ShOW j.5j.flJ :74T fl4j) I1I•LTWi.TER Eli CE3f5ifl by ILM ... · age bO me. at .sob rn 2. in...
39
ShOW j.5j.flJ :74T fl4j) I1I•LTWi.TER Eli CE3f5ifl by ILM. Gray, R.J. Granger, RG. Landine and U. Bayne NOT FOR FUEL 1CATIOi• Do not r:prodoce or d:tstribute any part of this document without the peraissio:i:. of the authors 5 U. B. Gray, Chairman; R. J. Granger, Res:ea:rch Engineer p U. Landine, Research Engineer an.d U. B ayne, Research Technician, Division of Hydrology., University ci Saskatchewan, Saskatoon Saskatchewan., Can.ada. April, 1989
Transcript of ShOW j.5j.flJ :74T fl4j) I1I•LTWi.TER Eli CE3f5ifl by ILM ... · age bO me. at .sob rn 2. in...
ShOW j.5j.flJ :74T fl4j) I1I•LTWi.TER Eli CE3f5ifl
by
ILM. Gray, R.J. Granger, RG. Landine and U. Bayne
NOT FOR FUEL 1CATIOi•
Do not r:prodoce or d:tstribute any part of this document without the
peraissio:i:. of the authors
5U. B. Gray, Chairman; R. J. Granger, Res:ea:rch Engineer p U. Landine, ResearchEngineer an.d U. Bayne, Research Technician, Division of Hydrology., Universityci Saskatchewan, Saskatoon Saskatchewan., Can.ada.
April, 1989
SNOW NARAGESNT AND LThAtU ENEANhT
hp)0L6 b’kl VS
1, VisIt’. 0 nsg0tutv U’s %ERSifl Ut %*6KAT.tfkWAX
Tas repo’t s swine ‘he tesusts ot studies ronaucteu’ “nan ne projec’t•u ‘i ig tie 1088 calendar year br the most par these activities ce’nerec ona menu eteit of o a to s.u e chnes. tsospher c vaiables. bnoh4.oflt
prooertisano vopyelosa iN tsetb fe iticro n itstin the tail of lOfty jsee p’ogiess report or icntuary 1 . tVCj I”, a a y cct t es’ di a and n egranon of the reau.ss with the information coaie°edduring the past five years whicu are archived :r. we data base cr tne uiViSsGflOs dsdro ogv ‘t he zevelopnen a a first generation tie) Jesci..bng heinteracton tbt’erboqm°t r’lrto nv° a .‘qiotacir.torcang at a subsoiling treatmert (d,i app i anon ol a Prel a - virg ‘, oMode to a a co Lectes at variot’s elieatologica stataons f’i the PrairieProvinces to determine the relative amounts ot snow Vt move in sattation adsispeision ard the atount in o subi tea ion during wino rInsprt heace theootentlal amounts of snwvial t. be rpe1 ad e e atii of
noedure to’ estimating soi seter iosaes oy evapo at i cIurir ‘ostmt’e pniod tol oqiig tm disappaaance of tn’ sea%onal snowcove ‘n ‘0 tne Vms
o’ seeding of an’iuaa ereas grain
SNO!,T ISflLTRATIS
tie a ‘s d watt bcisOn as na’ccn,-e.‘: ‘t •w sn.was at as
- ; vs. tee ‘no.ovtr sate quivalnte i liLt an nn’. i. he tea nrc ø.otsit tie tee cx a . c e e iai , a i a a t. ( e r ‘ d t rtad ,ascat6on wine snow feices nad ben rctcd w’ tar a i—iocmnulet o I ai e (pp the Snb$ui ‘1 iel’l or ‘c’ h’-”? tv’s Ut’
‘W an cappr %smcte’ 4! mm n biaC •t3O lb rat e 1fl ‘a,or ti S3twcc c’
variab r hf rrow snow t cne ‘C earn dCC lor
WE tic fe’ an 001
I I
ty 1 er tic . e pos 0. C repr *
data of shE terti i via]d intc ion on itt erat bill nv
re€.taents
At Richiea. tue total snow.over Water eO’11Vazefl1 ava:laole fir nt II’? 4(fl
reqitec1 trorn snnwtal wgliCft octrred ,tagt nricr ro ryje ant notice tnt del jertgir
stns sPowed ai.it erfect in Lnc.reasang accumulation.
