high-transmit-tance vertical-alignmentLCDs, invention of biaxialnematic LCDs, and devel-opment of blue-phase

LCDs.” Dr. Shin is a Senior Vice Presidentfor the LCD Business unit of Samsung Electronics. He earned his Ph.D. in physicsat Kent State University.

Xiao Wei Sun, “For hismany contributions to thescience and technology ofapplying ZnO in flat-panel displays, organiclight-emitting diodes, andliquid-crystal technolo-

gies.” He is a professor with the Division ofMicroelectronics in the School of Electricaland Electronic Engineering at NanyangTechnological University. He received hisPh.D. in photonics from Tianjin Universityand a second Ph.D. in electrical and elec-tronic engineering from the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology.

2011 SID Fellow AwardsThe grade of fellow is conferred annually upon SID members of outstanding qualificationsand experience as scientists or engineers whose significant contributions to the field of infor-mation display have been widely recognized.

commonly downloaded tool for quality analy-sis and image-quality benchmarking.

His main focus has been in developingalgorithms based on human-vision models for applications within display and imaging system products. Some of these include display-adaptive tone-mapping, field-of-viewexpansion via display vibration compensation,skin-cognizant color processing, and manymore. He holds more than 50 patents and hasreceived a number of awards, including anEmmy in 1990 for helping develop the KodakVideo Transceiver used in the coverage of theTiananmen Square protests.

Says SID Fellow Louis Silverstein, “OttoSchade made many fundamental contributionsto optics, image science, and imaging technol-ogy. But perhaps his greatest contributionswere the recognition of the nexus betweenimage science and vision science and theremarkable work that modeled and includedthe human visual system as an integral component of the imaging chain. Clearly,throughout his career Scott Daly has followedclosely in the footsteps of Otto Schade whilerefining and expanding the creative visionwhich Otto Schade brought to the sciences ofimaging and optics.”

Daly’s technical career began at PhotoElectronic Corporation. He then moved toEastman Kodak, where he worked in the areas of image compression, image-fidelitymodels, and image watermarking; then toSharp Laboratories of America, where he was a Research Fellow and a Group Leaderfor the Display Algorithms and Visual Optimization Group. He joined Dolby Laboratories in 2010, where he now focuseson overall fundamental perceptual issues andon applications whose aim is to preserve artistic intent throughout the entire video path.


Hyun Chul Choi, “For his significant contributions to the commercialization of large in-plane-switching (IPS) panels for TVs and monitors, including thedevelopment of a high-performance 9.7-in. XGAIPS panel.” Dr. Choi is a Vice President with LGDisplay Co., Ltd. He received his Ph.D. in chem-istry from KAIST (Korea Advanced Institute of

Science and Technology).

Tieer Gu, “For his contributions to TFT-LCDs,particularly high-aperture-ratio panel design andprocesses, and for his successful start-up and man-agement of an independent TFT-LCD company inChina.” Dr. Gu is Chief Operating Officer ofTianma Micro-Electronics Co., Ltd. He received his Ph.D. in electrical engineering from Pennsylvania

State University.

Takahiro Ishinabe, “For his outstanding contribu-tions to research on advanced LCD technologies,including single-polarizer reflective LCDs, in-plane-switching (IPS) LCDs, and fast-switchingoptically compensated-bend (OCB) LCDs for field-sequential displays.” He is a professor in theDepartment of Electronics, Graduate School of

Engineering, at Tohoku University. He received his Ph.D. in electronic engineering from Tohoku University.

Kyeong Hyeon Kim, “For his development andcommercialization of patterned vertical-alignment(PVA) and super-PVA (SPVA) LCDs.” Dr. Kim isVice President at Samsung Electronics. He has aPh.D. in material engineering for liquid crystalsfrom the Tokyo Institute of Technology.

Oh-Kyong Kwon, “For his leading contributions to the research and development of driving methods and circuits for flat-panel displays, including charge-sharing circuits, shared-column line driving, and compensation circuits for active-matrix OLEDpanels.” Dr. Kwon is provost of the College ofEngineering at Hanyang University. He earned

his Ph.D. in electrical engineering from Stanford University.

Ravilisetty Padmanabha Rao, “For his leadingcontributions to research on and development ofphosphors, related materials, and deposition processes for flat-panel displays and solid-statelighting.” Dr. Rao is a senior member with Xicato.He received his Ph.D. in materials science from theIndian Institute of Technology.

Jun Someya, “For his contributions to the develop-ment and promotion of moving-picture responsetime (MPRT) as a standard for the measurement of motion blur in TFT-LCDs.” Dr. Someya isSenior Manager of the Imaging I/O TechnologyDepartment, Advanced Technology R&D Center,at Mitsubishi Electric Corp. He received his Ph.D.

in electrical engineering from Shizuoka University.

2011 SID Special Recognition Awards Presented to members of the technical, scientific, and business community (not necessarily SID members)

for distinguished and valued contributions to the information-display field.

When asked about the challenges still facing today’s display researchers, Daly firstcited realism. “People are still not fooled bydisplays,” he says. “They do not confusethem with reality.” He also mentions the needfor greater immersiveness (through haptics ortouch) and convenience with regard to factorssuch as readability in both sunlight and darkenvironments. He is particularly excitedabout future-oriented vision-display interdis-ciplinary work incorporating displays in con-tact lenses as well as new developments invisual prostheses. Such technology couldeventually lead to a retinal prosthesis thatwould enable the ultimate perceptual shift –allowing blind people to see.

Slottow-Owaki PrizeThe Slottow-Owaki Prize is awarded for out-standing contributions to the education andtraining of students and professionals in thefield of information display.

Dr. Shin-Tson Wu, SID Fellow and profes-sor for the College of Optics and Photonics atthe University of Central Florida, is receivingthe Slottow-Owaki Prize “in recognition ofhis exceptional contributions to the educationand training of graduate students and profes-sionals in the field of flat-panel displays.”

If students’ achievements are an indicationof a professor’s success, then Dr. Shin-TsonWu has by all measures been extraordinarily

successful. In the last 7 years, his studentshave won more than 20 major honors, includ-ing SID Distinguished Student Paper Awards,Otto Lehmann Awards, and numerous SPIEeducational scholarships. Since coming to theUniversity of Central Florida in 2001, Wu hassupervised 21 Ph.D. students, two master’sstudents, 17 post-docs, and hosted approxi-mately 15 visiting students and scholars.Each of his Ph.D. students publishes an aver-age of 15 journal papers before graduating in4–5 years’ time. In 2010, Wu received theUniversity of Central Florida’s most distin-guished faculty award, the title of PegasusProfessor, which recognizes extraordinarycontributions to the university communitythrough teaching, research, and service.

Citing the number of students who havereceived honors under Wu’s mentorship,Linghui Rao, President of the University’sSID Student Chapter, says, “The competitionfor these awards is fierce. Professor Wuseems to have the magic power to turn anordinary student into extraordinary.” But awards do not tell the whole story. “ProfessorWu equips us to be future display leaders,”continues Rao. “He motivates us by telling usabout his life experiences in both industry andacademia.” Many past students wrote SIDabout the extra steps that Wu took on theirbehalf, including Yi-Hsin Lin, now an Assistant Professor at National Chiao TungUniversity. “I still remember him telling me:‘Finding a good problem makes the differencebetween a good scientist and a bad scientist.’

He trained me to think like a scientist andidentify challenging problems. When theexperimental results were not as expected, heencouraged me not to give up but to try differ-ent approaches. And when I faced difficultiesin my research, he was always there to help.”

Wu actually had little pedagogical trainingwhen he came to UCF. He had worked forHughes Research Labs for 18 years, where hehad gained a great deal of knowledge of liquidcrystals in addition to his background ininfrared lasers (his Ph.D. from the Universityof Southern California was on non-linearoptics). “Since I came from an industrialresearch lab,” says Wu,” I did not know howto be a professor in the beginning. But I lovedmy students as my own children because theywere about the same age as my daughter andson. It is love which shortens our gaps.” Astime went on, he also learned how to motivatehis students. “I always challenge them tobecome a ‘better you,’ “ he says. “I oftenassign the most difficult problems to first-yeargraduate students because they are fearlessand they have fresh ideas. I also set monetaryawards ($100–$500) to motivate students tosolve challenging problems.”

For those in the business of working withstudents or teams of any kind, Wu has thesewords to offer: “A team approach consistingof faculty, post-docs, and young graduate stu-dents is powerful. White hairs are symbols ofwisdom, but students are dynamic and ener-getic. There is a Chinese proverb that says:three ordinary persons can together performbetter than one extraordinary guy.” �



Dr. Shin-Tson Wu

The Society for Information Display is indebted to the

following companies, who each donated $2000

to sponsor a prize:

Braun PrizeAU Optronics Corp.

Rajchman PrizeSharp Corp.

Otto Schade PrizeSamsung Mobile Display

Slottow-Owaki PrizeFujitsu, Ltd.,

and Dr. Tsutae Shinoda

The 2011 award winners

will be honored at the SID

Honors & Awards Banquet,

which will take place Monday

evening, May 16, 2011, during

Display Week at the JT Marriott.

Tickets cost $50 and must be

purchased in advance – tickets

will not be available on-site.

Visit www.sid2011.org

for more information.


When your display needs to stand up to anything.

© 2011 Rockwell Collins, Inc. All rights reserved.

Rockwell Collins optical bonding – high performance, unique configurations. Leverage our more than

30 years of experience meeting the most demanding display needs, custom specifications and turnaround

times. Our licensable, environmentally friendly Direct Dry Film™ technology can enhance your displays

with a combination of qualities you won’t find anywhere else. Better readability in direct sunlight.

Increased resistance to salt spray, heat, humidity and cold. No delamination. All in a totally reworkable

solution. Learn more at www.rockwellcollins.com/opticalbonding.


http://www.rockwellcollins.com/opticalbonding

THE PAPERS that will be presented at the Society for Information Display’s annualSymposium at Display Week 2011 in LosAngeles, California, May 17–20, representcutting-edge research, ingenious manufactur-ing ideas, and brilliant solutions to ongoingdesign problems. The Symposium is an un-paralleled opportunity to learn what researchers have just learned themselves and to shareknowledge and information with the rest of the international electronic-display community.

“At this very moment, the display industryis experiencing a drastic technological transi-tion, primarily driven by mobile-displayrequirements for superior image quality, ultra-high resolution, and a touch interface. ManySID 2011 technical symposium presentationswill cover the exciting advancements in thisspace,” says Display Week 2011 ProgramChair John Zhong.

The following is a list of session highlightsby subcommittee, which includes active-matrix devices, applications, applied vision,display electronics, display manufacturing,display measurement, display systems, emis-sive displays, flexible displays, liquid-crystaltechnology, OLEDs, projection, and touch and interactivity. In addition to these sessiontopics, the Society for Information Display has also designated special topics of interestfor Display Week 2011. These are greentechnology, 3-D, and solid-state lighting.

Whatever you do, be sure to catch some of these sessions at Display Week. The

Technical Symposium is the heart of SID’sannual event, where everyone gets to shareand learn about the amazing discoveries andadvances made in our industry during the pastyear. See you in Los Angeles!

Active-Matrix Devices: OxideConductors Keep Gaining GroundTwo years ago, the idea of oxide semiconduc-tors replacing silicon semiconductors was anovel one. Last year, the idea had clearlygained traction, with several active-matrixpapers dedicated to the subject. In 2011, twoof the seven active-matrix sessions, OxideTFTs I and Oxide TFTs II, consisting of atotal of nine papers, are devoted solely to thistechnology. Among the highlights in oxide-TFT presentations is the distinguished paper, “Novel Self-Aligned Top-Gate Oxide TFT forAMOLED Display,” by Narihiro Morosawafrom Sony Corp., which describes how a 9.9-in.-diagonal qHD AMOLED displaycould serve as a large-sized and ultra-high-definition OLED for mass production. Otherpapers of interest in this area include “Metal-Oxide TFT with High Performance and Operation Stability,” by Gang Yu of CBRITE,Inc., and “An Ambipolar Oxide TFT,” byHideo Hosono of the Tokyo Institute of Technology. (Note: Dr. Hosono is beinghonored with SID’s 2011 Jan Rajchman Prize for outstanding achievements in flat-panel displays.)

Other active-matrix sessions includeMobile Display Technology, AMOLEDs andAMLCDs, AMOLED Driving, 3-D TV:OLED, and Low-Power Active-Matrix Alter-natives. One paper of note in the mobile

space is “Turning Points in Mobile-DisplayDevelopment,” by Hiroyuki Ohshima fromChimei Innlux Corp., which examines howrecent shifts to larger sizes, higher resolutions(>300 ppi), wider viewing angles, higher con-trast, and integration with touch functionalityhave all caused major changes in mobile-display architecture and technology.

Applications: Near-to-Eye and Head-Worn Displays EvolveThe Applications area is a bit of a “grab bag,”as subcommittee chair Jyrki Kimmel puts it,but this diversity is one reason why these pre-sentations are so stimulating. The technolo-gies range from holographic displays to head-worn displays to a zoomable LED spotlight.The other exciting aspect of applications, thecommon thread that pulls them all together, is that they represent a real-world use or aproduct-based manifestation of a technologythat has usually spent many years at theresearch stage. One such example from thesesessions is “Quantum-Dot LEDs for Near-to-Eye and Direct-View Display Applications,”by Seth Coe-Sullivan from QD Vision, Inc.This paper reports on the development ofactual working prototypes with QLEDs fornear-to-eye and direct-view display applica-tions. As the author remarks in his introduc-tion of the invited paper, “…while most[quantum-dot] literature reports focus on theperformance of individual test pixels, exam-ples of working display prototypes have beensorely lacking.”

Another invited paper from this year’sNear-to-Eye and Head-Worn Display Applications session is “Image-Source

Symposium Preview

Plan your visit to Display Week 2011 with an advance look at some of the most exciting developments that will be revealed in this year’s display-technology sessions.

by Jenny Donelan

Jenny Donelan is the Managing Editor ofInformation Display Magazine. She can bereached at [email protected].


SID preview


Evaluation and Selection for Rugged Near-to-Eye Displays,” by James Melzer ofRockwell-Collins Optronics, which discussesthe special and more stringent requirementsfor near-to-eye or head-mounted displaysworn by soldiers, firefighters, or other firstresponders who work in extreme conditions.Far-ranging papers of note from other sessions include “Creative Integration ofMicro-Tiles in Tiled Display Applications,”by Delia Zsivanov of Christie Digital, Inc.,and “A 360° Panoramic Stereoscopic Projec-tion System for Using a Single Projector and a Related 3D Panoramic Camera System,” byDavid Montgomery from Sharp Laboratoriesof Europe.

Applied Vision: Adding the HumanFactor to DisplaysOf the five senses, vision obviously relatesmost closely to displays. Human perceptionof display imagery, including color, lumi-nance, etc., key to the success or failure of anydisplay application, yet agreed-upon standardsfor such perceptions are still the subject ofresearch. One paper that tackles this issue isthe invited, “The Effect of Surround on Colorand Image Appearance,” by Ronnier Luofrom the University of Leeds. Luo’s researchseeks to provide definitions for “surround”and examines how changes in surroundingconditions can affect perceptions of color andimage appearance in displays. The distin-guished paper, “Appropriate Luminance ofLCD-TV Screens under Actual Viewing Con-ditions at Home,” by Tatsuhiko Matsumotofrom Sony Corp., looks at preferred lumi-nance levels from televisions viewed in thesetting in which they are actually used – ordinary households.

The Medical/Visual Performance sessionshould be interesting, with two invited papersthat discuss the role that displays can play inhuman health. “The Impact of Self-LuminousElectronic Devices on Melatonin Suppres-sion,” by Mariana Figueiro of RensselaerPolytechnic Institute, examines whether expo-sure to lit computer screens can suppresshuman manufacture of melatonin to the extentthat it interferes with sleep or creates otherhealth issues. “Enhanced Minimally Invasive Surgery by Endoscopic 2D-to-3D Conver-sion,” by Kai-Che Liu from IRCAD-AITSsuggests how adding depth perception toendoscopic surgical procedures can improveresults.

Display Electronics: Behind the ScreensThis year’s sessions on Display Electronics –the parts of the display you do not see –include Panel Driving Technology, 3D TV:OLED (a joint sesson with 3D and active-matrix devices), Image and Video Processing,and Interface Technologies for Displays. Thetwo invited papers from the Interface sessionare “Dynamic-Range Management for Displays for Reduced Power and ImprovedAmbient Contrast,” by Viacheslav Chesnokovof Apical Limited, and “DisplayPort 1.2,Embedded DisplayPort, and Future Trends,”by Craig Wiley of Parade Technologies.Chesnokov’s paper explains how combiningdisplay power control with content dynamic-range control can achieve a “near-seamlessuser viewing experience” over a very widerange of ambient light. Wiley’s presentationwill describe a new, extensible video interfacestandard that utilizes a data-communications-like packet structure.

