Sibuyan Mangyan Tagabukid

~~ copy reg

WWF

SIBUYAN MANGYAN TAGABUKID Surviving In A Changing World

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

SuppOrt for the research and writing of this book was made

possible by the Prot cring the Biodiversity of M e Guiting-guiting

through the Development of Su tainab le Community Livelihood

Ente rprises program of WWF-Philippines which i fu nded by the Directorate General for Int rnarional Cooperation (DGIS)

o f the Netherbnds government

A sabbatlwlleave from my academic duries at the College of the

Arts and Sciences University of the Philippines Manila provided

me with opportunitie to do extended fi eldwork in Sibuyan

Our fieldwork would not have been frui tful without the ibu yan

Mangyan Tagabukid o f Gintak-an Gin-alan Kabuylanan Hagimit

Layag and Panagintingan who guided llS in our jo urney to

understand thei r way of Iii

I am also grateful to the many individ uals wh gave support

many ugge ti n and encouragement to finally fin ish this pr iec

Miks Gul3-Padilla Chrisma Sa lao Carmen Villasenor Dr C li Boncan Arnold Molrna Azurin Aileen May Paguntalan Trina Galido

Edsel Ramirez Mel iza Joy Torres Al fredo Principe II Efren Isorena

Perla E plel Ninel Tayag Rosmiah Mayo and Portia Marasigan

and Marisel D ino and all the staff of KKP Si buyan Needless

to say there are nameless others all of whom should be absolved

of any error and shortcomings of this book

Maramillg saarnot at mabuha kayong lahat

Sabino G Padilla Jr PhD

A UNIQUE ECOLOGICAL NICHE WITH ONE OF mE WORLDS HIGHEST CONCENTRATIONS OF BIODIVERSITY

SINCE THE PLEISTOCENE IT HAS BEEN SEPARATED FROM THE REST OF THE PHILIPPINES BY SURROUNDING

DEEP CHANNELS THIS ISOLA TlON ENABLED

A NUMBER OF UNIQUE SPECIES TO FLOURISH

ON THE ISLAND THE MOST REMARKABLE

FEATIJRE OF THE 456 -SQUARE KILOMETER

LAND IS AN UNDISTIJRBED FOREST AREA

OF 16000 HECTARES AT THE HEART OF THE

ISLAND IS MOUNT GUITING-GUITING ONE

O F THE FEW PLACES IN THE PHILIPPINES

WHERE ONE CAN FIND A RANGE OF FORESTS

FROM THE LOW MOUNTAIN FOREST TO THE

UPPER ALPINE FOREST

IRONICALL Y IN Tl-IIS ENVIRONMENT WHERE

DIVERSITY THRIVES LIVES A GROUP STRUGGUNG

TO AFFIRM AND MAINTAIN THEIR ItIDIVIDUALITY

AS A PEOPLE

The interior and upland areas of Sibuyan are inhabited by the Sibuyan

Mangyan Tagabukid one of the least studied Philippine indigenous

peoples Even for those who also live on the island the Mangyan Tagabukid s

way of life is unfamiliar - as uncharted a territory as their island haven

The Mangyan Tagabukid conununities use a set of established caregories

in distinguishing the tunay na katutubo ng bukid (genuine indigenous

people of the mountains ) as distinct from taga-ubos (lowlanders )

Individuals born and currently residing in the mountains who

can trace their lineage to long-time residents of the mountains

Individuals who cultivate fields i l1 the mountains for their

subsistence

Individuals who can only acquire fatui j the mountains through

panoblion (inheritance) and

Lowlanders married to Mangyan Tagabuk id

Prehistoric data on Sibuyan and the Mangyan Tagabukid are wholly

unavailable However there are a number of burial caves on the i land

that contain artifacts such as ceramics glass beads wooden coffins bones

jars and pots

Some scholars contend that the Mangyan Tagabukid may be the remnants

of [he original inhabitants of Sibuyan that sought sanctuary in the thickly

forested range to elude either the Spanish colonizers or the M ora slave-

wml1Z raiding forays from the 16th to the

18th century

Sihllyan MaJtgyall Tagabukid children

Spanish conquistadores led by Martin de Goiti reached Sibuyan as early

as rhe 16rh century The Spanish expedition described Sibuyan as a high and mounta inous land known to possess gold mines and its natives

handsome They were observed to paint themselves like those

of neighboring Banton Island

Since th is sketchy account of the initial Spanish sighting the Sibuyan

dwellers of the range have received scant attention and no for mal

ethnographic investigation has ever been conducted on them

The threat of Mora incursions was sparked by Spanish efforts t establish

dominion over the southern Philippines and control the spread of Islam

Punitive expeditions to Borneo Sulu and Cotabato were not a deterrent

to Moro warriors raiding coastal communities under the colonial administration

In 1649 Sibuyan Romblon and Banton joined the rebell ion against

Spain that started in Palapag Samar and spread to Mindanao

In order to consolidate the colony attempts were made to convert the

non-Christians or what they called infieles or infidels The Recollect fathers

administered th conversion of the native population of Sibuyan and the

people of Romblon CaJamianes and Negros In 1744 the pa ri sh priest

of the town of Cajidiocan made ser ious efforts to Christianize and resettle

these mountain dwellers to a poblacion or central part of the town He was

ab le to convince 218 Mangyan Taga bukid on condi tions tha t they

be exempted from paying tax fo r ten years and from rendering service

in the military and other government activities that required seafaring

After they had begun converting the natives the Spanish

colonizers classifi ed all the inhabitants of Sibuyan Tablas and

Romblon as Mang)an Such broad classification was probably

beca use of their proximi ty to Mindoro whose inhabitants identified themselves as Mangyan

Al though this was false as the Sibuyan Mangyan Tagabukid

have an i entity separate from the Mangyan of Mindoro it stuck

through the centuries Early impressions and labels based on the

friar chrorucles on which many relied for information have a long

lasting effect An example is this excerpt from a report of the Order of Saint

Augustine Recollects in 1700

based on frequent accounts by the locals of the island a large m4mber of infidels inhabit the mountains of the island o f Sibuyan coming (rom the island of Mindoro Those accounts relate that a great number of said infidels together with their women and children lived for a long time on this island around the steep slopes of the mountains There they lived a nomadic life that they were accustomed to in the