It iltratics Is, Craited and macfled
ble •sn ten. (S flows
t (Thu d c depth ncr pane thi tro ii (C’) a a
at ne dirterent sizes :n iWb& :fle reja’jve aocations of t. measurement satcs
er ,hown in tne scnernatic diagrams iFigs. •. . o aria me aeta n fliote
are consistent With the rindings 01 snowrnei nriit’at1on to unuisturoed. crarvea
. suoso±sea sons reported or uray and utsnger ilYbo) acneiv tflP SftOh
1. Gra in’ s rbed ‘tubb
snail co,es rat’or ‘r appr x € y
q t ove h
atc ,s e oil hal
age bO me. at .sob rn
2. in .‘rCflCa and Rios
a’ ..arge am°unts of 1n:it:on. :n several cabes flQF n(aas
shE an this ii attributewi to the flow om s.eltintet aicnt the
.:ae an t” rreet er’tr’ : runort nr SL.rlae d,pa.: .2
he tndis: e . or flit fl r w’ &(tlfl S c
trim 0. •l1 fiF 114 tt. I
at it
tie p a -t
ot 1 h.un otn’ .el
£ J4smsres tea in 37ar OGrnmot a rdt.on in F
I a]lS
REYNOtD S FARM
FER IL I ZED
I2 2
14
12
\\
\
H
KERROBERT SASKATCHEWAN 1q97 — iges
NON—FERTILIZED FERTILIZED STU8LE
*2O
21*
STUBBLE I
.70 METERRIPS (R6)
\22
\‘
17*
1.4 METER RIP 8)
STU9BLE
L
ighue I 4oU oiaure wniweig te eyiol4 s F’ F19V1/88
REYNOLDS FARM_zz____RERROBERT. SASkATCHEWAN
1997 - 1998
STU88LE
7 Upps Slaps
*
Upper Slaps
SU8SOILEO ‘87 2coN,goL 90 cm spacings
$U8SOILEO ‘87
Lc,wor’ Slops70 cm spacings
**413
_—
12Lowsr- Slops_—
STU88LE
* Twin Pr-cbs SiEs
Flgwe Sell netmre moriitorieg sItes ReyeoldtsPsr i’es kerrobereI SB? / BA
UNEZppEC
2* L j
rWRIGHT’S EAM
KERROBEPT SASKATCHEWAN
1987-
DEEP
-z
WRIGHT’S
FALLOW
Per’
iii
P re I *0 up’ e- p1
-
e rube t ie
1H10HAY NC. 41
I
90cm 90cmtm Hcb rtp
—
/ -I2k—
fk:
(fl9k4
9)4
o
STUBBLE FALL0W
_______
TALL STUBBLE jLT. HT. STBLE.
) PARSHALL FLUME
TWIN PROBE SITES STUBBLE (cdt,)
KERNEN FARMSASKATOON SASKATCHEWAN
1987 — 1988
Fiiirr 4 Sofl ri is ur’ aonitoring ite ernsn . m SasItooti. 191 R
lobie snownieit ynf tratior to uracKld a1d o.bso leo s s. e ob’rr.3 c ea ii fra’oon. 1988.