Another invited paper of note is “iDP Standard for an Internal Connection in a Large-Screen Display,” by Alan Kobayashi fromSTMicroelectronics, which describes an openindustry standard developed for transporting a video pixel stream from a TV/monitor con-troller SOC (system on chip) to a TV/monitorpanel TCON within a TV/monitor chassis.

Display Manufacturing: New Processes,Including Roll-to-Roll, Lead the WayA session on processes starts off this year’sDisplay Manufacturing presentations, with theinvited papers, “Enabling High-ThroughputOLED Manufacturing by Carrier-Gas-Enhanced Organic Vapor-Deposition”(OVPD), by Michael Long from Aixtron AGand “Fabrication of TFT Circuits UsingShadow Masking: A Low-Cost Alternative toConventional Photolithography,” by ThomasAmbrose of Advantech US. The OLED paperdescribes a deposition source that is character-ized by reduced vaporization temperaturesand very short thermal exposure times. Theshadow-masking presentation presents amethod for realizing transistor circuits withoutconventional lithography, thus creating com-ponents that should be useful in active-matrixbackplanes for top-emitting OLED and e-paper displays.

Any discussion of cutting-edge displaymanufacturing techniques must include roll-to-roll, which many companies are seeking tomaster due to its cost-saving and other bene-fits. This year’s Flexible Displays sessionincludes the invited paper, “Electrical Testingof Roll-to-Roll SAIL-Manufactured Flexible-Display Backplanes,” by Richard Elder ofHewlett-Packard Labs, which describes


The Los Angeles Convention Center is the site of Display Week 2011.

efforts to develop a fully roll-to roll fabricateddisplay for a solar-powered wrist display.These included methods for electrical testingof the display backplanes on flexible sub-strates that were not bonded to a carrier, which enabled improvement of yield through rapidelectrical test feedback. (For more about HP’sSAIL process, see “Paper-Like ElectronicMedia: The Case for R2R-Processed Full-Color Reflective Displays” in the January2011 issue of Information Display.)

Display Measurement: New TechnologyRequires New Standards Crosstalk in Stereoscopic Displays, DisplayMeasurement Standards and Applications, andAchieving Accurate Color Reproduction arethe titles of this year’s Display Measurementsessions. The crosstalk presentations build onlast year’s trend of establishing measurementsfor critical aspects of 3-D displays. Crosstalkbetween right- and left-eye imagery, whichdegrades the stereoscopic effect, is chiefamong those aspects.

In the Display Measurement Standards cat-egory, subcommittee chair Thomas Fiske recommends the invited paper, “New Infor-mation-Display Measurements Standard: A Display-Metrology Document,” by EdwardKelley of Keltek. Kelley, the editor of theInformation Display Measurements Standard(IDMS), which Fiske describes as “a monu-mental document years in the making,”addresses some of the most recent elements –motion artifacts, 3-D measurements, and more– of the standard. The IDMS, expected to bereleased this year, is a work in progress byThe International Committee for DisplayMetrology under the auspices of the Societyfor Information Display.

Also recommended is a distinguished paperby Louis Silverstein of VCD Sciences, Inc.,“Achieving High-Color-Reproduction Accu-racy in LCDs for Color-Critical Applica-tions.” The paper describes a methodologyand associated software modules for the calibration, characterization and profiling ofcolor LCDs for color-critical applicationssuch as medical imaging.

Display Systems: No Shortage of NovelDisplay TechnologiesDisplay Systems is a far-ranging category,with 11 sessions in total, six of which arecombined with 3-D, Green, Applications, Display Measurements, and other technology

areas. Backlighting is a major topic this year,with three sessions – Local Dimming, LEDBacklights and Laser Backlights, and Inte-grated Optics for Backlights – devoted to thetopic. Papers to look for include the invitedpaper, “Recent Trends of LED Backlightswith Local Dimming and Its Application forMulti-Primary-Color Displays,” by YasuhiroYoshida from Sharp Corp., and the distin-guished paper, “Directional Backlight withNarrow Angular Luminance Distribution forWidening Viewing Angle of a LCD with aFront-Surface Light-Scattering Film,” by K.Käläntär from Leiz Advanced Technology. In the Novel Displays session, there is also a presentation that involves backlighting,though it is employed in an unusual way. Theinvited paper, “Imaging via Backlights,” fromAdrian Travis from Microsoft, describes usinga wedge-shaped light guide to capture imagesin front of an LCD as though they were from apoint behind it.

Two other Novel Displays papers whosevery titles are intriguing are “Color DisplaysUsing Reconfigurable Liquid Droplets,” by SuXu of the University of Central Florida, whichdiscusses a fast technology that might be suit-able for mobile displays, and “Flat-Panel-Display System Based on Interference Modu-lation for Both Intensity and Color,” by YikaiSu from Shanghai Jiao Tong University, atechnology that may increase the optical effi-ciency of current TFT-LCD technology by afactor of six, enabling it as a promising display solution for handheld devices.

Emissive Displays: Protective Layersfor PlasmaPlasma continues to be the major focus in theemissive-displays area. Researchers are busydeveloping energy-efficient PDPs, and theseare the subject of the High-Efficiency PlasmaTVs session, as discussed in the Green SpecialFocus article below.

The protective layer is key to successfulplasma applications, and plasma papers ofnote from the session Plasma-Display Protec-tive Layer include the invited presentations,“Surface Electronic States of MgO Induced byAuger Neutralization Process,” by HiroshiKajiyama from Hiroshima University, and“The Role of the Impurity Diffusion Barrierfor the Cathode Material in ACPDPs,” by Ki-Woong Whang from Seoul National University. Addressing the MgO-CaO protec-tive layer for plasma displays is a paper titled,

“High-Luminous-Efficacy PDP UsingCaxMg1-xO Protecting Layer,” by Qun Yanfrom Sichuan COC Display Devices Co., Ltd.

Although each year seems to find fewerfield-emission-display papers at SID, promis-ing research is still being done in this area, asevidenced by the invited paper, “Highly Effi-cient and Long-Life MIM Cathodes forFEDs,” by Toshiaki Kusunoki of HitachiResearch Laboratory, which describes howthe lifetime of MIM (metal-insulator-metal)cathodes was lengthened to more than 20,000hours by using a thinner tunneling insulator.Another invited paper to check out is “Flexi-ble Transparent Photoluminescent Display,”by Kyung Cheol Choi from KAIST. Choi’spaper suggests that the plasma platform is anideal candidate for flexible transparent displays because it has a simple structure anddoes not require TFTs to drive it.

Flexible Displays: Growing MoreFlexibleTwo years ago, due to the ever-increasingnumber of flex submissions received by SID,flexible displays enjoyed their own dedicatedsessions for the first time. This year, withseven sessions and a total of 27 papers, inter-est in flexible displays is clearly still high.Color continues to be a recurring theme –researchers are still seeking a technology thatsupports low-power flexible displays capableof rich and vivid color imagery. One of thecolor-related presentations of note is theinvited paper, “A 5.7-in. Color mirasol XGADisplay for High-Performance Portable Applications,” by Brian Gally of QualcommMEMS Technologies, which describes areflective display based on bistable Interfer-ence Modulation Devices (IMODs).

Creating flexible displays that are moreflexible – even rollable – is another populartheme. The invited paper, “Stretchable andFoldable Displays Using Organic Transistorswith High Mechanical Stability,” by TsuyoshiSekitani from the University of Tokyo, looksat just how far such flexibility can go. Thepaper describes how organic transistors wereintegrated with elastic conductors to produceultraflexible CMOS-based integrated circuitsthat can be bent to a radius of 100 µm andactive-matrix displays that can be stretched by50% without suffering any electrical ormechanical damage.

Highlighting the Flexible Backplane session is a distinguished paper from Chao-


SID preview

Chien Chiu from AU Optronics Corp., “Rollable Electrophoretic Display with anIntegrated a-Si Gate Driver Circuit.” In thiswork, Chiu and co-authors explain how theydesigned a display that can withstand 10,000rolling cycles of 20-mm radius without anyline defect or optic performance degradation.

Liquid-Crystal Technology: More Thana PhaseLiquid crystals have dominated the displayfield for a long time, but that does not meanthe technology has grown stagnant. The bignews in LCDs this year is the growth of bluephase, according to LCT subcommittee chairXiao-Yang Huang, who points out that thereare three sessions (a total of nine papers)devoted to blue phase. Among those papers,he recommends the invited paper, “TheWorld’s First Blue-Phase LCD,” by SeunghoHong from Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd. “Itcovers the fundamentals of materials, process,characterization, modeling, and display driving [needed for a blue-phase LCD],” saysHuang. Another notable blue-phase offeringis the invited paper, “New Materials for Polymer-Stabilized Blue Phase,” by Michael

Wittek of Merck KGaA, which describes apromising way to broaden the narrow temper-ature range of blue phase through polymer-stabilization. Yet another blue-phase paperthat discusses polymer-stabilization is “Polarization-Independent AdaptiveMicrolens Array Using a Polymer-StabilizedBlue-Phase Liquid Crystal,” a distinguishedstudent paper by Yan Li from the Universityof Central Florida.

There are also two sessions on liquid-crystal alignment this year, and a highlight ofthose is “Liquid-Crystal Devices Based onPhoto-Alignment and Photo-Patterning Mate-rials,” by Vladimir Chigrinov of the HongKong University of Science & Technology,which features a discussion of devices includ-ing patterned retarders for 3-D applications,lenses with electrically tunable focal distance,LC-based sensors, switchable q-plates, andoptically rewritable e-Paper.

OLEDs: Still Lots of PromiseNot too long ago, the display industry wasexpecting to see OLEDs take their placealongside LCD and plasma as a core TV tech-nology. This has not happened yet, but

OLEDs are still very much among us. Theyare the platform for an increasing number ofmobile devices and for cutting-edge lightingapplications, and they continue to be the subject of a great deal of research. Some ofthat research has to do with those sought-afterTV-sized panels, and some focuses on better performance in handheld devices. SpecificOLED sessions number five this year (with 19 papers), but OLEDs are the subject ofnumerous other session papers, includinglighting, applications, flexible, manufacturing,and more. The technology has had the abilityto fascinate researchers over the long term,which says much about its potential.

Among the highlights from this year’sOLED Displays session are the invited paper,“Full-Color Phosphorescent OLED Displays:Power Savings and Implementation,” by MikeHack of Universal Display Corp., and the distinguished paper, “High-ResolutionAMOLED Panels for Mobile 3D ApplicationsUsing White OLEDs with Color Filters,” byChangwoong Chu of Samsung Mobile Display Co., Ltd. Hack’s paper looks to phosphorescent OLEDs (PHOLEDs) as thekey enabling technology for OLED TVs andother larger-area displays. Chu’s presentationwill cover the development of an autostereo-scopic OLED panel for hand-helds.

In the OLED Devices session, next-genera-tion devices are discussed in the invitedpapers, “Emergent Oxide-TFT Technologiesfor Next-Generation AMOLED Displays,” by Toshiaki Arai from Sony Corp., and“Transparent AMOLED with On-Cell TouchFunction Driven by IGZO TFTs,” by Hsing-Hung Hsieh from AU Optronics Corp.

Projection: Enabling Movies in andout of Your PocketAs in previous years, the subjects described inthe projection papers at Display Week 2011vary greatly in size, from digital-cinemaapplications to pico-projectors. This year,Projection has become beyond a doubt themost amusingly titled session of the Sympo-sium: Despeckling Despicable Speckle andRejecting Ambient Light. If your workinvolves finding a solution to this seriouslyvexing problem, you will want to catch thethree papers in this session.

Recommended in the Digital Cinema cate-ory is invited paper, “Dual Paraboloid Reflec-tor Illumination System for Digital Cinema,”by George Ouyang from Wavien, Inc., which


The Wednesday evening Special Event will be held at Dodger stadium, where the Los Angeles Dodgers are scheduled to play the 2010 World Champion and arch rivals San Francisco Giants.

presents initial simulation results for a DPRreflector that outperforms compound ellipticalreflectors in terms of efficiency.

In the smaller world of pico-projectors,look for the distinguished paper, “Laser +LCoS Technology Revolution,” by Karl Guttag from Syndiant, Inc., which discusseshow the advent of affordable direct diodelasers is changing all the rules for opticaldesigns and the associated technologies thatgenerate images from laser light. Guttag alsoexamines these topics from the perspective oflaser-light-illuminated LCOS microdisplays.

Touch Technology: Expanding Morethan Growing Touch is appearing in more and more con-sumer products, but the technology itself is an evolutionary phase now; this year’s papersreflect “incremental” changes for the mostpart, according to subcommittee memberGeoff Walker. The current diversity ofapproaches – projective-capacitive, optical,and more – are reflected in the sessions aswell. Leading off the Capative Touch sessionis the invited paper, “Advances in TouchSensing Materials,” by Bob Mackey fromSynaptics, which describes how rapid growthin capacitive touch sensing and the relatedneed for transparent conductors are pushingimprovements in materials performance aswell as overall cost reductions.

Another invited paper of note is “PlanarScatter Detection: A New Method for OpticalTouch Screens,” by Ola Wassvik of FlatFrogLaboratories. This work points out that projected-capacitive technology is highlydependent upon the availability of indium, arare and increasingly scarce element thatforms a key component of indium tin oxide(ITO), and proposes a solution.

Also recommended is “Mutual CapacitiveTouch Screen Integrated into Thin-Film-Encapsulated Active-Matrix OLED,” byHongShik Shim of the Samsung AdvancedInstitute of Technology, which describes athin and high-performance input/output deviceconsisting of capacitive-touch sensors inte-grated on a thin-film encapsulated AMOLED.

The March 2011 issue of Information Display (guest edited by the aforementionedGeoff Walker), featured a provocative article, “The Breadth–Depth Dichotomy: Opportunities and Crises in Expanding Sensing Capabilities,” by Daniel Wigdor from the University ofToronto, that suggested why meaningful touch

development may currently be stymied. Ifyou would like to catch the author deliver hispaper by the same name, the Touch Systemssession at Display Week is the place to do it.

Special Focus Areas: Green Technology,Lighting, and 3-DLast year, the Society for Information Displaydesignated special sessions to explore theimpact of green technology on the displayindustry and to examine the increasing syner-gies between the lighting and the displayindustries. This year, there are six green tech-nology sessions, four lighting sessions, and 113-D sessions, each featuring presentations thatoffer invaluable insights as to where displaytechnology is headed.

Green Technology FocusEnergy-efficient products and processes havebecome increasingly key to display designsand manufacturing. If you are even peripher-ally involved in the development of displaytechnology, you need to know about the latestgreen research and development. Many ofthis year’s papers focus on cutting-edge low-power technologies and applications in areasranging from cholesteric liquid crystals andelectrophorectic displays to OLEDs, LCDs,plasma, and more. The 2011 SymposiumGreen Technology sessions are Flexible Displays, Green Display Applications, Panel-Driving Technology, Low-Power Active-Matrix Alternatives, Local Dimming, andHigh-Efficiency Plasma TVs.

With devices such as the Kindle and currentmobile phones that offer a battery life in termsof days, consumers have begun to expect similar efficiency from other display products,no matter what their underlying technology.Consequently, panel-driving technologies andlocal dimming that help realize energy efficiency are the subject of eight of thisyear’s papers. Known low-power technolo-gies such as reflective and electrophoretic arealso covered in several papers, but so areways to make LC and plasma displays moreenergy efficient.

Roll-to-roll manufacturing techniques forflexible, low-power displays continue to generate a lot of interest. Two papers in thejoint Green/Flexible Displays session thatapproach this topic are “High Resolution andMulti-Color R2R Flexible Papers,” by Heng-Yin Chen, and the invited presentation, “Electrochromic Display: Full-Color-

Technology, Flexible, Roll-to-Roll Process-ing, etc.” from Yi-Wen Chung. Both authorsare from ITRI in Taiwan.

In the Panel-Driving Technology session,two particularly interesting papers are theinvited paper, “Driving mirasol® Displays:Addressing Methods and Control Electronics,”by Russel Martin of Qualcomm MEMS Technologies, and “A 10-bit Compact CurrentDAC Architecture for Large-Sized AMOLEDDisplays,” by Ki-Duk Kim from KAIST(Korea Advanced Institute of Science andTechnology). Kim’s paper proposes to over-come one of the biggest challenges for largeAMOLED displays – an efficient voltage-driving scheme that ensures uniformity.

Among the low-power active-matrix alter-natives discussed in the session of the samename are a bendable electrowetting display, a blockwise luminance control algorithm forAMOLEDs, a pixel design for TFT-LCDswith variable refresh rates, color-sequentialLCDs, and electrophoretic displays. This lasttopic is discussed in an invited paper titled,“Active-Matrix Displays for e-Readers UsingMicrocup Electrophoretic Displays,” by BobSprague from SiPix Imaging.

The presentations in this year’s joint green/plasma session address the subject of more-efficient plasma displays. Although plasmahas in fact steadily become more energy-efficient over the last several years, its nameis not yet synonymous with low-power usage.Two invited papers address this issue. “High-Luminous-Efficacy and Low-Power-Con-sumption Plasma TV,” by Sang-Koo Kwon of LG Electronics, discusses a new plasma TVdesigned to meet government energy regula-tions that also features higher reliability.“Improvement of Luminous Efficiency UsingNew Cell Structure in ACPDPs,” by Pana-sonic’s Shinichirou Hori, describes a new discharge cell structure that will raise the dis-charge efficiency of PDPs by 9% and lowerdisplacement power by 10%.