mountairlS of Mindoro

Spanish historian Agustin de la Cavada Mendez de Vigo in his Historia

Geografica Geologica y Estad istica de Filip inas wrote on the tribes

in Ca jidiocan called Manguian who are submissive but living savagely

in th mountains and who sustain themselves by means of robbery Those

in Azagra are disobedienr and do not associate with the natives of this tOwn

Aiter convincing the pagan tribes who inhabited the forest regions

of Sibuyan to submit themselves to th authority of the Spanish government

a nd convert to rhe Catholic re ligion the up land villages of Princesa

Ysabel and Espana were formed Problems arose when m rchams came

to COntract the services of the inhabitants of these villages to coll ect

almaciga wax and tar widely found throughou t the island Despite the

fact that these products f t hed high prices at that time merchants paid

the Mangyan Tagab ukid so little that there was never enough for these

people to meet thei r basic necessities

Although an dfort was made by the Spanish poli tical -military

commandant at that tim to impose price conrrol on the forest products

and regu late trade the governor-genera l eventually ordered 0 leave

trade unrestricted This made some of the inhabitant retreat once

again to higher ground

More of them were for ed to go back to the mountains in s bsequent

year as Mangyan Tagabukid vi llages located in the lo~iands were

nor spared from the plagues and epidemics that struck almost the entire

archipelago in the years prior to World War 11 Others opted to rerrea

ecause of wartime roeities In the ourse of time due to their nonshy

participation in the colonized lowland society they became an indigenous

people once again

During the American colonial period the Philippine Commission

created the Bureau of Non-Christian Tribes (BNCT) under Act No 253

Its principal objectives ere to study the conditions of pagan tribes

and Muslim groups recommend programs to the ivi l government

and conduct thnological studies in t e Philippines It was later on

reo rganized in to the Ethnological Survey of the Philippines

The BNCT lists the Sibuyan Mangyan among the indigenous groups

of th Philippines However ap rr from acknowledging their existence

In Sibuyan the bureau has not done anything concrete for the group

Subsequent reports reflect how little was known about the Sibuyan

Mangyan Tagabukid

In the 1901 Report of the Philippine Commission to the President

a section entirely dedicated to the description of the island of Sibuyan

descri bed the natives as follows

The Mallguianes who live i1l the mountains are quite pacific btlt not at all addicted to work and so dirty that most of them go naked and are covered with all kinds of repugnatlt

coetaneous eruptions JJ

In 19 3 the first official c nsus cond ucted by the American authorities

recorded the existence of Negrito groups in Sibuyan They were

probably referring to the Mangy n Tagabukid a nd the misleading

identification was due to their method of class ification by perceived color

of the skin or raCial type

Although some of the information was found to be false the existence

of the M ngyan Tagabukid in Sibuyan has always een acknowledged

This was again reinforced in BeyerS 1916 publication T he Population

of the Philippine Islands wherein he listed 43 recognized ethn graphic

groups including the Mangyan in Sibuyan Romblon and Tabla

As of 1994 the indigenous population on Sibuyan is estimated at 1557

Their hinterland villages are located in the towns of Cajidiocan and San

Fernando with a population of 1846 comprising 335 households

Their survival throughout the centuries th rough colonizations and

incursions affords us a closer look at a people so little-known

Perhaps because of its geographical barriers Sibuyan Island is far off busy trade routes and is hardJy a popular destination To compound their

isolation the ancestral domain of the Mangyan Tagabukid lies along the interior slopes and spine of the mountain range traversing eastern Sibuyan

This seclusion has brought about a distinct indigenous way of li fe

Settlement Patterns and Housing

Because of their close relationship with their environment natural

features of tile terrain such as streams waterfalls rock formations and

caves serve as markers for their ancestral ground Other distinct settings

such as tradirionaJ sacred grounds or burial sites are also used Most

of their settlement areas are named after these landmarks using terms

originating from their ancestors

Many of the houses within a community are far apart or follow a dispersed pattern

A typical house is a bungalow-type structure elevated about a foot

above the ground The building materials come from the forest and their respective tati (fallow land ) Roofs are thatched while walls are of cogan

or wood with no partitions The fl oors are made of bamboo Instead

of nails uway (ra ttan) is used Hard wood like mangatsapoy bitis and

kauahinan are used as posts

There is usually only one room which serves as living quarters dining

and receiving room At the center is a sahing (cooking area) which is

considered the most important part of the house Members of the household

sleep in the areas around [he sahing

There is generally only one family per house Households are nuclear

in nature with siblings living near each other or near their parents house

At rimes they also build a ku-ob a temporary shelter when hunting and gathering in the forest The ku-ob is a single-pitched lean-to with no walls and no flooring It can withstand strong winds and rains h uses the leaves of saiirang tibangyan or pakoy for roofing

Below traditional house made of forest materials right a nuclear

fami ly posing olltside their hcmse

Another type of a Mangyan Tagabukid traditional house is the timuso

The tent-like structure usualJy has a large fern roof and support posts made of local timber called kasaw

Language

Today the Mangyan Tagabukid speak a language generally similar to

that spoken in the lowlands The village elders still remember how previous generations spoke differently with a distinct tone The change may be due to greater exposure to the lowland society in more recent times

Researchers from the Summer Institute of Linguistics (SIL) regard the present language as a variant of Romblomanon It is furthe r claimed that the Sibuyan islanders clialect shares 70 intelligibility with Aklanon

70 with Tagalog 73 with Hiligaynon and 94 with Romblomanon

This shows a relatively close relationship with the nearby islands and may be attributed to their coasrallife after their conversion to Christianity during the Spanish colonial period

Garb

In the early times both men and women use birang (bark cloth ) to

cover their private parts The bark cloth was stripped from the trunks of local soft wood like ginawwag alrnacigo santik nardong and duayong

Sometimes the men would use anabo (loincloth) Single women wore an alimpay (upper garment) along with the birang

When they were converted to Christianity these garments gradually

went out of fashion The Mangyan Tagabukid refer to this period as nang nagkamalisya na (when malice set in ) However some elders remember that they continued to wear the traditional clothing until the

end of World War n to as late as the 1960s

Most of the Mangyan Tagabukid today wear no ornaments Neither do they practice tattooing or body piercing which de Goiti observed among them in the 16th century and which is still common to other indigenous groups

Every Mangyan Tagabukid owns a suntUlng (bolo) The phrase never leave home without it is very much applicable to the sundang Men tie it around their waist whenever they go to the urna (swidden fields ) or

iiawod (town) Both men and women use it in farming collecting forest products or catcning shrimps Uway (rattan) baskets of all shapes and

sizes are used as containers

Social Organization

Today various factors affect the Mangyan Tagabukids mobility and choice of residence These are marriage childrens education and source of income

Males are usually circumcised at the age of seven Upon reaching the age of 10 they are expected to help with chores like fetching water or

assisting in the farm A young boy is considered of age an ulitawo or

soltero when he starts courting They also r fer to this as nagasupang

a stage when a young man would start associating with a young woman

As early as the age of seven females are taught house chores They are expected to run errands for their parents and help take care of their younger siblings A young woman is considered of age when she develops breasts and upon the onset of menarche This usually happens when a Mangyan Tagabukid woman is 15 years old