Sit, \o Jesc:iption sink wm, 1’J mu 0 nr;
re7riolJs mwm s rbson 7 ;8 32 680ilieler 8fl’ 63 au a do8 decent u3 7oh 209 Stubble0 a0 e012 SLAt r m86) 43 23 803 5*1 o 1 8a;t 60 loU ( 78o1* ?daceu #lu 60 o6 2o0S re4o do) 5” 2i 4 760o 11db L4 (86; 60 lIe 4 68!I c1cei C 6 66 l0l 00Is tkCi o a d6 .t 20 220Adjacent#9 4 l5 14Kolio (8tu 40 39 9 32o24 aA’e4er (8i o4 26 0 400I &nflds (Eu I Adjecet1t #2 lao 1W 60tlu cc 9 87j 188 2b6o 1240SF Soupe 9 (8?) 67 o9. 4 ldu41 Aoacen #3 101 3 3 1543* Hubee 9 87) 194 2 12u6 Sd acert #3 82 1W. 1240Hubee !9 ‘87; l5 16 o81 Aajareat #3 l28!2 8 04 sobEr :5 90 16010 stubb a 13 Iu!a iouHuhee !7 c87) 146 109±o 96121 Ad,acent #11 s6
- U 6 01 F H be’ A 8, A 12&4Al Ouoee A uS i66 104!,iot AdjCCCflt #14 ili 104 - ‘CF Suo°c J 132 ‘14 9 0
(r!gnt c S ubblu 40 j 42 Keho 1*0. 8 4)diae, #c 49 70! *0Old di #3 A ) Ftv-Au 8$ ‘9
En ow 4; 3!
o s’utb±” 14 So-I 69’0 Auohi A 46 o 140r;uole0 6u)480
ii
.0.e
iltlJ
“S
‘it‘Cu
‘CIL
.J_’ t
3.4
‘4 4It .0
3
$4 U
; 3
all 198
t*LP
.ot’
II.’-’
400
“U
id$a ana Redo (86i siqas :onstrjrted wit eslo ‘n plc’w hiiUdb to a depth or -eUC a on line spacings at :1 and 1 4 a.respect wety
and iluan J a (alt ames iasta:4ed with dubee sunsciter to3 oeptn ) 3w mm ii. 11.87 ii spacings Oa a 7u i .i I
0! a :ases
ncc,ur dV ccreed
re’ations cxzsta nwen
sra a’SeT a baU1.’i liv GtCt iseF
b a55 t..afl 1 1 • flr4e% Cd. am
unts
oapth (If 1 p
ø e
.q a
nIl m c•Ptrii‘.‘ a:.
r’ n•d:g m
TP..,4aer404 dep.P f’! .lre.. r’r t’. .f’P L. .A. .z.
.njac°nt ‘o i tracK or k!p
nIt :t—tt’2TI ‘Difl r”. ‘oi. ‘ ‘Sn .SWPU’dtPa3 I’ja• o a
‘orlin’nc
ftba3tOLStatable
•. StUOC (
.w;acnc •itk’..oee 0
14 tuoblea4 04
a3 H 3*
inged I, P0 ) - .nne with Lbs
— ep ç lowKu4 (86) iullefer lines construc.
dud 11.84. re.spev hey. depthAojacen.. *7 - measurement or moisture change made
450 52 immadtateiv .iaidceflt tclocated
StuoDle — aialsturDed stdbo.ae‘ Kei.o 7
0
w Ui Kilsefer plc $6400 mm. soat.nz 1.9in a SCII co:uma 1ccaed 130rip in Mitch site ‘o.i is
gijibee .t 7 t87:
ns Crespecti
a er
4atG’. lflP.fl1V wr’i 1. n4 çj.a va—ca
I ‘ a(.. tIlL 4W’? .1 • a •py
Ii
in anion to that
attzibu oh t tie ii
rrrss caus’d t Ia r
ia-ta ation of the
a sourte of ware io I te ai o em rderoasrate 2 o ose r a iorsnp na-woemeitwatar en ering a ii ann adja-’nt so i
he rinlings (Taoic 1, axe combned witt information co’ eoteo ii ret a-ca s awl sumirrized as at’ rage amounts of stowmeit £tratfor to cracks rio’no urd a-orb d Si Es t r d’ fete it ranges if srowcovr water equivalent in rab’e
H tie us. sto’ 1FF n’reasirg w r SWe to both cr2cas anu the rips w’cu ar rq for t e rip t I f t’at a-re ma e itan he raexs However rte
ratio a- tne arrount o inn t’aton Into CO onenirg to the amount infiltratinghe same son in undisturbed cot dition varies orly satgnrly wtth SkE on crackedsuns he range n ratio va ues vaned heuween 3 a and s 3 with a mean ci aano on rippeo son betweet 5 4 ano b a with n mean of da.