SID preview

Lighting FocusThis year’s four lighting sessions are LaserLight Projection, Solid-State Lighting Appli-cations, and OLED Lighting I and II. Five ofthe OLED papers relate to panels, accordingto lighting session chair Mike Hack from Universal Display Corp., who notes that therehas been a big move over the last few years tomake efficient large OLED panels with performances that can be used by luminairemakers. While there are now OLED light fixtures that are commercially available, theyare generally just in the form of high-endarchitectural lamps. So the push is to makeOLED lighting more of a commodity. “Ithink this year’s papers reflect this focus,”says Hack.

A “large” OLED panel currently is about4–6 in., or from 10 × 10 to 15 × 15 cm2. Thisis the size that visitors are generally going tosee discussed at the conference, notes Hack,and the size featured in two of the invitedpapers: “Performance of a Large-Sized WhiteOLED for Lighting Applications,” by SehwanSon of LG Chemical, and “Challenges andOpportunities in Scaling-Up OLEDs forLighting Applications,” by Ruiqing Ma fromUniversal Display Corp.

Another invited paper that addresses efficiency issues is “High-Performance WhiteOLEDs for Next-Generation Solid-StateLighting,” by Takuya Komoda from Panasonic Electric Works Co., Ltd., whichtakes a look at just how competitive OLEDlighting can potentially be with current light-ing technologies such as fluorescent lamps.“Novel Approaches for OLED Lighting,” byKarl Leo from the Technische UniversitaetDresden, looks at vacuum deposition on flexible substrates such as plastic and metalfoils.

One LED paper of note is an overview ofsorts: “Trends in LED Illumination and Display Backlighting,” by Willem Sillevis-Smitt from Philips LumiLeds Lighting. In his invited paper, Sillevis-Smitt notes thatrequirements for illumination applications andbacklighting for displays differ, and his pre-sentation will highlight key similarities anddifferences between the markets and will suggest the likely implications for the LEDindustry.

Projection Lighting papers of note includethe invited paper, “Progress in Green and BlueLaser Diodes and Their Application in Pico-Projection Systems,” by James Raring from

Soraa, Inc., and “Recent Progress in DirectGreen Lasers for Mobile Image Projectors,”by Adrian Avramescu from OSRAM OptoSemiconductors.

3-D FocusPossibly the biggest commercial story in displays last year was the arrival of 3-D-readyTVs. Now that they have arrived, the story isfar from over. Researchers continue to pursuethe different approaches of active-shutter vs.passive-glasses technology, and glasses-freeviewing is a major challenge that manyexperts believe must be met in order to make3-D displays truly successful. This year’s presentations cover these topics and more,including holographic displays, crosstalkreduction, measurements for 3-D perfor-mance, and numerous other issues related toboth LCD and OLED 3-D displays. Also, donot miss the 3-D cinema event happening at Display Week on Tuesday, May 17.

The invited paper, “Advanced Technolo-gies for 3D LCD Television,” by YuichiroYamada from Sharp Corp., tackles the issueof 3-D TV quality with a look at ensuring that3-D and 2-D image quality is comparable.“By applying advanced technologies such asUV2A (ultra-violet induced vertical align-ment), four-primary-color technology, andsophisticated driving technology to LC-TV,”writes Yamada, “crosstalk when displayingthe 3D image can be removed.”

Many researchers have proposed theAMOLED platform as a suitable one for 3-DTV, and the session 3D TV: OLED, con-ducted jointly with Display Electronics andActive-Matrix, includes four papers on thesubject. In the AMOLED Driving 3-D session, the distinguished paper, “120-Hz 3DDriving for AMOLED with Interleaved Scanand Emission Operation,” by Baek-Woon Leefrom Samsung Mobile Display Co., Ltd., proposes a new driving method that enableshigher resolution.

Autostereoscopic or glasses-free viewingcontinues to be a much sought-after but onlypartially realized display technology. Ofinterest in this area is the invited paper,“TRANSFORMERS: Autostereoscopic Displays Running in Different 3D OperatingModes,” by Rene de La Barre from FranhoferHHI, which describes how to enable the useof content originally produced for glasses-type 3-D displays without the need of addi-tional calculation of interpolating views. ■

www.instrumentsystems.com

light measurement

Measure and analyze the optical parameters of displays and panel graphics with our refined and proven systems.

luminance chromaticity contrast ratio viewing angle dependent

properties

DTS 140 spectroradiometer

LumiCam 1300 and 4000 imaging photometer and colorimeter

DTS 500 positioner

Display test & measurement

http://www.instrumentsystems.com

MULTIPRIMARY-color displays havebegun to enter the consumer market. Theiradvantages include a wide color gamut, powersavings, and suitability for high-fidelity colorreproduction. How will these displays impactprofessional applications and what new aspectsare needed for evaluating color displays so asto best incorporate the advantages of multi-primary devices?

Multiprimary-color displaysConventional displays reproduce colors basedon the additive mixture of R (red), G (green),and B (blue) primary colors. The color gamut(range of colors reproducible by displays) islimited to the triangle spanned by the RGB primary colors. To realize wider-gamut displays, two different methodologies have been attempted: (1) more-saturated RGB primaries and (2) theuse of more than three primary colors – themultiprimary approach. Wide-gamut displayssuch as LED-backlit liquid-crystal displays(LCDs)1 and laser displays have been exten-sively commercialized based on the firstapproach. Multiprimary-color displays havemore recently been investigated. Examples

include multi-projection displays, a projec-tor with a multiprimary color-filter wheel,4,5

a color pixel generated with a diffraction grating,6 a time-sequential backlight using a multiprimary LED light source,1,7 and an LCD with a multiprimary color-filter array.8-10

Figure 1 shows a comparison of colorgamuts for a conventional standard RGB(sRGB) display, an LED-backlight wide-gamut display,1 and a six-primary-color display.3,11 The gamut of a six-primary-colordisplay covers almost 100% of real-worldobject colors, while a conventional displaygamut, such as sRGB or ITU-R BT.709, covers only 80%. This is one of the main reasons that the multiprimary approach isadvantageous in high-fidelity color reproduc-tion. The details of the evaluation of the sizeof the gamut will be explained further on.

Advantages of Multiprimary-ColorDisplaysAs shown in Fig. 1, the gamut of multi-primary-color displays efficiently covers real-world object colors. The design of the gamutshape becomes more flexible than that ofwide-gamut RGB displays, in which the chromaticity coordinates of the G primary areoften moved to shorter wavelengths so thatthe gamut covers the cyan region, but the yellow region is excised. In multiprimary displays, cyan and/or yellow can be added,

and the yellow-green-cyan region can bebroadly covered. In the three-primary case,narrow-band primary colors, especially R primaries of longer wavelengths and B primaries of shorter wavelengths, are used,but the sensitivity of human vision is lower at such wavelengths so that the overall efficiency is decreased.

Multiprimary-Color Displays and TheirEvaluation Methods

A multiprimary-color display provides high fidelity and wide-gamut color reproduction, aswell as power savings and other advantages. New methods will be required for evaluatingmultiprimary displays, particularly in terms of color gamut, color accuracy, and smooth tonereproduction.

by Masahiro Yamaguchi

Masahiro Yamaguchi is a professor in theGlobal Scientific Information and ComputingCenter at the Tokyo Institute of Technology. He can be reached at [email protected].


frontline technology

Fig. 1: The graph represents the color gamutsof an ITU-R BT.709 (or sRGB) display, anLED-backlight wide-gamut display,1 and asix-primary-color display.3,11 The dot distri-bution represents the gamut of real-worldobject colors.

2,3


The advantage of multiprimary-color displays is not only wide-gamut color repro-duction. A multiprimary-color display alsoenables the reproduction of color with spectralapproximation,12 in which the spectral differ-ence between the original and reproduced colors is minimized in addition to the repro-duction of colorimetric tristimulus values.Although conventional color reproduction isbased on the color-matching function (CMF)of a standard observer defined in a CIE stan-dard, such as CIE 1931 XYZ, the spectral sensitivities of real observers are slightly different from the standard CMF. This leadsto a color mismatch between the real objectand the image reproduced on a monitor, eventhough the color difference may be verysmall. Spectral approximation solves thisproblem. Unlike with a conventional colori-metric (metameric) match, the color matchingcan be achieved even if the observer variation of CMF is not ignored. Metamerism involvesmatching the apparent colors of objects withdifferent spectral power distributions. “Spec-tral displays” are valuable in applications thatrequire highly accurate color matching, suchas soft-proofing (reviewing a print job on acomputer monitor rather than on paper).

It has been recently publicized that powersavings is an important feature of multi-primary displays.10 Adding a yellow primaryis effective for this purpose, and the design ofcolor conversion is a key issue in reducingpower consumption. A power savings of 20%has been achieved in a four-primary-color display10 compared with a conventional RGBdisplay. Even though some additional cost isrequired in color signal processing, the com-plexity of the color-processing engine is notsignificantly higher than that of a standardconsumer television set.

Multiprimary-color conversion introduces anew flexibility in the design of color displays.The viewing-angle performance, which is acritical issue in LCDs, can be improved in afive-primary-color display by modifying themultiprimary-color conversion technique.9

Also, multiprimary-color subpixels can beused to enhance the visual resolution by using subpixel rendering.

Signal Processing in Multiprimary-Color DisplaysThe multiprimary-color signal is generatedfrom imaging tristimulus values or multi-spectral data, called multiprimary-color con-

version, as shown in Fig. 2, similar to thecolor decomposition for multicolor printers.For colorimetric color reproduction, three-dimensional tristimulus values (such as XYZor YCbCr) are transformed to M-dimensionalmultiprimary-color values if the number ofprimary colors is M. This methodologyinvolves a degree of freedom; plural combina-tions of multiprimary color values can repro-duce a certain color. There have been variousmethods proposed for multiprimary-color conversion.

In the matrix-switching (MS) method,13 thepolyhedral color gamut spanned by M-primarycolors is divided into pyramids, and a linearcolor conversion is performed in each pyra-mid. Another approach is based on linear programming.14 Linear programming enablesthe incorporation of various criteria for select-ing multiprimary-color-value combinations.For example, as the MS method sometimesinduces contour-like artifacts at the boundaryof pyramids, a constraint can be introduced toimprove the smooth tone reproduction withoutsuch artifacts. In this case, multiprimary signal values are decomposed into visible andinvisible [metameric black (MB)] compo-

nents. The visible components are uniquelysolved, where the MB components are deter-mined such that the multiprimary signal values change smoothly if the change of tristimulus values is small.14 Linear program-ming is also a powerful technique for incorpo-rating extra features to a multiprimary-colordisplay, such as power saving and theimprovement of viewing-angle performance,as mentioned in the previous section.

For the spectral color reproductionexplained previously, multiprimary devicesignal values are directly calculated from multispectral captured images. In the proposed conversion method for spectral displays, called the spectral approximation method,12 the spectral error is minimized under the con-straint in such a way that a colorimetric match is attained for the standard observer.

Industrial and Medical Applications High-fidelity color reproduction is required inindustrial and medical applications such asprinting, textiles, industrial design, digitalarchives of artworks, and true-color medicalimages. However, it is difficult to capturehigh-fidelity color with RGB-based color-


Fig. 2: The system configuration of a multiprimary-color display for colorimetric color repro-duction is shown above and for spectral color reproduction, below.

imaging systems. An approach to overcomingsuch limitations is going beyond RGB – namely, adopting a spectrum-based system.11,15 In the spectrum-based color reproduction system, the color signal captured by a multiband camerais used to derive the spectral image, and theoutput color is rendered using the spectralimage and the spectrum of illuminant. Amultiband camera with more than three-channels, i.e., a multispectral camera, is usefulfor capturing spectral imagery with high accu-racy. A multispectral imaging system enablesboth image capture with accurate color undervarious different illuminants and the reproduc-tion of very natural and realistic images. Theconventional sRGB gamut has been shown tobe insufficient for printing, textiles, and art-works. Based on a color-gamut analysis ofcolor-printer inks, textile samples, and oilpaints, wide-gamut displays and wide-gamutimage capture should be more appropriate forthese applications.

High-fidelity color is important in medicalcolor displays, especially for telemedicineapplications such as teledermatology, telepe-diatrics, and home-care telemedicine. Theeffectiveness of multiprimary displays inmedical applications has not yet been proven,but some experimental results show the poten-tial of using wide-gamut and multiprimarydisplays in these scenarios.

For example, a telemedicine experimentwas carried out in order to investigate whetherdermatologists perceived the identical colorfrom a reproduced image and the originalskin, and how the color reproducibility influ-enced the skin lesion diagnosis.17 For the preliminary test of the experiment, a conven-tional RGB CRT display with proper calibra-tion was used, but the visual disagreementbetween the reproduced color and the originalobject was significant, despite the fact that thecolorimetric accuracy was considerably high.The disagreement originated from theobserver metamerism effect; the CMFs of realobservers are slightly different from the stan-dard CMF used in color measurement. Thisresult does not necessarily mean that a three-primary-color display is inadequate for skin-color reproduction, but it does show thepotential benefits of spectral displays. Theexperimental results showed that dermatolo-gists perceived almost the same color in thecase of the multispectral system, while per-ceived colors shifted to the red in the observa-tion with an RGB system. In addition, there

were oversights of erythema (skin redness)found in the RGB example, but no such over-sights with the multispectral system. Theseresults suggest the advantages of using thetotal multispectral system for accurate skin-color reproduction.

Another area of possible application is thevideo capture of surgery for case archives,conferences, education, and telesurgery with support from an expert surgeon at a remote site. The selection of the resection area is sometimes decided by faint color differences, which means natural-color reproduction is significantlyimportant. An experiment was conducted18

in which seven examples of hand operationswere captured by a six-band video camera andvisually evaluated by surgeons and derma-tologists. Figure 3 shows the distribution ofcolors obtained from the six-band camera.The colors of tissues ranged from red to yellowish-white. The color of blood exceededthe sRGB gamut. It is probably advisable toemploy a wide-gamut display, particularly inthe deep red region, for reproducing bloodcolor. In the experiment reported in Ref. 18,however, a flat-panel LCD with a normalcolor gamut was used, since another devicesuitable for this experiment was not available.

Evaluation of Multiprimary DisplaysEvaluation methods for multiprimary-colordisplays are in some instances different fromthose standardized for conventional RGB displays. The color gamut of a non-standard

display is often indicated with the NTSC(National Television Systems Committee)ratio, while the 1953 NTSC standard is notused in the current television systems. In fact,3-D color space is advisable in order for auser to see the details of gamut size. Uniformchromaticity space, such as CIELAB colorspace, is suitable, and the volume of gamut inCIELAB color space can be an indicator ofgamut size. Figure 4 shows the comparison of gamut shape in CIELAB space. It is visu-alized with the gamut expanded especially inbright orange, cyan, dark red, and dark purpleregions in the six-primary-color display19,20

(see also “The NTSC Color Triangle Is Obso-lete, But No One Seems to Know” in the May2006 issue of Information Display.)

In addition, it is expected that a displaygamut will cover the colors of real-worldobjects. The surface color data published byPointer21 have been sometimes used to evalu-ate wide-gamut displays. (Pointer measuredreal-object colors, including not only naturalobjects such as butterflies and flowers, butman-made ones such as paint samples andfabrics.22) However, the Pointer gamut is notnecessarily sufficient for representing real-world natural colors. The colors calculatedfrom the data in the Standard Object ColorSpectra (SOCS) database in the ISO TR16066:2003 standard can be compared withthe Pointer gamut, and about 3800 among50,000 samples are from the Pointer gamut.Thus, the SOCS database was integrated withthe Pointer gamut for more representative reference. Figure 4 shows a plot of themerged Pointer + SOCS gamut boundary atdifferent luminance on xy-chromaticity co-ordinates (fluorescent colors are excluded). Itcan be seen that the six-primary-color displaycovers the Pointer + SOCS gamut. Moreover,the outer boundary of the merged Pointer +SOCS is also designated in 3-D color space inFig. 4. The coverage of object color is also areasonable indicator of the gamut size. Table1 shows an example of evaluation. The gamutvolume of a six-primary-color display is about1.8 times larger than a conventional RGB display and natural color coverage is largerthan 99%.