The Mangyan Tagabukid practice arranged marr iages initiated by parents at birth The potential spouse usually comes from another kin of affin ity which strengthens ties between inrermarrying kin Today an inclividual may choose whom he or she wants [0 marry although some

kin groups have mainrained ties based on generations of intermarriages Marriage to a taga-ubos has also been prevalent in recent years Mansibado

an arrangement in which a man and a woman decide to live together prior

to marriage is observed in most of the communities

Even in cases of arranged marriages courtship is perform d In the

traditional courtsh ip practice both the suitor and his parents visit the girls parents to signify the intention of tbe male for marriage in the pabagt

or pasaka baba After this the suitor is expected to render bride service or pangagad In some cases the swtor lives with the girls family to render such service This can progress to the kasayuran in which the girls family decides whether to accept or reject the marriage proposal

Nowadays bride service is not strictly observed The kasayuran is immediately entered into and the date of marriage is set There are instances when after the kasayuran is done the parents immediately hand the girl over to her new family

) ()ckwis( ((Jill lop lell Mf Glilino $utillg Rlt1Il$c CTlltlllglt1S R ller BrlhmlllY Kite abaca plallt rattail AIlLestTal Dnmam map (shaded areas) thick forest

TH ELAN DSCAPE

The island is some 350 kilometers south of Manila and situated at 12 14 and 12 30 latitude 122

0

25 and 1220

42 longtitude It is bounded by Romblon Island in the northwest Tablas Island on the west Masbate on the east and Panay Island on the south

The ancestral domain of the Sibuyan Mangyan Tagabukid is located approximately between 12middot 17 57 and 12 27 IS north and 122 34 43 and 122

0

4013 east and occupies an area of about Sooo hectares in the eastern portion of Sibuyan Its boundaries adjoin the municipalities of Cajidiocan and San Fernando The range lies from north to south and is dissected by a river systems One of the rivers the Cantingas separates the eastern portion of the domain from the central range of Guiting-guiting and the smaller portion of the claim in the west

The northern parts of the domain are undulating to moderately sloping in contrast to the rugged topography and higher elevations of the southern half Access to the upland communities in the north is easier due to the existence of paved roads halfway into the interior On the other hand entry to the southern interior communities generally starts with a short hike on level ground followed by a lengthy ascent as slopes originate closer to the coast

Residency after marriage IS by and large viriloca l

as shown visibly by the presence of dist inct kin group

in particular settlements land ava ilahil ity als affects

setrlemenr arra ngemenrs Inte rmarry ing kin grou ps

consider themselves a co llect ive se trlemen t belo ngi ng

to single territory This is reinfo rced by th bi la ter I system of kin recognized in all [he communities

Leadership and Conflict Management

Tradi tio nal leaders are rhe a uthori ry

concerning the welfare o f the entire

community T hese traditional leaders ar e the

managhusay prominent male elders from

va rious k In gro ups in their respe rive

senl ement clusters T he elders main tasks

concern setLlement of conflicts and the

maintenance of harmonious relations amo ng

vario us kingroups and w ith neighboring

sitio5 Conflicts a re settled in a process called

ergohan (verbal agreement ) which concludes when (he o ffen der asks the

offended parry for forgiveness If both parties are a t fa ult each of them

is asked to forgive and forget t he incident

Family conflicrs are resolved by the family alone It is very seldom that

a family co nfl ict becomes the concern o f the community The parents or

grandparents act as mal1aghusay

In the 1990s th e osce introduced the concept of having tr ibal

chieftains The local justice system has a lso incorporated the M angyan

Tagabukid under its jur isd iCtion limiting the type of conflicts that they

can setrle on their own

Subsistence Strategies

Like other indigenous peoples the Mangyan Tagabukid have a full regard

for the symbiotic relationship of their land and life W hen referring to lands

they not only refer to their kaingin or uma (swidden fields) but also to their

settlement area their lands near a water system or those used for vegetable

gardens (for crops like squash and sayote) fallow land (iati) and the forests

Every M angyan Tagabukid household has its own uma claim to the uma

is based on usurrucr Owned lands refer [Q (he serrlemem areas and farm

lots while forest wlritil1 the area is considered common property

Tubers such as balighoy (cassava) kamote (sweet potato) gabi (taro)

and hllndo (yam) are their staples Rice and corn are Iso planted as are

some fru it trees li ke banana and pomelo Corn is p lanted in May to July

and rice in Ju ne to November Sometimes they wait for the corn harvest

before plaming rice Tubers are planted in November to April lnter-cropping

and overlapping o f cycles o f di fferent cr ps are practiced to secure

household food supply Fallow lands arc uttl ized as gardens and are sources

of luway (tiger grass) While produce from the fields is generally fo r home

consumprion gabl and blndo are regu larly sold to the town for cash

[Q buy salt cooking o il kerosene and matches

Tradit iona l rice varieties planted include the tapuy (red gra in) lubang (brown rice) pulahirz (red rice) pandai Santo Nino batukan and guis