Figure a snows grouped mean values of sin ma or changes doe to snowoefttOlli ration wa-co have been monitored n rips. cracas, adjacent to rips andunoista-bed stubole prortud against snowcoscr wate equrvalcn bxpves2xnu hes’eianonshrps it equatiora tori gice
I
iMk - 16 a- SFF0I
ra ho
rt utoxstu bed a ohm
r asOd by raoi c coidu Ii
irutneat itu of
ire ad ( i no r
Iris an ae
itv or tht soti
tie du ing
it u ng s
F at
ft 018 1at
F 8. Itt sh4;
1.0
Tabl.e 2. Average amoun.ts of snowiseit infiltration to cracks, rl.ps and touncracked/undistnrb.ed :oi.1s for di.fferen.t ranges of snowcover waterequivali.nt (1NF)
; l1.QPILTIIAI:10I.(11 INFILTRATION0SBT: Cticracice•cl Crack i.atlo Un:dh..tnrbed Ri.ps Ratio
<30 12.4 (5)1) 49.7 (2) 4:,O 10.2 (2) 57.1 (3) 5.6
3850 18.6 (7) 387 (2) 38 13.7 (3) 89.4(:4)
6.5
3870 23.7 (Ii) 84.1 (9:) 3.5 17.8 (d) 9.97 (7) 56
70l00 28.0 (23) 95,7 (5): 3,4 1. 21.5 (8) 117.1. (5) 54
138150 30.5 (17) 116.6 (9) 3.8 23.0 (d) 134.4 (9) 5,8
>150 34.5 (9) 147.0 (4) 4.3 27.6 (4) 154.9 (12) 5.6
Mean. 3.8 Mean 5,8
a Valnes gIven for cracked and uncracked soIls are from all regions in Brownand Dark. Brown soil acne s of the Province in which soil cracking wasobserved. The. major sc:.i1 types are heavy clay and clay loam.
h Values for snbsolled and. nndlsturbe:d s•oil are for Kerrobert where theprincipal soil textnre’ is. a glacial clay bats. The snbsoiling treatm:entsincindktd: (a) KflIefer plow — d:epth = 600 mm, spacing = 1.9 m; (0) Ebsonplow - daptl:: = 400 mm, spacing = 0.75 m; (c) 3810—hilt plow - depth =
600 mm, spa.cinga = 0.70 and: 1.4 m;: (d): BAbes suhsoiler depth = 500 ma:,spacings = 0.70 and 0.90 ii.
Va flies in parenthe s•es r.e..f::::e:.r to the nnm •er of sas:pie:aEstimat:ad. vs:Im.:s, Ti:e sail in• th.e Ferrohert re:glon ext:ihits s:cas: s•oicnetzicchare:.cteristica, with infiltration to nnt:i.stan:b:e.d stahhle being.: cnr:sistentby boin:r. than a:::t other lc.:oaticns In t..h:e:.: prc:vk.ce: hi.: a..n a:pprox.ima:te factorof 0,711:,
1 SO
140
F’
120‘-I
z100
F
SOJI—4
LIZ 501-4
z40
I
20
00 20 40
160 180
MEAN SNOW WATER EQUIVALENT (mm)
Av.re aocnts of .noe.it itt ii rati In) iota C tarn pajace t o rips and ran surbed stubrle as a tuflrt on ut iverraPrep ft at 5)0W oer qtj a III
60 80 100 120 140
a
i°a’rPt ‘0 146
‘or nc - 30 a
.b ‘nt ard
,w tO, re
4tA cl.3 s30 bPY. [ Ii
- s swL . ard [41where: ISEk - iDtj.L’T,• iou Ira a rip ni IIJC inri”ration into a track(IS) Ifl ictiitzrion -nto u’ icii conan ylig 150 to 4o0 — eciacen’ toi rip jn Cr in “t st r -o ri turbea so ni. na sWE cowcove—wa e equva nt wn vr’ige t°*tlt ecu water aCtI corant of ‘he ur U ii ‘3 .1 expits Cu 86 4 dent if etturation
Spacing of Rip.