Color AccuracyThe accuracy of reproduced color can be eval-uated by the difference between the targetcolor and the reproduced color obtained bycolorimetric measurement, as in the case of a



Fig. 3: Color distribution of tissues involvedin medical operations on hands was capturedby a six-band camera (CIE xy-chromaticitycoordinates).

conventional RGB display. However, itshould be considered that color-reproductionerrors originate from three sources: (1) thedisplay color gamut, (2) the device characteri-zation error, and (3) the color-conversionmethod. As for source (1), how is it possibleto compare the color-reproduction accuracy ofdisplays with different gamut shapes? How toselect test colors? A possible way is to definethe test colors within the Pointer + SOCSgamut and to derive the accuracy for the testcolors inside the display gamut as well as forall the colors. Regarding the source of thecolor-reproduction error, 3 it is usuallyinsignificant in conventional RGB displays,but cannot be ignored in multiprimary dis-plays because the multiprimary-color conver-sion involves a somewhat more complicatedprocess than the RGB system. For example, acertain color can be reproduced by a different

combination of multiprimary device signals.Thus, the reproducibility of a specific colordepends on the multiprimary-color conversionmethod. While the device characterizationcan be performed by measuring the chroma-ticity points of primary colors, the tone-reproduction curve, and the background color,the accuracy of multiprimary-color conversionshould be also evaluated.

Multiprimary-color conversion is sometimes an internal process in the commercial product,as in Fig. 2, and the input signal is in XYZ orYCC color space. In this case, it is impossibleto control the primary-color signal indepen-dently. From the user’s perspective, the con-ventional device used to make an ICC profile(a set of color-management data for a particu-lar device, as established by the InternationalColor Consortium) is not suitable for multipri-mary-color displays. Accurate and efficientways of characterizing multiprimary displayson the user side is an important issue.

Smoothness of Tone ReproductionSince the 3-to-M multiprimary-color conver-sion involves a degree of freedom, the devicesignal may vary largely even for a slightchange of target color. Ideally, an observercannot perceive such variation. However,when a smooth tonal gradation is reproducedon a multiprimary-color display, contour-likeartifacts sometimes appear.23 These resultfrom characterization errors of the display andthe variation in the color-matching functionsof observers. For example, even if the artifactis not obvious when observed from the front of the display, it appears quite clearly at large

observation angles because of the change inthe spectral composition of reproduced light.The appearance of the contour-like artifactsdepends on the multiprimary-color conver-sion. To reduce the artifact, the conversionmethod should ensure the continuity of devicesignal values for the continuous change oftristimulus values. The reproduction ofsmooth tonal gradation is one of the importantissues in the image quality of a multiprimarydisplay.

The number of reproducible colors in amultiprimary display is 2MB in principle,where M and B are the number of primarycolors and bit depth of each channel, respec-tively. For example, in the case of a six-primary-color display with 8 bits/channel, thenumber becomes 2.8 × 1015 colors. However,the quantized points are not uniform in 3-D color space. In addition, if a specific methodfor multiprimary-color conversion is adopted,the number of colors used for reproduction ismuch smaller; for example, 3.4 × 109 colors in the case of an MS color-conversion method. A method for dealing with the unused signalvalues has yet to be developed.

Summary A multiprimary-color display is beneficial forhigh-fidelity and wide-gamut-color reproduc-tion, but also provides other advantages, suchas power savings, spectral display, etc. Theintegrated design of the device with the multi-primary-color conversion is key to realizing the above advantages. Some modified methods are required for evaluating multiprimary-color displays, particularly with regard to color gamut,


Table 1: The volume of color gamut and the coverage ratio of object

colors (Pointer + SOCS) are shown in CIELAB color space.

Three- Six-Pointer primary primary+ SOCS DLP DLP

Volume 0.890 0.908 1.647(×106)

Relative 1.00 1.02 1.85 volume

Coverage 100.00 78.81 99.22ratio

Fig. 4: The color gamut of conventional RGB, six-primary colors, and Pointer + SOCS on constant lightness planes are shown at L* = 30, 50,and 90.

color accuracy, and smooth tone reproduction.The standardization of evaluation methodssuitable for multiprimary-color displays willbe an important contribution to this field.

AcknowledgmentThis article includes results from the NaturalVision project supported by NICT (NationalInstitute of Information and CommunicationsTechnology, Japan).

References1H. Sugiura, S. Kagawa, H. Kaneko, M. Ozawa,H. Tanizoe, T. Kimura, and H. Ueno, “Widecolor gamut displays using LED backlight-signal processing, circuits, color-calibrationsystem, and multi-primaries,” ICIP ’05 II, 9–12 (2005).2R. Yajima, M. Kanazawa, and S. Sakaida, “Wide-color-gamut system,” Proc. ITE ’94 Annual Convention, 355–356 (1994) (in Japanese).3T. Ajito, T. Obi, M. Yamaguchi, and N. Ohyama, “Expanded color gamut repro-duced by six-primary projection display,”Proc. SPIE 3954, 130–137 (2000).4S. Roth, I. Ben-David, M. Ben-Chorin, D. Eliav, and O. Bben-David, “Wide-gamuthigh-brightness multiple-primaries single-panel projection displays,” SID SymposiumDigest 34, 118–121 (2003).5M-C. Kim, Y-C. Shin, Y-R. Song, S-J. Lee, and I-D. Kim, “Wide-gamut multi-primary displayfor HDTV,” Proc. CGIV ’04, 248–253 (2004).6T. Ajito, T. Obi, M. Yamaguchi, and N. Ohyama, “Multiprimary color display for liquid crystaldisplay projectors using diffraction grating,”Opt. Eng. 38, No. 11, 1883–1888 (1999).7S. Komura, I. Hiyama, and N. Ohyama, “Four-Primary-Color LCD for Natural Vision,” Information Display 8/03, 18–21 (2003). 8E. Chino, K. Tajiri, H. Kawakami, H. Ohira,K. Kamijo, H. Kaneko, S. Kato, Y. Ozawa, T. Kurumisawa, and K. Inoue, “Developmentof Wide-Color-Gamut Mobile Displays withFour-Primary-Color LCDs,” SID SymposiumDigest 37, Book 2, 1221–1224 (2006).9S. Ueki, K. Nakamura, Y. Yoshida, T. Mori,K. Tomizawa, Y. Narutaki, and Y. Itoh, K. Okamoto, “Five-primary-color 60-in. LCDwith novel wide color gamut and wide view-ing angle,” SID Symposium Digest 40, 927–930 (2009).10K. Yoshiyama, M. Teragawa, A. Yoshida,K. Tomizawa, K. Nakamura, Y. Yoshida, Y. Yamamoto, and N. Ohta, “Power saving: A new advantage of multiprimary-color dis-

plays derived by numerical analysis,” SIDSymposium Digest 41, 416–419 (2010).11M. Yamaguchi, H. Haneishi, and N. Ohyama,“Beyond red-green-blue (RGB): spectrum-based color imaging technology,” J. Imag.Sci. Technol. 52, No. 1, 010201 (2008).12Y. Murakami, J. Ishii, T. Obi, M. Yamaguchi,and N. Ohyama, “Color conversion methodfor multiprimary display for spectral colorreproduction,” J. Electronic Imaging 13, No. 4, 701–708 (2004).13T. Ajito, K. Ohsawa, T. Obi, M. Yamaguchi,and N. Ohyama, “Color conversion methodfor multiprimary display using matrix switch-ing,” Opt. Rev. 8, No. 3, 191–197 (2001).14F. Konig, K. Ohsawa, M. Yamaguchi, N. Ohayama, and B. Hill, “A multiprimary display: optimized control values for displaying tristimulus values,” Proc. PICS, 215–220 (2002).15M. Derhak and M. Rosen, “Spectral Colorimetry using LabPQR: An Interim Connection Space,” IS&T/SID 12th ColorImaging Conference, 246–250 (2004).16R. L. Alfvin and M. D. Fairchild, “Observervariability in metameric color matches usingcolor reproduction media,” Color Res. Appl.22, No. 3, 174–188 (1997).17M. Yamaguchi, R. Iwama, H. Kanazawa, N. Fujikawa, H. Fukuda, H. Haneishi, N. Ohyama, H. Wada, T. Kambara, M. Aihara, Y. Yamakawa, A. Nemoto, M. Furukawa, and Z. Ikezawa, “Color reproducibility of skinlesions in multispectral video: Experimentalevaluation,” Proc. IS&T/ SID 14th ColorImaging Conference, 8–13 (2006).18M. Yamaguchi, Y. Murakami, H. Hashizume,H. Haneishi, Y. Kanno, and Y. Komiya, “High-fidelity color video reproduction of opensurgery by six-band camera,” Proc. SPIE7627, 762707 (2010).19L. DeMarsh, “Colorimatry for HDTV,” IEEE Trans. Consum. Electron. 37(1), 1–6 (1991).20J. Kumada and T. Nishizawa, “Reproduciblecolor gamut of television screens,” SMPTE J.101(8), 559–564 (1992).21M. R. Pointer, “The gamut of real surfacecolors,” Color. Res. and Appl. 5, No. 3, 145–155 (1980).22M. Brennesholtz, “Expanded-Color-Gamut Displays – Part 2: Wide-Color-Gamut Displays,” Information Display 22, No. 10 (Oct. 2006).23J. Takiue, S. Sugino, Y. Murakami, T. Obi,M. Yamaguchi, and N. Ohyama, “Evaluationof smoothness in color gradation on multipri-mary display,” Proc. IS&T/SID 12th ColorImaging Conference, 257–264 (2004). ■


Micro machining centers

If it had atooth crown, itwould be fromKUGLER.

• MICRO drilling• MICRO grinding• MICRO milling• MICRO laser processing

PR

EC

ISIO

NFOR SUCCESS

PR

EC

ISIO

NFORSUCCESS

OUR PASSION:NEW DIMENSIONS

PRECISION IN A NEW DIMENSION

®

www.kugler-precision.com

KUGLER OF AMERICA48 South Road, Unit 106071 Somers, CTPhone: +1 860 749-6400

www.kuglerofamerica.comKUGLER GERMANYHeiligenberger Str. 10088682 Salem · GERMANYTel.: +49 7553 9200-0


http://www.kuglerofamerica.com

http://www.kugler-precision.com

The resizing process has a high yield and is cost effective. Where possible, the resizing process preserves all of the LCDcomponents, such as LC material, polarizers and attached electronics. Only the pixels remaining in contact with therow and column drivers continue to function. The performance and reliability of the original display is maintained.

Licensee: Symbolic Displays, Inc. (SDI), Santa Ana, CASDI has proven in-house resizing facilities.

SDI sells resized LCDs to the industryand uses LCDs in their simulator product line.

www.symbolicdisplays.com

Tony Lopez, Director of [email protected]

714.258.2811 x105 / Cell: 714.585.4847

Licensee: SGB Enterprises, Inc., Valencia, CACustom LCD resizing and backlighting

www.sgbent.com

Joe Padula, VP Business [email protected]

Tannas Electronic Displays, Inc, Orange, CACustom Resized LCD Glass

and Licenseswww.tannas.com

Larry Tannas, President

[email protected]

See Us at SID ‘11 Booth 1420

F O R I N F O R M A T I O N :

RESIZINGFOR CUSTOM SIZES

We Will Cut an LCD to Fit Almost Anywhere!

TANNAS-SIZES-SIZEDTMTM LCD LCD

Digital signage for over subway door36” (4.5:1) LCD

5 ATI aircraft instrument(4.2” x 4.2”)

Electronic shelf label (15” x 1.2”)

http://www.symbolicdisplays.com


http://www.sgbent.com


http://www.tannas.com


AS imaging technology evolves, so dothe display devices used for image viewing.For instance, two-dimensional image acquisi-tion techniques are being replaced with infor-mation-rich, three- or higher-dimensionalschemes. This increased dimensionality forimage sets is already occurring in breast imag-ing and needs to be considered when the performance of two- and three-dimensionaldisplay devices is being evaluated. In addi-tion, modalities that were traditionally analog,such as optical microscopy and medical photography, are now migrating to the digitaldomain, following a path similar to that ofradiology in the early 1990s. Finally, mobile-device technologies are prompting practitionersto consider using them to improve their work-flow and availability. Most notably, mobile-display systems based on portable consumer-grade devices are now increasingly consideredas complements to stationary desktop displaysfor review when there is no access to a dedi-cated workstation. The implications for pre-clinical regulatory evaluation of these emerg-ing applications are considered and discussedin Part 2 of this article, “Pre-Clinical Assess-ment of Medical Displays for RegulatoryEvaluation.”

Displays for Mobile Devices The introduction of a large variety of tech-nologies and the improvements in the imagequality of mobile display devices have led tothe consideration of such devices as medicalimage viewers. From an evaluation perspec-tive, the applicable methodology has to incor-porate elements associated with the handling,orientation, and movement of the device withthe possible interactions of software compo-nents with the operating system (e.g., power manager, network connectivity, and other mobile-device functions), and, most importantly, withthe variability in ambient-illumination condi-tions in which the device can be used (see Fig. 1).

In addition, the viewing of images in hand-held devices has raised concerns about the need to quantify the display characteristics not onlyunder typical static laboratory conditions, but also in the presence of movement. In this case, resolution properties measured by the modula-tion transfer function (MTF) might have to beextended to include a component from move-ment while noise metrics might need to consider the presence of fingerprint marks in touch-sensitive screens. For mobile displays, physical size and pixel-array size are not the only tech-nological changes (newer versions of mobiledisplays might soon overcome the 1k × 1k barrier). Instead, key differences in terms ofimage quality might be more associated with variable ambient illumination conditions, vari-able device-user interaction, and the impact of smudges and fingerprints in touch-screen devices.

Displays for True-Color Modalities The emergence of medical-imaging modalitiesthat rely on color scales in conjunction with

gray-scale images has determined that displaydevices have to be capable of accurate color mapping with limited quantization or cropping of the color scales. This is typically achievedby tuning the subpixel look-up tables that mapimage values into pixel intensities. However, when these look-up tables are designed to map color, the gray-scale performance of the device can be compromised. Therefore, for modalities where color and gray-scale fidelity is relevant,additional testing needs to provide evidencethat both scales are within appropriate toler-ances. Several techniques have been reportedfor achieving proper gray scale and color cali-bration (criteria to guide these techniques havenot yet been established). In addition, otheraspects of technical performance might haveanalogous elements for color (e.g., angularcolor shifts at 30° and 45° in the diagonal,horizontal, and vertical directions at centerand edge spots and uniformity.

Another aspect to consider is the migrationfrom optical or light microscopy to digital thathas raised issues related to the display of themassive amount of information that can becaptured for a single tissue slide. In additionto colorimetric issues, it is also important tonote that the pixel-array sizes of tiled digitalmicroscopy slides might raise additionalneeds for cataloging issues related to largedisplays (XQVGA or even wall-sized). Alsoworthy of consideration are the perceptual elements of characterizing image qualitywhen the screen size is several times the dis-tance from the reader to the screen (see Fig 2).

In this scenario, the temporal characterization might require more detailed methodology thatincorporates not only transition times but also

Part 1: Emerging Topics in Medical Displays

New display applications for the interpretation of medical images include mobile image viewers, true-color modalities, and 3-D technologies for improved diagnostic performance.

by Aldo Badano and Wei-Chung Cheng

Aldo Badano and Wei-Chung Cheng arewith the Division of Imaging and AppliedMathematics, Office of Science and Engineer-ing Laboratories, Center for Devices andRadiological Health, U.S. Food and DrugAdministration, 10903 New Hampshire Ave.,Building 62, Room 3116, Silver Spring, MD20993; telephone 301/796-2534, email:[email protected].


cutting-edge technology


moving-target techniques such as those that are part of the SID-sponsored ICDM document.1

Displays for 3-D Modalities Several three-dimensional modalities are being considered and utilized for detecting breastcancer as adjuncts to or replacements for full-field digital mammography examinations. Among them, breast tomosynthesis,2 a limited-angle tomographic modality, has demonstrated that the additional volumetric informationacquired using multiple projections holds

promise for improvements in the detection of masses, in part by removing the masking effect of normal anatomical structures that can hide or mimic lesions. Other technologies being cur-rently developed include dedicated breast com-puted tomography3 and stereo-mammography.4

Display devices for these emerging three-dimensional breast-imaging modalities arepartially characterized by the lists provided inPart 2 of this article in terms of their spatialand gray-scale performance. However, since the radiologist is now faced with a new read-

ing paradigm that requires browsing over many high-resolution (several million pixel) images(slices from the reconstructed volume), thetemporal response of the display becomes arelevant characterization topic. Detailed tem-poral characterization of the display devices is useful in understanding the potential limita-tions of different display technologies andproducts in their ability to accurately representthe images for the readers. For instance, amore complete set of gray-scale transitionsand a more descriptive metric that character-izes limitations of proposed solutions (i.e.,overshoots in overdrive) can prove useful indemonstrating new product capabilities.

Another approach to visualizing the three-dimensional image sets is the use of three-dimensional display devices that are becoming available with increased performance due in part to advancements geared toward the consmer markets. In that sense, existing work regarding the use of two-dimensional display devices inmedical imaging has to be revisited whereverappropriate. This extension of the physicalmeasurements to a third dimension raiseschallenges, not so much in the development ofthe measurement methodology, but in bridg-ing the experimental physical quantities (e.g.,stereo crosstalk and stereo acuity) to the taskperformance in diagnostic imaging. Figure 3shows a stereoscopic display used to view digital microscopy. Such reconciliation is complicated by the widely different technologies that are now being considered for three-dimen-sional displays, including stereoscopic, autostereo-scopic, volumetric, and time-sequential imple-mentations, among others. A tentative list ofpre-clinical tests of relevance for 3-D medicaldisplay products is presented in Table 1 of Part 2 in this issue. The list of tests that would be relevant for a particular 3-D medical-display product will depend on the visual task per-formed with the device and the associatedclaims made by the manufacturer.