The h ighest yield is of pandmt as it is the most res istant to pests and

birds with its sharp leaves and hard gra in hull

Alth ough their uma is the prunary source of daiy sus tenance they

practice m ultiple subsistence strategies Banana and seasonal fru its are

a lso sold to a ugment household income N ito -ga thering and nire plateshy

making are alternative sources of income for so me families Women

are gen era lly respon ib le for marketi ng these produce

Dugos (honey ) is ano ther majo r source of income derived fro m the

fo rest It brings in the most money to a nWl1 ber of Mangyan Taga bukid

fami lies In La~rag alone some 22 households engage in honey-gathering

It is usua ll y don e by the men because it r qui res strength and stamina

T he usual method is to drive away bees with smoke from fire Ga therers

prefer to ser out in pairs with an understanding that t he collection w ill

e split equally T hIS is especiall y profi table during the d ry months when

flowers are in full bloom

Rivers and streams are sources of ulang or freshwater shrimp Unlike

some of the lowlanders who use cymbus a chemica l use as a spray for

bana na plants the Mangyan Tagab ukid prefer [0 use tao11 a net made

from vines T hey know the harm cymbus does to the water system as it

kllls even me small fis h

The forest w ith in the Mangyan Tagabukid domain provides ample

grounds for pangayam (hunting) Traditional hunt ing technique involve

sta lking w ild animals with the use of bangkaw (spearl su bduing them

phy ically o r using snares and pit traps

Elch settlement cluster has its own bunting zone Hunters from another

serrlement are permitted to operate within the forest area of an ad jacent

settlement However the settlement s authoriry over its territory is respected

Chance encounters of hunters from twO different territories end in verbal

agreements to esta blish boundaries

TI1e genera lly sustaina ble traditional swidden agriculture of earl ier rimes

is s lowly bing rendered obso lete Their area of mobil ity has been

constricted due to increasing population pressure and access restriction

im posed by forestry laws This has made them resort to the more intensive

slash and burn method which is destructive to both soi l and forest cover

W hen loggi ng was banned some men resorted to searching the forest

for narra roots to d ig up These are the remains that loggers leave behind

afte r fe lling a tree with a cllainsaw

Clocklllise from top btll$kaw g~bi plant taDn tor catchtng ultmg

Many however have to sell tneu- labor for wages a t times to illegal

loggers who engage in t imber poaching Since renting a chainsaw is very

expensive axes are used This method substantia lly lengthens rhe rime

and effort needed to cut up the wood T he preferre measurement is

disisais or 16 inches in diameter The poachers sometimes haul these

down aided by a cara bao They get PSO fo r every piece of disisais

or PIOO for two days work

Furniture makers buy most of this wood and this is still a thriving

bus iness in Sibuyan This resu ltsin the continuing denudation of the

Si buyan forests

Land Ownership

The person w ho clears the land for kaingin acquires entitlement to the

land However sharing it with another Mangyan Tagabuk id is also possible

if th family does not use the land and permission is requested This rarely

happens though as each family opens land for their exclusive use Ren ting

is rarely an option because anyone can use anothers land without the

owner expecting payment

Ownership of land is transferred to children through verbal agreements

and is not su pported by any written documents The community respects

this agreement by not occupying any lot (whether for farming or settlement)

that another person or fa mily has been occupying for severa l years Even

if the owner bas left the place the community will still consider the place

his or his fa milyS property

The transfer of ownership from parents to children wit[ not happen

w hile the parents are stiJ[ a li ve and sti ll capable of till ing the farm If the

land is big enough a portion of it wi ll be given to a newly married son

or daughter Otherwise the family and the new couple share w hatever

they have or open a new swidden

Organization of Labor

Family labor is required in developing and cultivating tbe swidden

fields Traditional gender-specific roles are observed men are main ly

responsi ble for earning a living w hile women a re in charge of domestic

T he t rifle U$IS age- old tedmiqlles tn ca rr) w ( od ()rds through the motm lams FIJen the yowtgeurost childrell carl do it

responsibili t ies The mother runs most of domestic chores such as cooking

taking ca re of the ch ildren washing t he clothes and cleaning the house

The father performs physically demandjng work in the farm such as

fi eld preparation htrvesting o f coco uts and wood extraction

Children are expected to belp out both in the house and in the field

at an early age The whole family parricipates in household and farm

work from planting to hJrvesting to selling

Some Ma ngyan Tagabuk id are tenants or caretakers of others lands

T he systems of product-sharing are called dose-dose ti71uo and imtpat

In dose-dose for every 6 cavans of harvest one wil l go to he la ndlord

and me rest will go to the tenant In th is a rrangemen t the seeds are

provided by the tenant [n the Imulo one-third of the yield will go to (he

landlord while two-thirds will go to the tenant The tenant shoulders the cost of the seeds Three parts of the yield will go to the tenant in inllpat while a part goes to the landlord The tenam provides seeds After harvesting pala) or om he is entirled to all the produce

The landlord ca n al 0 assign the tenant to pla nt other crops such as cocon uts in his land However if the tenant wishes to plant tubers

or mher crops within the coconut plantation the tenant is not obligated

to share th raps wi th the landl ord It is assumed tha t the main

responsibi lity of the tenant in th is aspect is to take care of the coconut

planta tion and guard it from thieves

Beliefs and Practices

Despite conversion to Christianity the Mangyan Tagabukid still adhere to some of their traditional beliefs and practices

Spirits

They believe that benevolent and malevolent nature spirits intluence the

well ness of life and circumstances of a person Appeasement of the spirits

and ensur ing good life is guaranteed by consulting the spirits and perfonning

ripounduals with the aid of a manugbuyong or a shaman

Malevolent spirits are generally called tao sa duyom These include

kuipaw maligno sigben duwende kapre bulalakaw or diwata engkanto

and the angkag The angkag is a human-like creature with animal features

and resides in caves The bulalakaw is a living creature carried by a ball

of fire To protect themselves from the harmful bulalakaw and drive away

bad luck the natives wear pailas a native necklace or bracelet

These spirits are believed to inhabit the forests An individual who accidentally trespasses on their territory may be harmed The spirits

can only be warded off by a shamans offering or prayers

Another spirit believed to be dwelling in forests is the mangon which is described to have a head shaped like a bag It is said to show itself to young men and make incomprehensible sounds Gatherers of nita and rattan quickly leave the forest as soon as they feel the presence of the mangon

Health Practices

The Mangyan Tagabukid believe that natural and supernatural forces

cause il lness The most common illnesses tbey suffer from are fever influenza cough and colds diarrhea stomach aches and gas pa ins

gastroenteritis rheumatism and minor respiratory disorders

Herbal medicine is a popular remedy While some families simply

require the sick (0 stay at home and rest o thers take the sick to the

local health center or the shaman

The shaman makes a diagnosis by feeling the patient S pulse They

believe that a person who has been enchanted has a rapid pulse beat

When it has been determined thar the illness was caused by spirits

an offering of tuba or rice is made T he hea le r will also burn incense

and smoke tobacco to

produce smoke that

will envelop the sick person The process

signifies the redemption of the

persons soul from the

spirits

Ottgyo is an illness

ca used by immersing

in the river wben a

persons body is not

prepared for rhe cold

water This is

characterized by

prolonged itchiness

and rashes The cure

consists of a ritual wherein the rashes are

Manugbulollg (shaman) performi11g a ritual to cure on~yo

struck with human hair seven times and coconut oil is appU d to the afflicted parts A prayer is also recited to appease the spirits

There are also many beliefs regarding childbirth To facilitate [he

process the mother S stomach is rubbed with a ladle seven t imes The

farher or any family member must also sweep outside the h use near

the door After giving birth the woman is not allowed [0 rake a bam mit the 11th day because her veins are believed to be open Bath ing at this

time might get her sick

Farming Rituals

T he Mangyan Tagabukid still practice rituals that signify care for the

land an d omm uning wim nature Pami1thi a ritual before planting rice

involves chanting of prayers and giving offerings to (he spirits fo r a

prosperous yie ld A prayer signals rhe start of the activity Stones and

water are set in a coconut shell and placed on tOp o f threepieces of min

wood inside the rice field Offer ings of cooked rice boiled eggs and tltba

(alcohol) are laid on the ground Incense is burned the smoke that spreads

over the a rea is believed to drive away bad spir its Bringing water in the

fie lds during the rit ual is not allowed

T here are also certain taboos during planting and harvest Menstruating

women are no t a llowed in the field during the planting because it is

believed that theif p resence will ca use the wi lting of th e crops as they

associate the color of blood with the color of withered rice sta lks It is also not advisable to plant d uring high tide for it will not resul t in a good