hquaciotts a to a arc aed tor the iev’eLop.,rt a a CaSML, conceptual toddaeacribing tne average upth of ‘aowse t mrS tnt ‘o ove’ a qraj!ed tield‘Thfjareaifl as a rurctzc.n of St. aid an. spanry(s,. ,onder a a ii whict‘as been a’r,aouL’o win only a no’ din n-roe co Ce rrue’re fl ,cot be we in r ‘s te eye em r “ rept—s#nteC o .h..€’ yb; iaOS p dj c’i ru r, s—rre1 sc r’e t ‘r v o;’
v r wi i a a Larac lb b kkiag ne wt’’ c U’ ‘xi ‘1 sd ‘ •‘e na I c wpjpeppqt o’ en’ e,, V. T Cuu a he water ha an e tQua 07, au be w t en a:
‘ 6 iit. ‘ U.’;
-
.rA U b flE
1Jkd01)1lOt-
ei 4assao3,;.a4048TOS.-IIPaIT.IU.pfTtøMhe’’JOI.Jflop.anlea‘‘•naxaq 0toTT•.AIITfld.fliTGUITdk0i$OUSJO5’fl3epJ0TI101‘I)77
JOJ#PTt-087‘lieOS•090)WUtTO1.UePAThOS101PMtTMflA.iflOESTW01S0T1OpSI,,bST00S018PaOSdtGPTflO’ISCSUTT‘r?J‘sql 1%4TIfl’)U45T08Ipegucuoiiruuad.pwrpuP’’nuaaa
)ttU‘)lO(qelI41.LpATP0.00919flJTII61105UTivqSMOqSpjn.jaaotcPto•oa3ua.tniisatonenr;z.$urddsna’sr)ae;pisonin£#Aiad.iaat10530‘u.TeATeb.e.a‘ffl’TIoft(TEUUC“391GMSUItP89.10).qjototaerddeeqainisuowep01fbOS‘nqiristpunJ0JptP.“o;epewdstdzi1(,”fjPG1P)4jSitSJnflJaqiU3Pfl°T OFTID’JP3t2i‘r(91a4P)0JDWTOW1105.lTCWtJdP1 670*8:051p’ws.rPIJI9iflt TVt8103p.flofd018qgnfletrocierb;
oewurqoaovqqAoUa%Tg‘t.’,aI4Jlit1110005.iessesuWSfloe3WWWOLUITMsae*ocisousJ04
I
-,,‘T%ic%t;sj.6’os-3MsnCoc’;:-0c9ojSSJP4J
wnnwrwmrn1
‘:oTc.J(s05tM’0’Ijecqn’e)gn’IPsI
irr,,dw’7b”rw104
tojZSnt0,iç‘hir-tsb, 1Auu*’fltPrpa;’nu)jJ0’SICT‘30‘1Au1WT.S)flS‘ScJItWUtStS03tM‘II
Lt”,4TSm“Mcartft’,.’M3in)d”SPS‘Rt‘au.jAsinqamuer
‘o;wi.,‘‘‘JØfl,g 4f3Vfljfl.nnqwau,GM1JISUO.TJ8,,i,,,-csn’sa.n
iozqsitoj1ofla..3c’)tetseer0.TOSl,eCJOIa.DUP0:007P’l3’‘so’iSSICXJCU)9qfl9’gt4fl53J*4;a’atcc‘•fl•JfldQl’s’T.000•.LbitSbUSU4•t.tdIAt.s54SPIt!
t•bSIS(liii—UsPI‘1•i’dd,fl(rflw102,.fltaMdsp’)J‘LiO’OIjoissx;it.