Innovations in display technology are mak-ing possible new ways of reviewing medicalimages. How soon these devices becomeavailable to physicians will depend on theavailability of validated methodologies thatcan be used to demonstrate their advantagesand in what ways these devices contribute tothe early detection of diseases and ultimatelyto improved patient outcomes.

AcknowledgmentThis article was submitted from the Division


(a)

(b)

Fig. 1: The visibility of image features in five mobile display devices shown in (a) degradesunder ambient illumination effects as shown in (b). Note the degradation introduced by specu-lar reflections in the visualization of gray-scale steps in the test pattern and the significant contrast reduction in the CT image due to diffuse reflections.

of Imaging and Applied Mathematics, Officeof Science and Engineering Laboratories,Center for Devices and Radiological Health,U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Themention of commercial products herein is not

to be construed as either an actual or impliedendorsement of such products by the Depart-ment of Health and Human Services. This is a contribution of the Food and Drug Adminis-tration and is not subject to copyright.

References1International Committee for Display Metrol-ogy (January 2011). http://icdm-sid.org/2L. T. Niklason, B. T. Christian, L. E. Niklason,D. B. Kopans, D. E. Castleberry, B. H. Opsahl-Ong, C. E. Landberg, P. J. Slanetz, A. A., Giardino, R. Moore, D. Albagli, M. C. DeJule, P. F. Fitzgerald, D. F., Fobare, B. W. Giambat-tista, R. F. Kwasnick, J. Liu, S. J. Lubowski, G. E. Possin, J. F. Richotte, C. Y. Wei, and R. F. Wirth, “Digital Tomosynthesis in Breast Imaging,” Radiology 205 (2), 399–406 (1997).3J. M. Boone, T. R. Nelson, K. K. Lindfors, and J. A. Seibert, “Dedicated breast CT: radiation dose and image quality evaluation,Radiology 221, (3) 657–667 (2001).4D. Getty, C. D’Orsi, R. Pickett, M. Newell,K. Gundry, and S. Roberson, “Improved accuracy of lesion detection in breast cancerscreening with stereoscopic digital mammog-raphy,” Radiological Society of North America Annual Meeting (2007). ■



Fig. 3: Stereoscopic viewing of digital microscopy and other imaging modalities is a means ofimproving the visualization of 3D datasets.

Fig. 2: As displays for viewing digital microscopy images grow larger (background), issues ofscale, accuracy, and time for pan/zoom operations in the computer hardware and softwarecome to the fore.

Have you forgotten about this issue?

Log onto informationdisplay.organd click “ID Archive.”

FILMS AND COATINGS ISSUE

Official Monthly Publication of the Society for Information Display • www.informationdisplay.orgJanuary 2011Vol. 27, No. 1

http://icdm-sid.org/



See the difference for yourself at www.konicaminolta.com/sensingusa

The only products you’ll ever need for ultra low measurements & color uniformity.

Two ways to display perfection



2 11 SID International Symposium, Seminar, and

Exhibition

Display Week2 11

Los Angeles, California

May 15–20, 2 11

SID’s Star Power

Watch the Stars Shine

http://www.konicaminolta.com/sensingusa


http://www.touchinternational.com

DISPLAY SYSTEMS are important elements of imaging systems. They representthe last component in the chain that readers(radiologists, physicians, or technicians) useto make a determination regarding a patient’scondition based on imaging data. In this context, a display system consists of all thehardware and software that determine thequality of the luminance output in the screenfor a given image, including pre-processingoperations on the data, the environment inwhich the device is operated, and device-userinteractions.

Regulatory Primer Since the introduction of digital technologiesfor the image capture, processing, archiving,and transmission of medical images, displaysystems have been evolving technologicallyfrom bulky cathode-ray tubes with mono-chrome screens and poor spatial resolution to the current generation of liquid-crystal dis-plays (LCDs) with increased image contrastand sharpness. This technological revolution

has required the medical imaging community,including regulators, to adopt new assessmentmethodologies.

First, there is a need to characterize displayimage-quality issues that emerging technolo-gies bring to the fore. In addition, it is occa-sionally useful to remove particular testingprocedures because they have become obso-lete due to technological advances. Today,we are seeing the transition from analog todigital in many areas of medicine, includingtissue microscopy, pathology, and visiblelight-imaging modalities such as colposcopy(a gynecological diagnostic procedure). Medical displays need to be capable of pro-viding stable and reproducible image qualitythat is appropriate for the application. For adisplay device to be marketed in the U.S. aspart of a medical device, the manufacturer (orsponsor) needs to secure the FDA’s approvalor clearance. The regulatory pathways formedical display systems, briefly summarizedin the following section, aim to promote public health and innovation by providingpractical approaches for demonstrating safetyand effectiveness.

Regulatory efforts are concentrated in twoareas: pre-market and post-market. Pre-market refers to new products and technolo-gies that have not yet been commercialized,for which evidence is gathered in support of a

sponsor submission. The post-market arearefers to issues that arise from the usage of thedevice after introduction into the market. Inthis article, we focus our analysis on pre-mar-ket topics since they relate to the introductionof new technologies.

The safety and effectiveness criteria formedical display systems are based on the clinical performance of the device and thepotential for misdiagnosis due to pitfalls in thedevice design. Generally speaking, a devicecan be defined as safe if its use does not causeillness or injury. In terms of display perfor-mance, an effectiveness concern could be theuse of a device that does not convey the imagedata to the user in a proper way due to, forinstance, additional spatial noise resultingfrom variations in pixel gains or unwantedreflections of ambient light that mask lesionsand significantly affect the outcome of thediagnostic test.

The FDA uses a three-tier classificationsystem to categorize medical devices based onrisk. Devices are classified as Class I, II, orIII, from lowest to highest risk, with the classlevel determining the degree of regulatoryoversight required. Currently, stand-alonedisplay systems (referred to as “accessories’’to complete imaging systems) fall under ClassII based on moderate risk. For these systems,established testing methods provide adequate

Part 2: Pre-Clinical Assessment of MedicalDisplays for Regulatory Evaluation

Challenges are emerging with regard to the pre-clinical, regulatory assessment of display systems used for viewing and interpreting medical images. This article discusses those, andalso the types of evidence that might be relevant to the evaluation of mobile image-viewingdevices, true-color devices with applications in digital microscopy, and 3-D medical displaysas discussed in Part 1.

by Aldo Badano, Wei-Chung Cheng, Brendan J. O’Leary, and Kyle J. Myers

The authors are with the Center for Devicesand Radiological Health, U.S. Food and DrugAdministration, 10903 New Hampshire Ave.,Bldg 62, Room 3116, Silver Spring, MD20993; telephone 301/796-2534, email: [email protected].




evidence of risk mitigation. These devices typically require 510(k) pre-market notification prior to marketing based on device-specificrequirements described in Refs. 1 and 2.

This article describes the current challengesfaced by both industry and regulators in thepre-clinical assessment of medical imaging display devices. In this context, it may beuseful to provide a technical framework forfuture guidelines or guidance documents.From the perspective of the regulatory evalua-tion of displays, there is sometimes a trade-offbetween the need for sufficient evidence thatallows performance comparisons with previ-ously cleared devices already in the market-place and the need of to establish additionalbenchmarks for next-generation devicesdesigned to improve performance in areaswhere current devices are weak.

Efforts to document pre-clinical perfor-mance serve two purposes. First, comprehen-sive and appropriate pre-clinical testing ofdevices can minimize the need for more bur-densome clinical evidence in support of thesponsor’s claim. Second, the pre-clinical evidence sets quantifiable and reproducibleperformance levels that are benchmarks fornew technology. A discussion of the least-burdensome requirements for regulatoryreview has to be framed by an analysis of therelevance of each test with respect to the clinical tasks to be performed with the device.

Evidence Supporting a Submission It is useful to define three types of pre-clinicalevidence to be considered while evaluatingmedical display devices: (a) description ofthe hardware components of the display system, (b) pre-clinical performance tests thatrelate to the quality of the image display, and (c) supplemental characterization tests.Supplemental information on physical charac-teristics can be used to provide additional evidence in support of a particular display feature or to minimize the need for more com-prehensive clinical evidence.

Technological Characteristics of theDisplay System. The list provided in thissection might serve as a template for thedescription of the software and hardwarecomponents of the display system. Sometechnological descriptors of the display device(e.g., an LCD panel with a TFT active-matrixarray with fluorescent backlight) are alsoincluded to facilitate comparisons withpreviously cleared devices. Some of these

components might not be present in allmedical display products.

The most relevant characteristics todescribe include:

• Technology: Description of the techno-logical characteristics of the displaydevice (e.g., LCD panel with TFT active-matrix array with fluorescent backlight).

• Screen size: Physical size of the view-able area in diagonal and aspect ratio.

• Emissive phosphor type (CRT only):Description of the type of cathodo-luminescent phosphor material used inthe cathode-ray tube (CRT) and its principal characteristics if not a knownphosphor.

• Backlight type (transmissive displaysonly): Detailed description of the back-light type and, if substantially differentfrom predicate devices, main propertiesincluding temporal and spectral charac-terization.

• Pixel array, pitch, subpixel pattern:Description of the pixel array includingpixel size, pixel pitch, and subpixel pattern (e.g., chevron, RGBW).

• Subpixel driving (spatial and temporaldithering): Are the subpixels used toimprove gray-scale or temporal resolution?

• Video bandwidth: Capabilities of theinformation transfer pipeline between theimage source and the digital driving levels in all associated componentsincluding the CPU, the GPU, and theconnectors.

• On-screen user controls: Control knobsavailable for end users that relate to thedisplay image quality (brightness andcontrast controls, power saving options,etc.).

• Ambient light sensing: Method, instru-mentation, and software tool description.

• Touch-screen technology: Method andfunctionality. Does it require calibrationand periodic re-tuning?

• Luminance calibration tools: Descrip-tion of the sensor hardware and associ-ated software for performing luminancecalibration. This also includes, if appli-cable, details about the user-level proce-dures, service-action tolerances, and centralized automatic calibration tools.

• Quality-control procedures: Frequencyand nature of quality-control tests to beperformed by the user and/or the hospitalphysicist with associated action limits. A

detailed QC manual should be includedfor regulatory review.

Pre-Clinical Tests: This section presents alist of pre-clinical, or physical, measurements useful for defining the performance character-istics of a medical display product. For all ofthese tests, there exist several methodologiesthat have been described in the literature, in professional guidelines3 and recommenda-tions,4 or in standards.5 The most relevantpre-clinical tests include:

• Maximum and minimum luminance(achievable and recommended):Measurements of the maximum and min-imum luminance that the device outputsas used in the application under recom-mended conditions and the achievablevalues if the device is set to expand therange to the limit.

• Gray-scale resolution: Technique toconvert image values to digital drivinglevels for achieving some degree of control over the transformation and measurements of the obtained 256 gray-scale resolution.

• Conformance to a gray-scale function(e.g., DICOM GSDF): Measurements ofthe intrinsic and calibrated mappingbetween image values and the luminanceoutput following a target model response.

• Luminance at 30° and 45° in diagonal,horizontal, and vertical directions atcenter and edge spots: Measurements of the luminance response at off-normalviewing related to the target model forthe luminance response.

• Geometrical distortion: Measurementsof the geometrical distortion introducedby the display device.

• Luminance uniformity or Mura test:Measurements of the uniformity of theluminance across the display screen.

• Bidirectional reflection distributionfunction: Measurements of the reflec-tion coefficients of the display device.Specular and diffuse coefficients can beused as surrogates for the full bidirec-tional reflection distribution function.

• Pixel fill factor: Measurements of theactive pixel area typically referred to asthe pixel fill factor. Since fill factormight vary with luminance, data at several points in the luminance range areindicated. Small fill factors add anunwanted, deterministic pattern to theimage.




Table 1: Display descriptions, pre-clinical tests, and physical characterization tests for the regulatory review of medical imagingdisplay products are shown here in chart form.

Modality displays Displays for FFDM [2] Mobile displays (modality) True-color modalities 3D displays

Display system description: hardware components of the display system

Technology Same as modality plus: Same as modality plus: Same as modality plus: Same as modality plus:

Screen size Backlight modulation Brightness adjustment range Pixel driving for color 3D technology

Backlight type Pixel dithering techniques Color calibration tools Eye wear

Pixel array, pitch and pattern Client-server architecture Method of color management

Sub-pixel driving techniques Hardware requirements

Video bandwidth

On-screen controls

Ambient light sensing

Touch screen technology

Luminance calibration tools

QC procedures

Pre-clinical characterization metrics related to image quality

Luminance range Same as modality plus: Same as modality plus: Same as modality plus: Same as modality plus:

Grayscale conformance Grayscale resolution Angular color response Color coordinates of primaries 3D luminance response

Angular luminance Bidirectional reflectivity White point and white balance 3D luminance uniformity

Luminance uniformity Resistance to fingerprints Luminance of primaries Angular and tilt response

Bidirectional reflectivity Communication latency Additivity of primaries 3D luminance crosstalk

Pixel fill factor Performance and other apps Viewing freedom

Pixel defects (count and map) Optimal viewing distance

Spatial resolution

Spatial noise

Veiling glare (small-spot contrast)

Chromaticity

Rise and fall time constants

Supplemental physical characterization tests

Bidirectional reflection Gray-to-gray time constants Same as modality plus: Same as modality plus: Same as modality plus:

Pixel fill factor Luminance stability Interactions with network Angular color response 3D angular crosstalk

Pixel defects (count and map) Power manager interactions 3D color uniformity

Veiling glare (small-spot) Interactions with other apps

Chromaticity Exemption handling

Spatial resolution Fingerprints and image quality

Spatial noise Latency of image delivery

Backlight modulation

Rise and fall time constants

Luminance stability

• Pixel defects (count and map): Measure-ments (counts) and location of pixel defects. This is typically provided as a tolerance limit. Pixel defects can interfere with the visibility of small details in medical images.

• Veiling glare or small-spot contrast:Measurements of the contrast obtainedfor small targets.

• Chromaticity at 5, 50, and 95% of maxi-mum luminance and its variation acrossthe screen or within screens for 205multi-head displays: Measurements ofthe color at different luminance levels asindicated (at minimum) by the colorcoordinates in an appropriate units system (u’v’, CIELAB) and its variabilityacross points in the screen.

• Spatial resolution: Measurements of thetransfer of information from the imagedata to the luminance fields at differentspatial frequencies of interest or byreporting the modulation transfer func-tion. Non-isotropic resolution propertiesneed to be characterized properly by providing two-dimensional measure-ments or measurements along two axes.

• Spatial noise: Measurements of the spatial noise level as represented by thenoise power spectrum using an appropri-ate ratio of camera and display pixels.Spatial noise and resolution (see previousitem) affect the way images are presentedto the viewer and can alter features thatare relevant to the interpretation processof the physician or radiologist.

• Frame rate and temporal/spatial back-light modulation techniques: Measure-ments of the temporal and spatial modu-lation of the backlight component.

• Rise and fall time constants for 5–95%and 40–60% luminance transitions:Measurements of the temporal behaviorof the display in responding to changesin image values from frame to frame.Since these transitions are typically notsymmetric, rise and fall time constantsare needed to characterize the system.Slow displays can alter details and con-trast of the image when large imagestacks are browsed or in video mode.

• Stability of luminance response withtemperature and lifetime: Measure-ments of the change in luminanceresponse with temperature and use time for a subset of the measured data in previous items.

Table 1 presents a general summary of howthese tests might apply to products under different categories.

The table also includes a tentative list of pre-clinical tests that might be used in sup-port of novel application areas such as three-dimensional breast imaging, true-color modal-ities, and mobile displays, which are reviewedin the companion article in this issue of Information Display.

Displays are integral parts of medical imag-ing systems. Their assessment and characteri-zation need to balance the impact on publichealth with practical and meaningfulapproaches to demonstrate their safety andeffectiveness. Creating an assessment frame-work upfront is especially important as dis-plays continue to evolve extremely rapidly.

NoteThe mention of commercial products herein isnot to be construed as either an actual orimplied endorsement of such products by theDepartment of Health and Human Services.This is a contribution of the Food and DrugAdministration and is not subject to copyright.