yield Harvesters are p rohibited from speaking o f or bringing slippery

animals like tbe freshwater eel and snake

During the harves t season a than ksgivi ng ri tual is performed for a

bo untiful yield and to pro tect future crops from insect a ttacks Ginger

is placed in the hZlmayan or rice conta iner to ward off malevolent spi rits

The m anugtugna or the ritua l performer prays at the enter of the field

while fa hioning a cross Out of twigs or banana leaves T hree white stones

are also la id in a coconu t shell each of the stone taken from an eddy and

along the trail T hey believe that if stones are co llected from these places

yields will be abUi dam and continuous Tlme stalks o f nee are tied

together forming a triangle and tied to a tree SLUmp w ithm the field A

piece of black cloth the size of a matchbox is attached to the cross using

resin T he rocks together with shells a re placed unde rneath the sta lks

Seven pieces of rice grains are collec ted and placed on me cross while a

prayer is uttered for each gra in The cross is rolled in the cloth and buried

in the ground

From top Pamillhf a farmmg ritual

Then rhe manugtugna will go home and put the grains on top of the

roof [Q symbolize roof-high abundant yield The seeds from the rhree

sta lks will be stored for use during [he next planting season

Harvest begins a day or a after the ritual

Similar practices are observed in the planting and harvesting of tubers

In a ri tual ca lled hungod rice tuba coconut leaves an eggs are placed

in the planting area as offerings fo r the pirits Planting is done only

during low tide because it is be lieved that the crops will die if planted

during high t ide

Clockwise fro m left Gobi for transport to the lowland market a drink of tuba after planting harvesting Ilphmd rice

Tn spite of efforts ro preserve [he ir way of life the Mnngyan Tagabukid

3re now facing pressures from different sectors of society

Since land tenure arrangements in these commUniti(s range From usLfrucr

to tenancy it is not su rprising that they do n0t ho ld document ~taring

ownership of the land they ril or where their home are bu il t FUSt () t all their

concept of land is clearly of property that is simply handed down and owned

over time hence the term ancesual domain Secondly the ir lack of education

prevents them from access ing legl l recou l$es to ensure the ir tenure of the

land Altho ugh there is no aPPjrent conflict over land tenu re at present

th e landholdings J re owned by a few who are ei rher the more affluent

lowlanders o r are absentee land lords The Sibuya n Mangyan Tagabukid

are ~lJJowed to pl an t for their uiJs isrencc under sha r ing arra ngcment

Li ke most up land com mun ities they do not hoe casy access to he ~l lt h

services and educt cion due t phy iced distance from hea lth enters au d

schools and the lack of econom ic resource to mlkc acLCSS possible Ch ildren

V ho attend school evenrua ll y Ht disco ur~lged fro m con tin uing d L1 e to the

d I Sta Il C~ Jnd the need for money For al lowance ~ nd schoo l supplies

VhilL rh is tnJigCJ10US pop ulation has cbJ ll ged little in numbe r and the

LHllling rinu ls and way of life are still rerlective of thci r all cestors mode

(1f living one dra tic che nge has come as a tbrea t to their ubsistence farming

- lI1d their surViva l TIle ir ltl lIestral domain and tradi ti onal utilization of forest

[eiourccs around Mr Guiring-guiting have been constricted to the point

of deprivation

The pressure upon the ir ha bi t1t-lon and livelihood arises from the fact

that mos t of th is mountai n r~nge has been declared as a Natural Park in

1992 chosen because of the area s biod iversity Alth ough Republ ic Act

75 86 otherw ise ca ll ed the NIPAS ( arional Integrated Protected Ar as

System ) Act ecogn izes indigenou~ peoples r i ght~ in protected areas the

law is premised on rhe legal fiction of the conquistadors Regalian doctrine

Based on this doctrine the Spani h king owncd the cnrire colonia l domain

except those land parcels duly tirled to individuale and rel iglom I n~ritution

This doctrine inevitably vio lated the inherent light of the indigeno us

peoples to their ancestral domain and heritage onethe css tht Philippine

government has redefined the former colonial domain as it~ own na ti onal

dom mJl or pa trimony similar ly ignoring tlte indigenou people birthright

3n J threarening the VIab il ity of their way of life

Further source of tension Ires in the difference of interpretation of the

bw and failure of the various government insritutions like rhe Department

of Environment and Natural RCSfJu ncs (DENR) and the National Commission

on Ind igenous People (NCIP) to work rogerhe r in resolv ing issues on the

harmonizarion of iaA conservarion ~1nd IndigenoLls pe )ples nghts primaril y

in managing areas wbere then are ()ver laps of parks and ancc tral terri tories

Added to this is th e uneven repre ellCdtion of indigeno lls communities in the

ma nage ment board Wh(1Se le~ de rlt h i p i connolled by lowlanders J nd the

DENR and where commun ity prOLe ses and participation are stil l wanting

Aggravating the situation is the series of land use policies of the government

thar run counte r co uch indigen l US subsisrence patterns a slash and

burn agriculture and tracht ional gathering of vines honey fuel wood

and hous lI1g materials from rhe torest

r-lore~JVe r thee up land vriaiers do nor h1Ve exclusive access to forest

rroduLc extract ion owla ndcr Ill OStly migrant to Sib uyan () r11cir

descendants have been poaching timber flOm the range T he Mangyan

Taga buk id observe thee lowlanders ro be reckless in thei extraction

of fo rest resources because their VvJ) of li Ce docs not h inge mai nly

on the GO lU1 ry of the range and stream

Left tlcestrJ domaill map h(m ing overTlppiflg arcas with [t Cllitmuguiting Natlral Park Totl rntrlJlCC to PAG Offi cr

ClUSTER IPAREA HH Indiv GENDER F M

GINTAK-AN 24 155 71 84

LAYAG 66 331 155 176 Buyabog 11 63 31 32 Layag 18 87 48 39 Malapipi 14 56 25 31 Paima 15 84 32 52 Tagbu g 81 41 19 22

KABUYLANAN 56 318 149 169

Ka huylanan 23 117 52 65 Kamagong 8 52 26 26 Dl1WO 10 44 19 25 DUYJ nan 1 13 6 7 Lamao 14 92 46 46

HAGIMIT 84 4W l ) 237 256 Kawa-kawa 3 20 9 ] 1 Da lit 5 28 15 13 Gio lhn J2 198 106 92 Hagirn ir 33 186 76 110 Sab la v] ll 4 26 13 13 Sandig Puya 7 35 t 8 17

PANAGINTINGAN amp0 390 18 206 Baav Lambao 2 6 4 2 Kan~lpln g 6 20 9 11 Gi nakm ~ 24 14 10 )

Panaginnngan 3 39 20 19 Pinamakahan 2 9 4 5 Pmuka nan 3 16 9 7 Sa lugon 12 66 33

) J

Sinapawan 6 l tl 8 10 Tagaha I 7 5 2 Tagull1 14 7 26 41 TaguJroJ Kalah 4 26 15 11 Yanguh 19 92 37 55