.SL0,IJaE’e’!sq8uo.tdt8%4ri
I
I
I 0
E
120
z0
F
F40
t.LrL
SNOW WATER EQUIVALENT (mm)
az0 30 50 90 120 150 80
SNOW WATER EQUIVALENT (mm)
120 150
Ielat1on beteeu areei InfHtraion, line spacing anoqcivalepe for drv prernsit soi IOi8tore G 4U/a
ISO
snow warsahso i E
EE
0
L0
z0
F
FI
ILz
7-
—
UNDISUR5ED
INIT1A SOIL MO15TUE, Sp — 4
e1 tIm oen#een area! .nfitraton, Ine sparing ana snow waterPqnlvaient for wet prewe1t -L SoIstur UoO ms mm4: ubso
——__________
______________________
E*
E/
g14O
i2O[— /Z
OD,/Z
RIP SP. CM)0
80H0 0 1.9
:: AZ
0 20 40 80 80 100 120 140 180 180 200
Co1cDLi1otd Ar-a1 Irfi1tr—ctiDr1. mm
tospar1ao betweei rasurd and mode1Jed amuntt cin’iItra ion
It
i-1’ ‘. pacin ‘a rips ii :w.’ Tn annue ‘eac%:aaa water Pquivai-ras of ‘if.ta zi. t-a.’jq •n b.. era TS’s awl ‘cu et.s C’
rreaeit sni c..su.r. - ... an. u..
Sknwns’ eater Equivalent rappLng rfirinvy Rap spa-ng1551 tb; .$, a (J•, lq ; b;
btit. It,,
0 7
0.7 5. i at c.ocaerc.ai subsoi rs e;s: cause sutsz cit dlsturbantt ad cture
to vie bOil SdSB aetween tOP r’ps tnat. a- east r -he that nat a oia wili
nat-c tnr cap.cxtv cc intiatrate a’ water trom snow accusuiati.a arith are
lIkely to be trapped by a stuoble management practice cdó qJ. andeoerdent of
the soil suisture contect’. It Cab be expectea rat rue lnt:irrat.r.n rnara
teristaca ot a suosoalea an’ wlsi decrease naturaiay in time aue to sen:ezent
and pit ne. However, tie) ,Dservations surg ‘ tnat the benei’v’ a sltects
of s g on meitwat ement L,9 tasting in cea
at jtoso aueton whlchd i
onse c d ta a used
I,
eev a o ted 6
to ieen 400 a sine er (‘.J i
‘t maitwarer .on ‘rom a s oble’ uanagemc GP
‘.1 SOS 1 ii ,.. SO ., fl .1 fltlV.,t.C ann IsOESI WIb4L’ flaG SLL
cn.4..t1arae Fny s1lgnt,.; 5”°g’tZaC s.4n tre rng’. shou na ;a’n.iser
S ;flP4 rr:teria ¼pJoZtaC ht b: ha ‘-: aelfll.b • ‘-‘wt
cia i.es soaced dt , • or ider 3100 growth ant’ a univ aS fa.)flh.’IITOTl ti°
p.er.’s car’” ‘v’r tJi aal’e fl taat fl_ •.a - Sutn sIow.
ii
EFFECTS OF SNOW MANAGE1NT AND SUBSOIL ING ON CROP YIELD
An important goal of the st.udy is to obtaIn information on th.e effects of
snow management. and subsolilog gractices on.. crop yield, Yield data are also used
to Index the longevity of the treatment effects.