References 1Guidance for the Submission of PremarketNotifications for Medical Image ManagementDevices, Tech. Rep. (November 2000); http:// www.fda.gov/ MedicalDevices/DeviceRegulationandGuidance/GuidanceDocuments/ucm073720.htm 2Guidance for Industry and FDA Staff: ClassII Special Controls Guidance Document: FullField Digital Mammography System, Techni-cal Report (November 2010); http://www.fda.gov/MedicalDevices/DeviceRegulationandGuidance/GuidanceDocuments/ucm107552.htm3E. Siegel, E. Krupinski, E. Samei, M. Flynn,K. Andriole, B. Erickson, J. Thomas, A.Badano, J. A. Seibert, and E. D. Pisano, “Digital mammography image quality: imagedisplay,” J. Am. Coll. Radiol. 3 (8), 615–627(2006).4E. Samei, A. Badano, D. Chakraborty, K. Compton, C. Cornelius, K. Corrigan, M. J.Flynn, B. Hemminger, N. Hangiandreou, J. Johnson, M. Moxley, W. Pavlicek, H. Roehrig, L. Rutz, J. Shepard, R. Uzenoff,J. Wang, and C. Willis, “Assessment of display performance for medical imaging systems,” Draft Report of the American Association of Physicists in Medicine

(AAPM) Task Group 18, Technical Report,AAPM (October 2002).5International Electrotechnical Commission,IEC62563-1. Medical electrical equipment -Medical image display systems – Part 1: Evaluation methods. ■


VISIT INFORMATION

DISPLAY ON-LINEwww.informationdisplay.org

EuroDisplay2011

31st International

Display Research

Conference

(IDRC ’11)

September 19–22, 2011

Bordeaux-Arcachon,

France

Submit Your News ReleasesPlease send all press releases and new productannouncements to:

Jenny DonelanInformation Display Magazine411 Lafayette Street, Suite 201

New York, NY 10003Fax: 212.460.5460

e-mail: [email protected]

http://www.fda.gov/MedicalDevices/DeviceRegulationsandGuidance/GuidanceDocuments/ucm073720.htm

http://www.fda.gov/MedicalDevices/DeviceRegulationandGuidance/GuidanceDocuments/ucm107552.htm



THERE ARE LITERALLY DOZENS of ways to connect an image source to a display. All of the most familiar connectionsinvolve running a cable from the one to theother. Now, after years of promise, a numberof wireless solutions are maturing that canactually meet the needs of users. As “displaypeople,” we may not be paying much attentionto what is going on with these wireless inter-faces – which is precisely why an article onthis topic seemed like a good idea. I thinkreaders will find there is a lot more going onand providing a higher level of performancethan might be imagined.

In the computer world, the classic VGA cable or the somewhat newer but still venerable DVI cable are perhaps the most familiar con-nections. In the video world, there are oldercomposite and component connections and HDMI, the new kid on the block who is rapidly becoming the elephant in the room. HDMI is expanding its reach beyond television applications into computer displays as well.

Looking at my desk while I write this article, I see my computer monitor and keyboard and… wires: a VGA cable, at least seven USBcables, a phone cable, and power cords. Atleast I use Wi-Fi so I am not burdened by anetwork cable at home. Is there some way toget rid of this clutter and do it wirelessly?

The answer is yes, especially for video anddata. Sometimes wireless connectivity caneven include power, as is familiar to anyonewho has a wireless-handset charging station.

Fujitsu demonstrated a complete wirelessdesktop at CeBIT 2011, which used UWB forvideo and data. The power was inductivelycoupled into the monitor inductively usingSUPA™ technology, as shown in Fig. 1.

The solutions are not simple, however. Partof the problem is not that there are no wireless display connectivity solutions but that there are too many of them. The four standards with the

most industry support are two in the 5-GHz band: Wi-Fi, including Intel’s WiDi variation on it and WHDI; plus two more in the 60-GHz band, WirelessHD and WiGig. These standards arediscussed briefly in the following sections.

Wi-FiWi-Fi is a trademark of the Wi-Fi Alliance(http://wi-fi.org/) for products based on the

Display Interfaces Go Wireless

The question is not whether display interfaces will become wireless but how. The sheer number of standards makes that difficult to determine.

by Matthew Brennesholtz

Matthew Brennesholtz is an analyst withInsight Media. He can be reached at [email protected].


display marketplace

Fig. 1: Fujitsu demonstrated a complete wireless desktop, including monitor power, at CeBIT2011 using UWB/Wireless USB for video and data. Photo Credit: Robert Hollingsworth, SVPof SMSC.

http://wi-fi.org/


IEEE 802.11 standard that the Wi-Fi Alliancehas certified as interoperable, allowing equip-ment from different suppliers to reliably talkto each other. Other products based on IEEE802.11 may be interoperable with Wi-Fidevices, but the Wi-Fi Alliance does not certify them or allow them to use the “Wi-Fi”word or logo. Wi-Fi operates in the 5-GHzRF band and is nearly universal in mobilecomputers.

Intel has developed a way to use Wi-Fi toconnect laptop and desktop computers to displays, calling its approach WiDi (Wireless-Display). This proprietary system uses thenormal Wi-Fi interface with video compres-sion, employing Intel chips to fit the HD signal into the Wi-Fi bandwidth.

WHDIWireless Home Digital Interface (WHDI) is awireless protocol specifically designed tostream uncompressed video, including HDvideo. It is championed by the WHDI Con-sortium (http://www.whdi.org/WHDISIG/)and has wide support among HDTV manu-facturers, including Haier, Hitachi, LG, Mitsubishi, Samsung, Sharp, Sony, andToshiba. It also has strong support amongcomponent suppliers, including Amimon,Maxim, Motorola, and, presumably, the chip-making divisions of the standard’s HDTVsupporters.

WHDI technology is said to enable wirelessdelivery of uncompressed HDTV throughoutthe home with video rates of up to 3 Gbps,sufficient for uncompressed 1080p, in the 5-GHz unlicensed band, with the same qualityas a wired connection and no latency. WHDIis specifically designed to wirelessly connectmultiple devices throughout the home.Because of the need to penetrate walls, ceil-ings, etc., to meet this design goal, WHDIworks in the same 5-GHz frequency band asWi-Fi or WiDi.

Because WHDI and Wi-Fi use very similartechnology in the 5-GHz frequency range, it ispossible to build a single chip that integratesboth WHDI and Wi-Fi, although to myknowledge, this has not been done yet. TheWHDI consortium says that a combinedWHDI/Wi-Fi chip would not cost much morethan a Wi-Fi-only chip. In addition, softwaresolutions are available that allow the WHDIprotocol to be used over ordinary Wi-Fi connections.

WHDI 2.0 is scheduled for release in Q4 ’11. This upgrade is expected to havethree key improvements:

• Support for ultra-high-resolution video(4K × 2K pixels).

• WHDI/Wi-Fi integration and same channel co-existence.

• Mobile device integration.

60 GHz 60-GHz wireless technology has been adoptedby two different consortia interested in wire-less video connections, the WirelessHD Consortium (www.wirelesshd.org) and theWireless Gigabit Alliance (WiGig)(www.wirelessgigabitalliance.org). Both con-sortia’s technology is discussed further below.60-GHz technology is in the early stages ofadoption and, when fully implemented, isexpected to be available worldwide.

The 60-GHz spectrum is unlicensed and isused for other things besides wireless videoconnectivity, just as the 5-GHz spectrum isunlicensed and used for more than Wi-Fi.Some of the applications that can benefit fromuse of the 60-GHz spectrum include wirelessHDTV; wireless laptop docking stations;extremely fast downloading of files via wire-less gigabit Ethernet, wireless USB 2.0, 3.0,or other non-video connectivity protocols;wireless telecommunications backhauls; etc.

Bandwidth in the 60-GHz spectrum in multiple countries/regions has been allocated


Table 1: 60-GHz bandwidth allocationsfor indoor use vary somewhat from

region to region. All regions, at a mini-mum, cover the 59–64-GHz range.

Allocated Country/Region Bandwidth (GHz)

North America 57–64

South Korea 57–64

Japan 59–66

EU 57–66

Australia 57–66

New Zealand 59–64

Brazil 57–64

China 59–64

South Africa 59–64

Source: Insight Media

Blu-ray Player

Coordinator and Stations use Low-Rate PHY (LRP) signal to manage the WVAN.

Station #2

Coordinator

Coordinator and Stations use High-Rate PHY (HRP) signal to deliver lossless HD

video and audio from Station to Coordinator for display.

Station #1DVR

Fig. 2: This WirelessHD configuration is a Wireless Video Area Network (WVAN) that is usingthe HDTV as the coordinating component. Source: Wireless HD Consortium.

http://www.whdi.org/WHDISIG/

http://www.wirelesshd.org

http://www.wirelessgigabitalliance.org

for use by mobile computing systems. Theallocated bandwidths do not completely overlap, as shown in Table 1, although the59–64-GHz band is common to all nationsand regions. Note that these specifications arefor indoor use and some countries have a narrower spectrum allocated for outdoor use.

60-GHz technology is fundamentallyshorter range than the 5-GHz technology usedby Wi-Fi and WHDI. It also does not pene-trate walls. These two properties make 60-GHz technology a suitable approach topoint-to-point connection; for example, theconnection of a video source such as a handsetto a local display such as a pico-projector ormicro-projector.

WirelessHD is a 60-GHz technology basedon the IEEE 802.15.3c specification. Version1.0 of the WirelessHD specification waslaunched on January 3, 2008, and the compan-

ion WirelessHD Compliance Test Specifica-tion version 1.0 was launched on January 7,2009. WirelessHD has a long list of sponsors,supporters, and adopters, including Intel,which also supports (and likely prefers) WiDi.Multiple companies that support WirelessHDalso support WHDI. These include LG, Samsung, Sharp, Sony, Toshiba, and others.The specification includes provisions for universal remote control of all WirelessHDcompliant devices. While the specification isprimarily for the transmission of video andaudio, including content protection, it can alsosupport data transfer.

An example of a WirelessHD network isshown in Fig. 2. Note that in any WirelessHDnetwork, there is one component, in this casethe HDTV that acts as coordinator for the network. All members of the network havelow-bandwidth bidirectional contact with all

other members of the network. Some mem-bers of the network also have high-bandwidthunidirectional links. In this example, both theDVR and the Blu-ray player can deliver high-bandwidth content (i.e., HD video, audio, andcopy protection) to the HDTV display. Cur-rently, WirelessHD-equipped HDTV systemsare available from LG, Panasonic, and Sony.

WiGig is a different application of 60-GHztechnology that is based on the same IEEE802.11 protocol as Wi-Fi. Therefore, WiGigcan be thought of Wi-Fi with a higher band-width in a different RF frequency band. Thiscompatibility allowed the WiGig Alliance andWi-Fi Alliance to establish a cooperationagreement in May 2010 to share technologyspecifications for the development of the next-generation Wi-Fi Alliance certification program. This agreement further encouragesthe development of products supporting


display marketplace

Fig. 3: The WiGig Alliance has proposed usage models for wireless displays and other connectivity configurations. Image courtesy WiGigAlliance.


Table 2: The various wireless formats have their advantages and disadvantages.

Technology Advantages Disadvantages

Suited for Video Rate Applications

WHDI • WHDI is the most common wireless video streaming • Long range (hundreds of feet) may cause interferenceformat. problems in busy Wi-Fi areas such as trade shows.

• Will stream HD video without compression or latency. • Limited to 23 channels.• Low-power modes for mobile, battery-powered devices.• Includes HDCP support.

60GHz • Limited range and line-of-sight appropriate for mobile • Antennas are highly directional.host/display connectivity.

• Higher bandwidth than Wi-Fi and WHDI, which are • At least two incompatible implementations, WirelessHDbased on 5-GHz RF. and WiGig.

• Wider bandwidth will allow more end-users to share • Slightly different regions of the 60-GHz RF spectrum are a channel. allocated in different countries

Proprietary • Simplifies product planning by removing uncertainties • Company pursuing this path would need to have consid-Standards on the format definition. erable market power.

• Consumer would (probably) be limited to a single brand of handset.

• Only Apple and Intel may have the marketing power to use a proprietary standard.

Possibly Suited for Video Rate Connections

Bluetooth 2.1+ • Expected to be the default Bluetooth standard for future • An emerging format and not yet universally adoptedEDR, handset productsBluetooth 3.0 • Not all 2.1 products include EDR

• Potentially suited to connect portable sources such as handsets to portable displays such as pico projectors

Wi-Fi • Used by most laptop and tablet computers and many • Wi-Fi cannot accommodate HD video without compres-smartphone handsets sion

• Implemented as WiDi by Intel • Relatively long range causes interference problems inbusy Wi-Fi areas such as trade shows

UWB/Wireless • Compatible with USB 2.0 • No major companies behind this technology and pushing itUSB • May have interference between multiple UWB users

• May cause interference with non-UWB equipment

Unsuited for Video Rate Connections

WiMAX • TBD • Effectively dead• Long-range communication protocol not suited for

connecting nearby host and display.

Bluetooth 1.2 • Near-universal use in smart phone handsets • Insufficient bit rate for video• Designed for mobile environments

Bluetooth 2.0 • Based on and backward-compatible with Bluetooth 1.2 • While nearly 3x the data rate of Bluetooth 1.2, stillmarginal for video

Near Field • Short range and secure • Low data rates do not allow current versions to be usedCommunication with video.

ZigBee • Low power • Intended for control applications and has insufficientbandwidth for video.

Source: Insight Media

60-GHz technology to expand existing Wi-Ficapabilities (Fig. 3).

In addition to working with the Wi-Fialliance, WiGig is working with the VideoElectronics Standards Association (VESA).In November 2010, VESA and WiGigannounced that “VESA and the WiGigAlliance will share technology expertise andspecifications to develop multi-gigabit wire-less DisplayPort capabilities. A certificationprogram for wireless DisplayPort productswill be developed in parallel.”

WiGig is intended to cover all devices thatneed a wireless link. According to the WiGigFAQ, “The WiGig specification was designedfrom inception to address the rigorous require-ments of various platforms, including low-power handhelds and battery-operated CEdevices. To be more specific, the WiGig specification will include a high-efficiencyphysical-layer mode for mobile devices, witherror-control schemes and MAC-layer features that are optimized for energy efficiency.”

Proprietary InterfacesOne possible scenario for mobile video con-nectivity is for a company with a strong posi-tion in the mobile handset market and a desireto establish a foot-hold in the mobile projectormarket to establish a proprietary wireless standard. Apple did this in the wired videomarket with the video output on the iPhoneand iPod. This has been a profitable path forApple and there are many companies buildingproducts with iPod docks and paying Apple aroyalty on each one. Apple does not licensethe connector for output: if you want to usethe iPod dock on your projector, externalspeakers, or other system, you must own anApple iPod or other Apple product, not a similar device from an Apple competitor.Another possible scenario is for a chip makerto provide a complete range of support chipsfor a proprietary interface. Intel is trying todo this with its WiDi system, as discussed.

The technology to pursue this proprietarystrategy exists. Probably the strategy wouldtake the form of a minor variation on one ofthe non-proprietary standards, just as the iPodconnector, from a video point of view, is aminor variation on composite video.

The proprietary strategy would overcomethe video-format compatibility issues inherentin the use of a non-proprietary wireless datatransfer protocol. If Apple or some other

company chose to pursue this strategy, therelikely would be no advance notice: Apple (at amajor media event) would simply announceits products, which would include at least onewireless-equipped iPhone or iPad and a com-patible wireless equipped projector or otherexternal display system (iProjector?). LG,Samsung, and a (small) handful of majorhandset manufacturers possibly could alsopursue this proprietary path. LG and Samsung’s announced support of standardprotocols makes it unlikely they will introduceproprietary systems, however.

Wireless Connectivity SummaryTable 2 shows a summary of the various wire-less standards. For completeness, this tableincludes wireless standards that are clearly notsuited for video-rate connection between avideo source and a display. In the future, it islikely that mobile devices will have more thanone wireless protocol, intended for differentpurposes. For example, it is not difficult toimagine a next-generation tablet computerhaving Wi-Fi, 3G, or 4G connectivity forInternet access; 60 GHz for display connectivity;Bluetooth for headset, keyboard, or mouseconnectivity; and near-field communications (NFC) to make the handset a virtual debit card.

What can be concluded from all this? First,wireless connectivity between video sourcesand video displays is coming. In fact, it is notonly coming, but has already arrived in somecases. Second, there are at least four stan-dards with major corporate support that allowwireless video connectivity at HD data rates.These include WiDi and WirelessHD in the 5-GHz band and WHDI and WiGig in the 60-GHz band. WHDI and WiDi are bothlonger range. Unfortunately, they are in thealready crowded 5-GHz band with Wi-Fi.WirelessHD and WiGig are both in the newer60-GHz band and are intended for short-rangeconnections.

I suspect in the long run there will be one60-GHz and one 5-GHz video communica-tions protocol. At this point, I refuse to guessas to which of the two standards in each RFband will be winners and which will be losers,but it would behoove display makers to followthe market carefully in order to ensure compatibility down the line. ■

display marketplace


New Reports!

2011 3D HDTVS WITH PASSIVE

POLARIZED GLASSES REPORT

A Report on the Technology, Trends and Forecasts for Passive Polarized 3D in HDTVs

2011 PICO PROJECTOR

PHONE REPORT

A Market & Technology Study covering Embedded Picoprojectors in Mobile Handsets

2011 PICO PROJECTOR

CAMERA REPORT

A Market & Technology Study of Picoprojectors Embedded in Still and Video Cameras

CONTACT: [email protected]

WWW.INSIGHTMEDIA.INFO/yearlyreports.php

THE DISPLAY INDUSTRY’S TRUSTED SOURCE FOR

IN-DEPTH DISPLAY TECHNOLOGY REPORTS

Have you forgotten about this issue?