TOTAL 1 5 1687 796 991

BI BLIOGRAPHY

A Documents

D istrito de Ro m bl on Ano de 1891 Memo ria desm ptivl dd m is mo redacrada en vi rtud de la respetable circular del Gobiemo General de esras yslas de 22 de -JQmiddoticrnbre de 1887

1880 Espedi~nre promovido par e1 comandam e poln ico-milita r de Ro mblon sobrt que se Ie con tieran arr ibuciones d luez lego

Direccion General de Ad minjst racion C ivil N um S Centro de Estadis rica rrov inci de Ro mblo n Ano de 1896 Pueblo de Azagra stado urba no-agr ico la-comcrcial de eSte pueblo dura nte el expre ado ano

Direccion Genera l de Administracion Civi l N um 1 Cencro de Estadisrica Provincia de Romb lon Ana de 1896 Pue blo de Azagra Es rado del numero de habitantes existen tes en este pueblo du ra nte cl expresado anO cun ex prt ion de t ala

Direccion Genera l de Admini stracion C ivi l N um 5 entro de Estadistica Pro vincia de Rom blon Ano de 1896 Pueblo de Ca jid io an Estado mbll o-agTicola -cCllH~rciaJ de este pueblo durante el expresado ana

Direccio n General de Administracion iv il N U nl 1 enrru de Estadi stica Prov inc ia de Romblon Ano de 1896 Pueblo de Ca jidioCHl Estado del numero de ha biranrcs existentes en este pueblo durante el expresado ano con cpresion de ra7 s

Direccion General de Admin istracion Civ il N um 5 Centro de Es tad istica PWincia de Romblon Ano de 1896 P ueblo de M agalla nes Estado urbano-agrico la-co rnercia l de este pueblo durante el cxpresado ano

Direccio n General de Admini stracion Civil Nu m 5 Cent ro de EstadisticJ Proyincia de Romblon An o de 1896 Pueblo de M aga ll anes Estaci o del m mew de hab itanres existentes en cste pueb lo d urante el expresad o am) co n exprtsion de r at J ~

Provincia de Ro mblon Fu ndacion de Espana en In ys la de Sibuyan abezer il de Don Ylod io Aribalo

Provincia de Romblon Fun dacion dt M agalla nes en la ys h de Sibuyan Cabezcr ia de Do n Bemabe Ri bot

Provincia de Romblon Fundacion de Princesa en la ysla de Sibuyan Cabczeria de Don Ylario Juan de la Cruz

Provincia de Romblon Fundaci on de Ysabel en la ys la de Sibuyan Cabcceria de Don Domingo de Alexo

1854 Romblon Corte de M aderas

Romblon 1854 Perclidas y arri b das de buques en las costa s de Romblon

Rom blon Superio r Go bierno de las islas Filip inas 1854 No_ 5029 Sobre comerc io interi or Cont~n ido Oficio de co mandanre mili tar v po li tico de Romblon remiriendo un co m rato de los precios a que se han de vender los articulos que sc Jcopia n cn los pueblos de Espana Ysabel y Princesa po r las razones que csprcsa

Distrito judicial de Capiz Num 3 Provincia de Romblon Estado por pueblos que determina la extensio n superfic ia l q ue comprende el disrriro udici(l de Romblon d istancia de In ca becera a la capi tal de ]a provincia y a Ia de a rchipielago medlo de omlIDicaio n con lIDO y o tro tiempo qU l ordi nMia menrt se emplca numcro dt habi tantes clasificados en europcQs e indigen s razas de estos y d ialecros q ut hablan Phil ippin eNatiord Library H istorica l Data Papers Province of Romblon

B Books

Anthropology Warch

2000 Sl buvan M angyan Tagabllk ~d Ancestral Doma in Census (Ju ly 2000) Ms 1999a Sibuyan M1ngyan Taga bu b d Customa ry Laws M s 1999b Sibupn Mangyan Tagabubd SWldden Practtces Ms

Archives o f San Agustin O rder Recolecrs 1925 Sino psis H is toria de la ProV LnCl3 de S N IColas de Tolennno de las Islas

FiLip in as voll O rder de Agustmo Recoletos

Beyer H O 1949 O ut line Review of Philippine Archaeology by Islands and Provinces

BUTea u of Pri nti ng Manila 1921 The NO ll -Ch ris tiall Peop le of the Philippines Bureau o f Printing Manil a 1918 [ ofmiation of the Philippine Island in 1916 Philippine Education Manila

Heyer H O an d de Vel ra Jaime C 1952 PhilIppigt Saga A Piaorial History of the Archipelago Since Time Began

Cap itol Publi shing House M anila

Bla ir Emma Helen and Robertson Ja mes AlexandeL 1973 The Philippine Islallds 1493 -1898 Cacho Hermanos Inc M anila

Blu mentr itr Ferdinan d 1980 AI Attempt at Writing A Philippine Ethnography Translated by Marcelino

N M aceda University Reseach Center (MSU) M arawi Ciry 19 16 Phi l ipp lll ~ T ribes and Lan ( uages in Aust in Craig and Conrad o Benitez

PhililJpille Progress Prior to 1898 (Vol J) Philippine Education Co fnc Man ila

190 1 List of Natwc Trihes of the Philippines and of the Languages 5polel1 uy Them Govanment Printing O ffice Wa~hingt() n

Boierin Ed eslastica de F ili p i n a~ J 965 Bo letin Eclcsias t ica de Filipinas vol32 no 435 UST Press Ma ni la

Casri llo Demetr io 1973 So il Su r cy of Romblon Prov ince Goveernment Printing O ffice M anila

Conkl in Ha rold C

1963

1957

The Sw dy o f Shiftin g CultivJt ion Union Pa namcricana Washington DC

H a nunno Agriculture A Report on an Integral System of Shi ft ing Cul ti vat ion In rhe Phi lipp ines Fo d and Agriculture O rgan iza tion 01 the Un ited Nation Rome

1954 The Relation of Hanunuo Culn JIe to au Plant World Ph D DIsert) tion (M icrofil ms) Ya le Universi ty University Internatio nal M ichigan An n Arbor

de la Cavada Mendez de Vigo 1876 Agusrin Historia Geografiw Geologica y Esttldistrca de Filipinas

T01l0 2 Visayas y Mmdanao Imp de Ramirez y Giraudi er Mani la

de Tavera Pa rdo 19 1 Etim glQ de Ius Nombres de Razas de Filipillas M ni la

Fox Robe rt and Elizabeth Flory 1974 A M ap of the Filipino People National Museum of the Philippines

Manila

Grimes Ba rba ra F cd 1996 Ethnologtte 13th Edition Summer Insti tute of Linguistics Inc

H eaney Lawrence R and Regalado Jacinto Jr c 1998 Vanishing Treasures of the Philippi ne Rain Forest The Field M useum

Chicago

Ingle Nina R et al 1994 M t Glliting-guiting Establishing a Protected rea with People Participation

Evel io B Javier FOLlndarion Inc Quezon City

Leba r EM cd 1975 Ethnic groll ps of Insular Southeast Asia Vol 2 Phil ippines and Formosa

H RAF New Haven

M A CAJSA 1979 Integrated Area Deuelopmellt Nan Municipalities of San Fernando

Cajidiocan Magdiwa ng Sibuya n

M ajni Cesar Adib 1999 Muslims in the Philippines UP Press Q uezon City

N ational Integrated Protected Area Programme (N IPAP) 1999 Baseli ne Survey in Mt Gui ting-guiting Natural Park Sibuyan Romblon

(janua ry 1997) 1997a Draft General Management Plan for M e Guiting-guiting Natural Park

October 1997-Dccernber 2002 M anila 1997b Socia-Economic and Cultural Profile of the Island of Sibuyan Romblon Ms

National Stat istics Office 1996 Prov incia l Profile Romblon M anila 1995 Census of Agriculture 1991 Ramblon M anila

Olofson H ed

198 1 Adap tative strategies and change i~t Philippine swiddellmiddot based societies Forest Resea rch Institute Lagu na

Padilla Sabino Jr G 1997 M r Guiting-guiting Project Socioeconomic Report WWF-Philippincs Ms 1992 Notes on the Agriclllru ral System of the M angyan Patag Interna ti onal

Workshop on Loca l Knowledge and G lobal Reoources Involvi ng Users in Germplasm Conservation and Evaluation Users Perspective wi th Agricultu ra l Research a nd Development (UPWAR D) and Interiational Developnem and Research Center (IDRC) 4-8 May 1992

Padi lla Sabino Jr G and Gui a Ma Teresa B 1991 Development Work and the Indigenous Peoples KA BA LIKAT

The Development Wo rker June 1991 pp 1 3-5

PaguntaJan Aileen May et ai 1998 The Tagab ukid of Sibuyan AnthroWatch Quezon Ciry Ms

PANlIPI 1997 A Studv on the Life and Aspi rations of Taga bukid the Indigenous People

in Sibuyan Island Provin eo Ro mblon Q uezon City

Russel Susan D 1986 Mountain People in the PhiliPeines Ethnographic Contribution in Philippine

Upland Communities In S FUJisaka et aI Man Agriculture and the Tropical Forest Winrock Interna tional Institute for agricultural Development Bangkok

The Philippine Commission 1901 Report of the Philippine Commission to the President Vol III Government

Printing O ffice Washington

Torres Meliza Joy A 1997 NlPAP Cultural Profile of the Mangyan Tagabuk id of Sibuyan Island

Draft Report

Warren James Francismiddot 1985 The Sulu Zone 1768-1898 New Day Publishers Q uezon Ciry

C Interviews

Diego Proseso SL Key Informant Kabuylanan Si buyan Island Romblon October 1998

Recto Bonifacia Key Informant Salugon Sibuyan Island Romblon October 1998

Regia Epifa nio Key Informant Panagintingan Sibuya n Island Romblon Octo ber 1998

Ruba Henerosa Key Informant Hagimit Sibuyan Island Romblon October 1998

Tolentino Jose Key Informant Pa-ima Sibuyan Island Romblon October 1998

PHOTO CREDITS

WWF-Philipp incs

Dr Sabino Padilla J r AnthroWatch PAFID for the maps

Ivan Sarenas

SIBUYAN MANGYAN TAGABUKID Surviving In A Changing World

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

SuppOrt for the research and writing of this book was made

possible by the Prot cring the Biodiversity of M e Guiting-guiting

through the Development of Su tainab le Community Livelihood

Ente rprises program of WWF-Philippines which i fu nded by the Directorate General for Int rnarional Cooperation (DGIS)

o f the Netherbnds government

A sabbatlwlleave from my academic duries at the College of the

Arts and Sciences University of the Philippines Manila provided

me with opportunitie to do extended fi eldwork in Sibuyan

Our fieldwork would not have been frui tful without the ibu yan

Mangyan Tagabukid o f Gintak-an Gin-alan Kabuylanan Hagimit

Layag and Panagintingan who guided llS in our jo urney to

understand thei r way of Iii

I am also grateful to the many individ uals wh gave support

many ugge ti n and encouragement to finally fin ish this pr iec

Miks Gul3-Padilla Chrisma Sa lao Carmen Villasenor Dr C li Boncan Arnold Molrna Azurin Aileen May Paguntalan Trina Galido