Log onto informationdisplay.organd click “ID Archive.”

YEAR-END HOT-TOPICS ISSUE

Official Monthly Publication of the Society for Information Display • www.informationdisplay.orgNov./Dec. 2010

Vol. 26, Nos. 11 & 12

Submit Your News ReleasesPlease send all press releases and new productannouncements to:

Jenny Donelan, Information Display Magazine411 Lafayette Street, Suite 201

New York, NY 10003Fax: 212.460.5460 e-mail: [email protected]

For daily display industry news, visit

www.informationdisplay.org2 11 SID International Symposium, Seminar, and

ExhibitionDisplay Week

2 11

Los Angeles, CA

May 15–20, 2 11

SID’s Star Power







http://www.insightmedia.info/yearlyreports.php



http://electronicasia.com

Display Week 2012SID International Symposium,

Seminar & Exhibition

June 3–8, 2012

Boston Convention& Exhibition Center

Boston, Massachusetts, USA

All photos courtesy of the Greater Boston Convention & Visitors Bureau

EuroDisplay2011

31st International

Display Research

Conference

(IDRC ’11)

September 19–22, 2011

Bordeaux-Arcachon,

France

http://www.displaytaiwan.com


Get the Bigger Picture atDisplay Week 2011Parallel conferences provide overview of display industry finance, marketing, and business trends

The Technical Symposium is the heart ofDisplay Week. The products and prototypeson the exhibit floor are the excitement. Andthe parallel conferences help put it all intocontext. Display Week’s Market Focus Conferences, Business Conference, andInvestors Conference provide attendees withunique opportunities to learn more about theoverall display landscape, including its mar-keting and financial trends. Each conferenceis run by experts in the field – analysts andinvestment specialists – who co-host theirrespective events with the Society for Infor-mation Display. Although it can be hard to fitin everything one wants to see and hear duringDisplay Week, attending a market, business,or investors conference is essential in order toemerge from Display Week with a competi-tive edge. This information simply is notavailable anywhere else.

Market Focus ConferencesThe Market Focus Conferences successfullydebuted last year and will once again be heldin conjunction with Display Week and in collaboration with IMS Research. The threeconferences will focus on critical market-development issues in each of three technol-ogy areas: touch, green displays, and e-Books/tablets.

The “Innovations in the Touch” conferenceprovides an international forum for seniorexecutives, technical managers, and marketingpersonnel from leading companies involved intouch technology to meet with other industryplayers and examine the market potential,technical barriers, and new opportunities ofnext-generation touch and interactivity.

With increasing legislation and environ-mental awareness, the need for low-powerdisplays has become greater than ever. The“Green Displays” Conference will look atissues such as green-display legislation and itsimpact on display manufacturers, the transi-tion to LED-backlit displays to reduce powerconsumption, semiconductor initiatives thatreduce power consumption, innovations infully recyclable displays with non-toxic com-ponents, and new technologies for reducingpower consumption.

The “eBook/Tablet Market Evolution” conference will address the ramifications ofthe rapid growth of the Amazon Kindle andthe Apple iPad, which represent two of thefastest growing markets in displays. Willthese markets remain distinct or will they collide? This conference will examine theoutlook for each of these markets and howtheir displays are likely to evolve, in terms ofsize, form factor, and much more. For moreinformation, http://65.38.182.180/Programs/MarketFocusConferences.aspx

Business Conference DisplaySearch will once again organize theBusiness Conference to be held during Display Week. This year’s conference willfeature presentations from top executives ofleading companies throughout the displaysupply chain. The sessions will be anchoredby DisplaySearch analysts who will also pre-sent in-depth market and technology analysis,with their latest forecasts.

Sessions include:• Economic Issues and Consumer Trends:

What is the outlook for the global econ-omy, and which are the fast- and slow-growing regions?

• Equipment and Manufacturing: What isthe state of the art in flat-panel manufac-turing equipment, materials, and manu-facturing processes?

• Panel Production and Technology,including Regional Trends: How rapidlywill panel production grow in China?Which regions will lose market share asChina gains?

• Set-Making and Applications: How arethe value chains for TVs, monitors, andnotebook PCs, mobile devices, and otherdisplay systems shifting? How aredevices such as e-book readers and tabletPCs changing demand?

• Emerging Technologies and Applications:What are the most promising new display

NNEEWWSSSSoocciieettyy ffoorrIInnffoorrmmaattiioonn

DDiissppllaayy


http://65.38.182.180/Programs/MarketFocusConferences.aspx

http://www.ocularlcd.com


technologies? How is TFT-LCD tech-nology improving to meet the challengeof other technologies such as OLED andreflective technologies?

For further updates visit http://65.38.182.180/Programs/BusinessConference.aspx

Investors ConferenceThe Investors Conference is co-sponsored byCowen & Co., LLC, a securities and invest-ment banking firm. The conference will feature company presentations from leading public and private display companies and isintended to appeal primarily to securities analysts, portfolio managers, investors, M&Aspecialists, and display company executives.For further updates visit www.cowen.com

For information about fees and registrationfor the conferences, and about the rest of Dis-play Week 2011, visit www.sid2011.org. ■

2 11 SID International Symposium, Seminar, and

Exhibition

Display Week2 11

Los Angeles, California

May 15–20, 2 11

SID’s Star Power



http://65.38.182.180/Programs/BusinessConference.aspx

http://www.cowen.com


http://www.europtecusa.com


There are many philosophical issues to contemplate here, but I will address the com-mercial side; in particular, the business of displays. Despite the severity of what hastaken place in Japan, it appears that the dis-play industry may escape this one with onlyminor economic impact. Most of the majorLCD manufacturing facilities in the countryare located more to the south, and their facto-ries were not apparently damaged, though wedo know that Sony as well as others have sus-pended some production temporarily becauseof component shortages. There was sometouch-screen manufacturing in the area aroundFukushima that is likely shut down perma-nently. Other reports say that certain chemi-cals used in coatings came from that area andwill be in limited supply indefinitely, andthere is some OLED-material production aswell that has been disrupted. Fortunately,there are other sources for these materials.

In many cases, we will likely see short-term disruptions due to infrastructure andpower outages rather than directly due to factory damage. There has been some hoard-ing, with shortages of LCD panels, in the U.S.distribution channels that may or may nothave resulted from anything more than specu-lation, but all in all I think the display industrydodged the big bullet – this time. That shouldnot, however, reduce our sense of urgency forbetter disaster planning. If this event had happened in a different region of Japan, or incertain parts of other countries like Taiwan,Korea, or China, the economic impact to displays might have been crippling.

Thinking about all this has helped me torealize that our display industry worldwide isvery vulnerable to large-scale natural andman-made events, and therefore so is the restof the electronics industry. There are so manyconsumer and industrial products today thatrely on displays that any disruption in the supply of display modules could have a verylarge economic ripple effect. Roughly half ofall large-area TFT-LCD panels are producedon the Korean peninsula, with the other halfcoming from Taiwan, China, Japan, andneighboring countries. The entire Pacific rimis a region rich in plate tectonic activity andvolcanic instability that has earned the name“Ring of Fire.” Multiple sources confirm thatthe majority of the world’s largest magnitudeearthquakes occur along this ring, whichforms a horseshoe extending roughly fromNew Zealand up past Japan, across the

Aleutian Islands in Alaska, down along theU.S. west coast, and all the way to the bottomtip of South America. The world’s electronics,and in particular displays, from raw materialsand chemicals up to finished monitors, TVs,notebooks, handheld devices, and countlessother display-enabled products, are manufac-tured in factories near this ring. It seems self-evident that any future large-scale naturalevent along this line could have a dreadfulimpact on the world’s electronics economy.

This is why the industry must cometogether to develop real long-term compre-hensive disaster prevention plans. Many com-panies have internal disaster recovery plans,but they generally do not address situationswhere entire geographic regions or completesupply chains are wiped out. The displayindustry needs a broad-based redundantcapacity recovery plan that spans multiplecontinents and addresses recovery of theentire supply chain. It will not be easybecause some of the most obvious things suchas redundant manufacturing in multiple locations, and larger inventory reserves, arevery expensive to implement. It wouldrequire that normally highly competitive andsecretive companies must work together inways to which they are not accustomed. Government is not the answer this timebecause no one country or even one politicalsystem controls the industry. Neither canmajor consuming customers such as cell-phone makers or notebook manufacturersdrive this on their own, though they can makesecond sourcing and disaster planning a keypart of their supply-chain acquisition strategy.

For this to really happen, it will require allthe major players (and you know who youare) to take a very high-level view together ofthe entire landscape and decide for yourselvesthat you will never allow a large-scale naturaldisaster to cripple the rest of the industry. An extraordinary number of people rely ondisplays and electronics for their very economic survival. I think we are obligatedas stewards of the display industry we havebuilt to heed the warnings delivered to us bythe Sendai earthquake, if not for ourselves, forthe generations to come after us.

Returning to the “issue” at hand, let mewelcome you to the 2011 SID Preview andHonors & Awards issue of Information Display. I have said this many times before,but it bears repeating, that while the discover-ies and achievements being recognized

through this years honorees may seem likeovernight successes, they are the culminationof each person’s lifetime of hard work andexperience. As managing editor JennyDonelan explains in her cover story, whilethere may have been some serendipityinvolved in their individual circumstances, itwas their skills, insight, and a lifetime of hardwork that closed the deal. I hope you will joinus in celebrating this year’s SID Honors &Awards recipients.

This was a busy month for Jenny becausenot only did she chronicle the Honors andAwards, she also contributed this month’sannual Symposium Preview of the key papersto be presented at Display Week 2011 in LosAngeles this May. The annual Symposium isthe heart and soul of SID and the place wherethe very latest cutting-edge developments getrevealed. Reading the preview, I’m sure youwill see that the variety and depth of innova-tion in all the different aspects of display technology is as strong as it has ever been.For me this is one of the best leading indica-tors of a healthy economic recovery!

Our Guest Editor for this month is Dr. AldoBadano from the Center for Devices andRadiological Health, FDA, in Silver Spring,Maryland. Aldo not only took up the mantleof updating us on the field of medical dis-plays, he also co-authored two of the threetechnology features we have this month, andwe are very grateful for his tireless efforts onthe behalf of ID. In the first feature, authorsAldo Badano and Wei-Chung Cheng discussseveral very interesting “Emerging Topics inMedical Displays,” including the potential andchallenges of using mobile displays for sometypes of diagnostics, and the growing interestin 3-D displays and images to aid betterbreast-cancer detection. In the second feature,the same authors provide us with an overviewof the challenges associated with pre-clinical,regulatory assessment of display systems usedfor viewing and interpreting medical images.As you will read, it is no small feat to gain thenecessary data for eventual regulatoryapproval of a new display system for medicaldiagnostic use and the authors give us com-prehensive insight into those issues.

Multiple-primary displays, those havingmore than just the traditional red-green-bluecolor components, have long been a topic ofdiscussion and in some cases have resulted ininnovative commercial offerings such as flat-panel TVs and projection systems. In this


continued from page 2

eeddiittoorriiaall

feature, “Multiprimary-Color Displays andTheir Evaluation Methods,” author ProfessorMasahiro Yamaguchi (Global Scientific Information and Computing Center at TokyoInstitute of Technology), using an examplesix-primary display, describes the complextechnology of multiprimary systems, theiradvantages for medical applications, and themethodology of evaluating their performance.

Turning to the marketplace, we welcomeagain author Matthew Brennesholtz, who incidentally published a two-part article in IDin September and October of 2006 on the science of color gamuts. These articles pro-vide some good background understanding ofthe color-space discussions in Professor Yamaguchi’s feature. This month in his article titled “Display Interfaces Go Wireless,” Matt takes up the challenge of summarizingthe growing competitive space for wirelessdisplay interface standards and how they com-pare to each other in performance and futurepotential. This is a comprehensive survey thatcontains a lot of valuable information. I hopeyou will be able to use it as a reference in thenext few years. You may even be able tomake some smart feature or product platformdecisions based on this data. I’m sure we’llbe able to persuade Matt to keep us updatedfrom time to time, but don’t forget where yousave this article when you are done with it!You’ll need it again for reference, no doubt.

Remember, you can always find this issueand every other recent past issue of ID onlineat www.informationdisplay.org. And withthat, I wish you well and look forward to seeing everyone in Los Angeles in May. ■


VISIT INFORMATION

DISPLAY ON-LINEFor daily display

industry newswww.informationdisplay.org




http://www.dontech.com

Society for Information Display 1475 S. Bascom Ave., Suite 114 Campbell, CA 95008 USA P 1-408-879-3901 • F 1-408-879-3833 [email protected] • www.sid.org

Individual Membership Join on-line at www.sid.org/membership or via this form.

I am a new member Please renew my membership _______________________

SID member number

Annual membership includes FREE on-line access to the SID Symposium Digest of Technical papers, Journal of the SID, and Information Display Magazine. Please see the website for bulk membership discounts.

1 Year 2 Years 3 Years

Regular/Associate Member $100 $190 $270

Student Membership $5 $10 $15

JSID Hard Copy Subscription $50 $100 $150

Total: $_______________

Personal Information (Please type, print or attach business card.) Dr. Prof. Mr. Mrs. Ms.

Name: ____________________________________________ (Family name, given names) Title: _________________ Dept/Mail Stop: ______________ Company: _________________________________________ Mailing Address: ____________________________________ ____________________________________ City: _____________________________________________ State/Province: ___________ Postal Code: _____________ Country: __________________________________________ Phone: _________________ Fax: ____________________ E-mail: ____________________________________________

I do not want my personal information released.

Payment Options (Credit card only.) Contact [email protected] for other payment options

MasterCard Visa AMEX Diners JCB

Signature: _________________________________________ Card Number: ______________________________________ Expiration Date: ________________________

Join TodayJOIN SID We invite you to join SID to participate in shaping the future development of

Display technologies and display-related products Materials and components for displays and display

applications Manufacturing processes and equipment New markets and applications

In every specialty you will find SID members as leading contributors to their profession.

MEMBERSHIP BENEFITS Access to Publications

Access to SID’s extensive archive of publications and past conference digests Current and past issues are fully searchable on-line and access is FREE to SID members.

Stay on top of the latest research and advances in displaytechnology developments through the Journal of the SID and Technical Digests from many SID Conferences. These aresearchable and access is FREE to SID members.

Learn through SID’s educational publications, including seminar notes, course notes, and the SID Wiley Book Series. Price discounts are available to SID members.

Stay informed of industry developments and events through Information Display Magazine FREE to SID members.

Participation in Conferences SID members benefit from substantially lower registration fees at key display-industry events.

Display Week: The world’s premier conference and exposition covering all aspects of display technology, applications, and services.

International Display Research Conference (IDRC) International Display Workshops (IDW) International Meeting on Information Display (IMID) Many regional conferences, seminars, workshops, and

webinars.

Networking Develop your career and become a vital part of the display community

Over 5,000 members in industry and academia consisting of your prospective colleagues, sponsors, suppliers, customers

and competitors. Chapter activities to network, learn, and serve your local

display community. On-line FREE access to the SID member directory only

available to members. Volunteer opportunities to help shape SID events. Receive recognition through SID professional and

achievement awards. Access to on-line job market.

http://www.sid.org/membership


http://www.sid.org


LettersProjection Displays and Systems

311–312 Scaling rules for pico-projector laser safetyEdward Buckley, Jackson, WY USA

Special Issue on Advances in OLED Displays

Organic Light-Emitting Diodes and Displays (OLEDs)

313–315 Introduction

316–322 An OTFT-driven rollable OLED displayMakoto Noda, Norihito Kobayashi, Mao Katsuhara, Akira Yumoto, Shinichi Ushikura, Ryouichi Yasuda, Nobukazu Hirai, Gen Yukawa, Iwao Yagi, Kazumasa Nomoto, and Tetsuo Urabe, Sony Corp., Japan

323–328 Active-matrix organic light-emitting-diode displays with indium gallium zinc oxide thin-film transistors andnormal, inverted, and transparent organic light-emitting diodesHsing-Hung Hsieh, Tsung-Ting Tsai, Chin-Yu Chang, Shih-Feng Hsu, Ching-Sang Chuang, and Yusin Lin, AU Optronics Corp., Taiwan

329–334 High-speed pixel circuits for large-sized 3-D AMOLED displaysDong-Wook Park, Chul-Kyu Kang, Yong-Sung Park, Bo-Yong Chung, Kyung-Hoon Chung, Keumnam Kim, Byung-Hee Kim, and Sang-Soo Kim, Samsung Mobile Display Co., Korea

335–341 AMOLED displays with transfer-printed integrated circuitsRonald S. Cok and John W. Hamer, formerly Eastman Kodak Co., USA; Christopher A. Bower, Etienne Menard, and Salvatore Bonafede, Semprius, Inc., USA

342–345 Solution-processable double-layered ionic p-i-n organic light-emitting diodesByoungchoo Park, Yoon Ho Huh, Sang Woo Lee, Woo Tack Han, Yung Jin Park, and In Tae Kim, Kwangwoon University; Jongwoon Park, Korea Institute of Industrial Technology, Korea

346–352 Efficiency enhancement of solution-processed single-layer blue-phosphorescence organic light-emittingdevices having co-host materials of polymer (PVK) and small-molecule (SimCP2)Shun-Wei Liu, Shi-Jay Yeh, Min-Fei Wu, and Chin-Ti Chen, Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taiwan, ROC; Chih-Hsien Yuan and Chih-Chien Lee, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taiwan, ROC

353–359 Hole-rich host materials for blue-phosphorescent OLEDsLelia Cosimbescu, Evgueni Polikarpov, James S. Swensen, Jens T. Darsell, and Asanga B. Padmaperuma, Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, VA USA

360–367 Electrical characterization and modelling of top-emitting PIN-OLEDsGerard Cummins, Ian Underwood, and Anthony Walton, University of Edinburgh, Scotland, UK

SOCIETY FOR

INFORMATION

DISPLAY

SIDSOCIETY FOR INFORMATION DISPLAY

Journal of the

The following papers appear in the April 2011 (Vol. 19/4) issue of JSID.For a preview of the papers go to sid.org/jsid.html.

http://sid.org/jsid.html

Off

icia

l Hou

sing

Req

uest

For

m:

Soci

ety

for

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

(SID

-201

1)

Los

Ang

eles

, Cal

iforn

ia M

ay 1

5 - 2

0, 2

011

All

hote

l req

uest

smus

t be

agre

emen

t. A

gree

men

t may

bacie

dby

aco

mpl

eted

SID

hote

le

fth

the

hote

l rul

es a

nd r

estr

ictio

nco

mpa

nou

ndw

ise

ctio

nof

the

web

site

.