Edsel Ramirez Mel iza Joy Torres Al fredo Principe II Efren Isorena

Perla E plel Ninel Tayag Rosmiah Mayo and Portia Marasigan

and Marisel D ino and all the staff of KKP Si buyan Needless

to say there are nameless others all of whom should be absolved

of any error and shortcomings of this book

Maramillg saarnot at mabuha kayong lahat

Sabino G Padilla Jr PhD













UPPER ALPINE FOREST




AS A PEOPLE











subsistence







jars and pots





18th century





























































people once again











Mangyan Tagabukid
















































Language






Garb











Social Organization
















TH ELAN DSCAPE


0

25 and 1220



0

































































































Si buyan forests

Land Ownership











































Spirits














Health Practices












produce smoke that




spirits



in the river wben a

persons body is not


water This is

characterized by

prolonged itchiness

and rashes The cure









Farming Rituals





























in the ground










during high t ide
























of deprivation



































GINTAK-AN 24 155 71 84







) J


TOTAL 1 5 1687 796 991

BI BLIOGRAPHY

A Documents

















B Books

Anthropology Warch















Conkl in Ha rold C

1963

1957








Manila



Chicago




H RAF New Haven








Olofson H ed














Draft Report


C Interviews






PHOTO CREDITS

WWF-Philipp incs


Ivan Sarenas













UPPER ALPINE FOREST




AS A PEOPLE











subsistence







jars and pots





18th century





























































people once again











Mangyan Tagabukid
















































Language






Garb











Social Organization
















TH ELAN DSCAPE


0

25 and 1220



0

































































































Si buyan forests

Land Ownership











































Spirits














Health Practices












produce smoke that




spirits



in the river wben a

persons body is not


water This is

characterized by

prolonged itchiness

and rashes The cure









Farming Rituals





























in the ground










during high t ide
























of deprivation



































GINTAK-AN 24 155 71 84







) J


TOTAL 1 5 1687 796 991

BI BLIOGRAPHY

A Documents

















B Books

Anthropology Warch















Conkl in Ha rold C

1963

1957








Manila



Chicago




H RAF New Haven








Olofson H ed














Draft Report


C Interviews






PHOTO CREDITS

WWF-Philipp incs


Ivan Sarenas











subsistence







jars and pots





18th century





























































people once again











Mangyan Tagabukid
















































Language






Garb











Social Organization
















TH ELAN DSCAPE


0

25 and 1220



0

































































































Si buyan forests

Land Ownership











































Spirits














Health Practices












produce smoke that




spirits



in the river wben a

persons body is not


water This is

characterized by

prolonged itchiness

and rashes The cure









Farming Rituals





























in the ground










during high t ide
























of deprivation



































GINTAK-AN 24 155 71 84







) J


TOTAL 1 5 1687 796 991

BI BLIOGRAPHY

A Documents

















B Books

Anthropology Warch















Conkl in Ha rold C

1963

1957








Manila



Chicago




H RAF New Haven








Olofson H ed














Draft Report


C Interviews






PHOTO CREDITS

WWF-Philipp incs


Ivan Sarenas































people once again











Mangyan Tagabukid
















































Language






Garb











Social Organization
















TH ELAN DSCAPE


0

25 and 1220



0

































































































Si buyan forests

Land Ownership











































Spirits














Health Practices












produce smoke that




spirits



in the river wben a

persons body is not


water This is

characterized by

prolonged itchiness

and rashes The cure









Farming Rituals





























in the ground










during high t ide
























of deprivation



































GINTAK-AN 24 155 71 84







) J


TOTAL 1 5 1687 796 991

BI BLIOGRAPHY

A Documents

















B Books

Anthropology Warch















Conkl in Ha rold C

1963

1957








Manila



Chicago




H RAF New Haven








Olofson H ed














Draft Report


C Interviews






PHOTO CREDITS

WWF-Philipp incs


Ivan Sarenas




























Language






Garb











Social Organization
















TH ELAN DSCAPE


0

25 and 1220



0

































































































Si buyan forests

Land Ownership











































Spirits














Health Practices












produce smoke that




spirits



in the river wben a

persons body is not


water This is

characterized by

prolonged itchiness

and rashes The cure









Farming Rituals





























in the ground










during high t ide
























of deprivation



































GINTAK-AN 24 155 71 84







) J


TOTAL 1 5 1687 796 991

BI BLIOGRAPHY

A Documents

















B Books

Anthropology Warch















Conkl in Ha rold C

1963

1957








Manila



Chicago




H RAF New Haven








Olofson H ed














Draft Report


C Interviews






PHOTO CREDITS

WWF-Philipp incs


Ivan Sarenas


TH ELAN DSCAPE


0

25 and 1220



0

































































































Si buyan forests

Land Ownership











































Spirits














Health Practices












produce smoke that




spirits



in the river wben a

persons body is not


water This is

characterized by

prolonged itchiness

and rashes The cure









Farming Rituals





























in the ground










during high t ide
























of deprivation



































GINTAK-AN 24 155 71 84







) J


TOTAL 1 5 1687 796 991

BI BLIOGRAPHY

A Documents

















B Books

Anthropology Warch















Conkl in Ha rold C

1963

1957








Manila



Chicago




H RAF New Haven








Olofson H ed














Draft Report


C Interviews






PHOTO CREDITS

WWF-Philipp incs


Ivan Sarenas































































































Si buyan forests

Land Ownership











































Spirits














Health Practices












produce smoke that




spirits



in the river wben a

persons body is not


water This is

characterized by

prolonged itchiness

and rashes The cure









Farming Rituals





























in the ground










during high t ide
























of deprivation



































GINTAK-AN 24 155 71 84







) J


TOTAL 1 5 1687 796 991

BI BLIOGRAPHY

A Documents

















B Books

Anthropology Warch















Conkl in Ha rold C

1963

1957








Manila



Chicago




H RAF New Haven








Olofson H ed














Draft Report


C Interviews






PHOTO CREDITS

WWF-Philipp incs


Ivan Sarenas









Spirits














Health Practices












produce smoke that




spirits



in the river wben a

persons body is not


water This is

characterized by

prolonged itchiness

and rashes The cure









Farming Rituals





























in the ground










during high t ide
























of deprivation



































GINTAK-AN 24 155 71 84







) J


TOTAL 1 5 1687 796 991

BI BLIOGRAPHY

A Documents

















B Books

Anthropology Warch















Conkl in Ha rold C

1963

1957








Manila



Chicago




H RAF New Haven








Olofson H ed














Draft Report


C Interviews






PHOTO CREDITS

WWF-Philipp incs


Ivan Sarenas




Farming Rituals





























in the ground










during high t ide
























of deprivation



































GINTAK-AN 24 155 71 84







) J


TOTAL 1 5 1687 796 991

BI BLIOGRAPHY

A Documents

















B Books

Anthropology Warch















Conkl in Ha rold C

1963

1957








Manila



Chicago




H RAF New Haven








Olofson H ed














Draft Report


C Interviews






PHOTO CREDITS

WWF-Philipp incs


Ivan Sarenas









during high t ide
























of deprivation



































GINTAK-AN 24 155 71 84







) J


TOTAL 1 5 1687 796 991

BI BLIOGRAPHY

A Documents

















B Books

Anthropology Warch















Conkl in Ha rold C

1963

1957








Manila



Chicago




H RAF New Haven








Olofson H ed














Draft Report


C Interviews






PHOTO CREDITS

WWF-Philipp incs


Ivan Sarenas























of deprivation



































GINTAK-AN 24 155 71 84







) J


TOTAL 1 5 1687 796 991

BI BLIOGRAPHY

A Documents

















B Books

Anthropology Warch















Conkl in Ha rold C

1963

1957








Manila



Chicago




H RAF New Haven








Olofson H ed














Draft Report


C Interviews






PHOTO CREDITS

WWF-Philipp incs


Ivan Sarenas


GINTAK-AN 24 155 71 84







) J


TOTAL 1 5 1687 796 991

BI BLIOGRAPHY

A Documents

















B Books

Anthropology Warch















Conkl in Ha rold C

1963

1957








Manila



Chicago




H RAF New Haven








Olofson H ed














Draft Report


C Interviews






PHOTO CREDITS

WWF-Philipp incs


Ivan Sarenas

BI BLIOGRAPHY

A Documents

















B Books

Anthropology Warch















Conkl in Ha rold C

1963

1957








Manila



Chicago




H RAF New Haven








Olofson H ed














Draft Report


C Interviews






PHOTO CREDITS

WWF-Philipp incs


Ivan Sarenas


Manila



Chicago




H RAF New Haven








Olofson H ed














Draft Report


C Interviews






PHOTO CREDITS

WWF-Philipp incs


Ivan Sarenas

Sibuyan Mangyan Tagabukid

Documents

Transcript of Sibuyan Mangyan Tagabukid