All

hote

lreq

uest

smus

t be

acco

mpa

nen

tmay

hth

eie

dby

aco

mpl

eted

SID

hote

lag

reem

ent.

Agr

eem

befo

und

wit

hote

lrul

esan

dre

stri

ctio

nse

ctio

nof

the

web

site

.

Hot

elSi

ngle

Dou

ble

1) J

W M

arri

ott (

Hea

dqua

rter

Hot

el)

$239

.00

$239

.00

2) W

estin

Bon

aven

ture

Hot

el &

Sui

tes

Wes

tin r

ate

incl

udes

com

plim

enta

ry sh

uttle

serv

ice

to/fr

om th

e co

nven

tion

cent

er, f

ree

high

spee

d in

tern

et, a

nd d

isco

unte

d br

eakf

ast.

$211

.00

$216

.00

14.8

%O

ccu

pa

nc

y a

nd

sale

sta

x n

ot

incl

ud

ed

in r

oo

m r

ate

s(S

ub

ject

to

ch

an

ge

wit

ho

ut

no

tic

e)

SID

HO

US

ING

RU

LE

S A

ND

IMP

OR

TA

NT

DA

TE

SA

pril

8, 2

011

-N

ame

rece

ipt

dead

line

Glo

betr

otte

r m

ust h

ave

rece

ived

the

nam

es o

f the

occ

upan

ts fo

r ea

ch r

oom

rese

rvat

ion.

Nam

e ch

ange

s are

perm

itted

,with

out c

harg

e up

to th

e da

te o

f ch

eck

in. R

oom

res

erva

tions

with

out n

amed

occ

upan

ts w

ill b

eca

ncel

led.

Apr

il 15

, 201

1 -

Firs

t nig

ht

guar

ante

e de

adlin

e

Up

to th

is d

eadl

ine,

res

erva

tions

may

be

canc

elle

dw

ithou

t pen

alty

. R

eser

vatio

ns c

ance

lled

afte

r th

is da

tew

ill c

ause

a m

inim

um o

f one

nig

ht’s

room

and

tax

to b

e ch

arge

d to

the

cred

itca

rdlis

ted

belo

w.

72 h

our

- Ful

lre

serv

atio

ngu

aran

tee

dead

line

Full

orpa

rtia

l can

cella

tions

with

in 7

2 hr

s of c

heck

-in d

ate

will

be

char

ged

a m

ax o

ftw

oni

ghts

(roo

m+t

ax) f

or tw

o or

mor

eca

ncel

edni

ghts

or

one

nigh

tfor

one

can

cele

d ni

ght.

Con

tact

Info

rmat

ion:

Nam

e:__

____

____

____

____

____

____

____

____

____

___

Com

pany

:___

____

____

____

____

____

____

____

____

__

Add

ress

:___

____

____

____

____

____

____

____

____

____

Add

ress

:___

____

____

____

____

____

____

____

____

____

City

____

____

____

____

____

Stat

e___

___Z

IP__

____

___

Cou

ntry

____

____

____

____

____

____

____

____

____

___

Phon

e:__

____

____

____

____

____

____

____

____

____

__

Fax:

____

____

____

____

____

____

____

____

____

____

___

E-M

ail_

____

____

____

____

____

____

____

____

____

___

Exh

ibito

r

Att

ende

e O

ccup

ant I

nfor

mat

ion:

(E

ach

line

repr

esen

ts 1

roo

m u

nles

s oth

erw

ise

spec

ified

)Pr

efer

red

Hot

el C

hoic

e: (1

)___

____

____

__ (2

)___

____

____

__

Smok

ing

Num

ber

of P

eopl

eN

umbe

rof

Bed

s N

ame(

s) o

f Occ

upan

t(s)

Arr

ival

Dat

eD

epar

ture

Dat

e

I u

nder

stan

d th

e te

rmsa

nd c

ondi

tions

of th

e SI

D H

ousi

ngR

ules

and

Impo

rtan

tDat

esan

dhe

reby

auth

oriz

eth

ecr

edit

card

bel

ow to

be

char

ged

for

any

depo

sits

and

or c

ance

llatio

n ch

arge

s.*

**V

alid

Cre

dit C

ard

with

exp

irat

ion

date

thro

ugh

7/20

11 r

equi

red.

*C

redi

t Car

d N

umbe

r:__

____

____

____

____

____

____

__

**E

xp D

ate:

____

____

__*C

ardh

olde

r’s N

ame:

____

____

____

____

____

____

____

____

____

____

____

____

___

*Car

dhol

der’

s Sig

natu

re:_

____

____

____

____

____

____

____

____

____

____

____

___

The

off

icia

l ho

usin

g cl

osin

g da

te i

s A

pril

15th

, 20

11.

If y

ou h

ave

not

mad

ere

serv

atio

ns b

y th

is d

ate,

con

tact

Glo

betr

otte

r T

rave

l, an

d ev

ery

effo

rtw

illbe

mad

e to

secu

re a

ccom

mod

atio

ns fo

r yo

u.

Fill

out t

his f

orm

com

plet

ely

and

mai

l or

fax

to:

Glo

betr

otte

r T

rave

l Man

agem

ent S

ervi

ces

1812

1 G

eorg

ia A

venu

e Su

ite 1

04

Oln

ey, M

aryl

and

USA

208

32-1

437

Tol

l Fre

e U

.S. a

nd C

anad

a 8

88-2

96-2

967

Int

erna

tiona

l Cal

lers

30

1-57

0-08

00

P

RE

SS 2

for

Hot

el o

r PR

ESS

1 fo

r Fl

ight

Info

rmat

ion

Fax

Em

ail

301-

570-

9514

si

d@gl

obet

rott

erm

gmt.c

om

Onl

ine

Res

erva

tions

and

Hot

el M

aps/

Des

crip

tions

ww

w.g

lobe

trot

term

gmt.c

om/s

id05

11


http://www.globetrottermgmt.com/sid0511

Society for Information Display 2011Los Angeles Map

JW Marriott (Headquarter)Westin Bonaventure

Los Angeles Convention Center

Rate at Westin includes complimentary shuttle service to/from theconvention center, free high speed internet, and discounted breakfast.

12

Advantech US, Inc.Applied Concepts, Inc.Astra Products, Inc.AU Optronics Corp.autronic–Melchers GmbH

BigByte Corp.

CDT, Ltd.Chi Mei Optoelectronics Corp.Chunghwa Picture Tubes, Ltd.Corning IncorporatedCTS – Computer Technology

SolutionsCyantek Corp.Cytec Industries, Inc.

Dawar Technologies, Inc.DisplaySearchDontech, Inc.DTC/ITRI

eMagin Corp.Endicott Research Group, Inc.ENEAEpoxy TechnologyEuroptec USA, Inc.

Global Display Solutions

Hitachi, Ltd.

IDTIGNIS Innovation, Inc.Industrial Electronic Engineers,

Inc. (IEE)Industrial Technology Research

InstituteInstrument Systems GmbHIST (Imaging Systems

Technology)

Japan Patent Office

Kent Displays, Inc.Kuraray Co., Ltd.

LG Display Co., Ltd.LXD, Inc.

Microvision, Inc.Mitsubishi Chemical Corp.Mitsubishi Electric Corp.

Nano-Proprietary, Inc.NEC Corp.NextWindowNippon Seiki Co., Ltd.Noritake Itron Corp.Novaled AG

OcularOptical Filters, Ltd.

PanasonicParker Chomerics/Silver CloudPhoto ResearchPlanar Systems, Inc.Prime View International Co.,

Ltd.

QualcommQuantum Data, Inc.

Radiant Imaging, Inc.Reflective Display Optics

Samsung Electronics Co., LCDBusiness

Sartomer USA LLCSchott North America, Inc.Sharp Corp.SLENCIL Co.Synapse Product Development

LLC

Tannas ElectronicsTeijin DuPont Films Japan, Ltd.TFD, Inc.TLC InternationalTyco Electronics, Elo

TouchSystems

Universal Display Corp.

Vestal Electronics A.S.

Westar Display Technologies,Inc.

WINTEK Corp.

3M ..................................C2,C4

Cree .........................................5

Display Taiwan......................39

Display Week 2011..................4

Dontech.................................43

ELDIM S.A. ............................3

Electronic Asia 2011 ..............38

EuropTec...............................41

Fusion Optix..........................36

GUNZE USA .......................C3

Insight Media.........................37

Instrument Systems................17

Konica Minolta......................27

Kugler of America ..................22

Ocular....................................40

Rockwell Collins ....................11

Tannas Electronics .................23

Touch International...............27

Business and Editorial Offices

Palisades Convention Management411 Lafayette Street, Suite 201New York, NY 10003Jenny Donelan, Managing Editor212/460-9700fax: 212/[email protected]

Sales Office – Asia

Dr. Jia-Ming LiuIndustrial Technology Research InstituteBuilding 77 Chungsing Road, Sec. 4Chutung, Hsinchu 310 Taiwan+886-3-591-6939fax: [email protected]

Sales Office – Europe

George Isaacs12 Park View CourtThe Paddock, Eaton FordSt. Neots, CambridgeshirePE19 7SD U.K.+44-(0)[email protected]

Sales Office – Taiwan

Jie Tsai, Project ManagerACE Forum, Inc.10F-1, No. 180, Sec. 4Nanjing E. Rd.Taipei 105, Taiwan+886-2-2570-6960 x302fax: [email protected]

Sales Office – U.S.A.

Christine von Steiger, Sales ManagerPalisades Convention Management411 Lafayette Street, Suite 201New York, NY 10003413/783-0473fax: 413/[email protected]

Michele Klein, Sales CoordinatorPalisades Convention Management411 Lafayette Street, Suite 201New York, NY 10003212/460-8090 x216fax: 212/[email protected]


iinnddeexx ttoo aaddvveerrttiisseerrssssuussttaaiinniinngg mmeemmbbeerrss







Gunze USA’s new Digital Multi-

Touch panels are perfectly suited

for use in industrial, automotive,

defense, aerospace, medical,

kiosk/point-of-sale and other

professional applications.

• Up to 10 simultaneous touches• Finger and stylus input• Finger area detection• Low power consumption• Native Windows 7 support

The World-leader in ruggedized touch screen technology offers new display products to OEMs and Integrators

Complex Operations Made Simple™

Introduces Digital Multi-Touch

Multiple Inputs for the Next Generation of Touch Screens

Find out more about Gunze’s

line of Digital Multi-Touch Panels

at www.gunzeusa.com or

call us direct at 512 990 3400


http://www.gunzeusa.com

3D Without the Glasses!3D viewing is the next big wave in electronic device technology, and 3M is leading the way with breakthrough innovations. Introducing 3D Optical Film from 3M—the fi rst true 3D experience for handhelds that doesn’t require glasses. Easily integrated into the backlight modules of LCDs, 3D Optical Film is going to revolutionize how consumers interact with mobile phones, games and other handheld devices.

The Difference is Amazing1-800-553-9215© 3M 2010


■■ I wish to join SID. Twelve-month membership is $100 and includes a subscription to Information DisplayMagazine and on-line access to the monthly Journal of the SID.

■■ I wish only to receive a FREEsubscription to Information DisplayMagazine (U.S. subscribers only). Questions at left must be answered.

Signature ________________________________

Date ____________________________________

Name ___________________________________

Title_____________________________________

Company ________________________________

Department/Mail Stop _____________________

Address__________________________________

________________________________________

City _____________________________________

State __________________— Zip ____________

Country__________________________________

Phone ___________________________________

E-mail___________________________________

■■ Check here if you do not want yourname and address released to outsidemailing lists.

■■ Check here if magazine to be sent tohome address below: (business address still required)

___________________________________

___________________________________

___________________________________

PROFESSIONAL INFORMATION

1. Are you professionally involved with information displays, display manufac-turing equipment/materials, or displayapplications?

110 ■■ Yes 111 ■■ No

2. What is your principal job function? (check one)

210 ■■ General / Corporate / Financial

211 ■■ Design, Development Engineering

212 ■■ Engineering Systems (Evaluation, OC, Stds.)

213 ■■ Basic Research

214 ■■ Manufacturing / Production

215 ■■ Purchasing / Procurement

216 ■■ Marketing / Sales

217 ■■ Advertising / Public Relations

218 ■■ Consulting

219 ■■ College or University Education

220 ■■ Other (please be specific)

3. What is the organization’s primaryend product or service? (check one)

310 ■■ Cathode-ray Tubes

311 ■■ Electroluminescent Displays

312 ■■ Field-emission Displays

313 ■■ Liquid-crystal Displays & Modules

314 ■■ Plasma Display Panels

315 ■■ Displays (Other)

316 ■■ Display Components, Hardware,Subassemblies

317 ■■ Display Manufacturing Equipment, Materials, Services

318 ■■ Printing / Reproduction / Facsimile Equipment

319 ■■ Color Services / Systems

320 ■■ Communications Systems /Equipment

321 ■■ Computer Monitors / Peripherals

322 ■■ Computers

323 ■■ Consulting Services, Technical

324 ■■ Consulting Services, Management / Marketing

325 ■■ Education

326 ■■ Industrial Controls, Systems, Equipment, Robotics

327 ■■ Medical Imaging / Electronic Equipment

328 ■■ Military / Air, Space, Ground Support / Avionics

329 ■■ Navigation & Guidance Equipment / Systems

330 ■■ Oceanography & Support Equipment

331 ■■ Office & Business Machines332 ■■ Television Systems / Broadcast

Equipment333 ■■ Television Receivers, Consumer

Electronics, Appliances334 ■■ Test, Measurement, &

Instrumentation Equipment335 ■■ Transportation, Commercial Signage

336 ■■ Other (please be specific)

4. What is your purchasing influence?410 ■■ I make the final decision.411 ■■ I strongly influence the final

decision.412 ■■ I specify products/services

that we need.413 ■■ I do not make purchasing decisions.

5. What is your highest degree?

510 ■■ A.A., A.S., or equivalent511 ■■ B.A., B.S., or equivalent512 ■■ M.A., M.S., or equivalent513 ■■ Ph.D. or equivalent

6. What is the subject area of your highest degree?610 ■■ Electrical / Electronics Engineering611 ■■ Engineering, other612 ■■ Computer / Information Science613 ■■ Chemistry614 ■■ Materials Science615 ■■ Physics616 ■■ Management / Marketing617 ■■ Other (please be specific)

7. Please check the publications that youreceive personally addressed to you bymail (check all that apply):710 ■■ EE Times711 ■■ Electronic Design News712 ■■ Solid State Technology713 ■■ Laser Focus World714 ■■ IEEE Spectrum

membership/subscription requestUse this card to request a SID membership application, or to order acomplimentary subscription to Information Display.

4/11

fold here

tape here

➡ ➡

ATTN: JENNY BACH

SOCIETY FOR INFORMATION DISPLAY

1475 S BASCOM AVE STE 114

CAMPBELL CA 95008-9901

NO POSTAGENECESSARY

IF MAILEDIN THE

UNITED STATES

BUSINESS REPLY MAILFIRST-CLASS MAIL CAMPBELL CAPERMIT NO 692

POSTAGE WILL BE PAID BY ADDRESSEE

sid 2011 preview/honors and awards issue

Documents

Transcript of sid 2011 preview/honors and awards issue