For th:e l987th8 season at the Kerrobert sltes. the subsolled plots were
In 2n&year stubble and, because of t:h..:e patchy snowcover. no suppleniental
fert.lllzer was adiled. Also th:e. patcj:,y growth.. aii:d p or stam:d nsgated meanlngfnl
yield daf.a from the entire area: o:f a plot. As a consequence. samples were taken
wttn a smalpiot comthne Wnteste]ger) at setected locations witni ‘e ens
so as to provide yield Information over the range of observed snowcover water
equivalents. FIgure 9 shows t.he ln.cre:ase in .Ie.id with lncreased snowmelt
infiltration re.iat lye to ttie yjf:l5: from ur::dlsturbe.d stabble p lots sh:owlng the.
lowest yield. The: soil water Increases for the subaolled area.s were estimated
by the model for areal Infiltration to subsolled sites using the observed
snowcover water equivalents, or rom Infi.itratlcn amounts observed at soIl
moisture monitoring sites located at or near to the sites there the r.ombine
samples were t:ken. The besthf It .line th.reugh i.he dLh.ta: (taken through the
origin) indicates th.at eac.h 25 mm of water pro:daces a yield Increase
of about 190 kg/ha of spring wheat. There was no discernahi.e dIfference In
yIelds from areas subsoiled on .7 m and .9 m spac.inas.
The data In Table 4 show the effects on yield of subsoillng treatments
without. snow management. They sltni a in treatment effect on yield with:
tIme. In the first two years fnllo.wing lnstu.lIa:tlon the c..hen..:e: I.s sni.al.I; In the
fI.rsi. year there is an average difference of 435 kg/ha compared to the yield from
nisdlsturbed. stubble (: 34% Increase). while in the. second yea.r a dl).fereuce of
371 kghti (SOt increase) is observed. In the fourth ys.air t.he 4.1 fferenc.e has
reduced to.. 20 kgi.I...a :n:ly it Increase.). It l.s m.en.ti.o:ned h4..flh4tver. th:a.t thi.s small.
residual effect in th:e fourth year to likely due, at. ieast 1.n:. part., to the low
amount of’ preclpitati on srow and rain) received In 19111, the only year with
fourtn year nasa. Over tne info of tue trnans tao average annuan precnrn.tatnon
has cern tess tnan us in1
1 500
0£
m
1000
0JLu
>-
J
Z oa0
F
00
00 200
ADDITIO AL MOIST R <mm)
t UNDISTURBED
0 7m HU8EE RIPS
• 9m HUBEE RIPS
C
50 100 150
‘4
at a ft it of s ha i ng or t a vi Ic of op irg chca wihout noananavenrot and oupu c-mnta1 a ins at or I
a aduseii I t’ K i -d It t a
ip in in 01ff rennit Kifi din fort
at a 61 1 44 4
tub kps
tsr rear 0
aol rear a 10 -JO 1 1
r var a a a
ito v’a at too i0i
mean snowooter water equlualent.rae r f a r ‘
9iftcerce 0 Vt Jo lice that a. stone oar rotation).C otto of mean yield on ri°atmeot to tnat on stubnte.
o g a 1 1 ii’ p i a ovw h a ccc n err
win 1 9(4 Psi h
S’IOW TR*NSPORT
sicw ma apecii ci ag iczctu’c II Ova 4 ii 6 ft at a ii n
002 ness 0 n ea to 0511CC 0-OtC; 0511 0 ln S-i .o I- P
°- v Or a a a in r a r h 0s at p 1 1 ‘ r (
in ‘-‘oct (ins . in a- a area;
0€ I a a at s w a p a s a
.3w0-559fi w 0d7iiaj€1-s u-is c-it jJOt- 000
i se in a no a at r at or t p a ‘ 0 U
a - ,noan- -. soow -- o-.aoc-r. .?- eas ‘oo evens
o a a if a to a. a C Wa
:n:- as-:i,’-nae mar nn-1o’a 4nr-w
Cm S I £ - i C C;
40
* agni’ .i.texpensive veetotiVt orry s.’..n• a ito, s’iC,S: me
w.re -aat I*IbC aecn&nca.. ‘áFa’o°.* ,* s.ng 9’;W ieia.e. i waee-e or fliCsW
r 01 ar a a I d a 41
pr ‘tic. icc ton. net 10 ae dl 0’ tv sn ft ng
des ,s es • aia t.; naauate tj,r ‘-onom’ c’ •naauia .t c ‘• a s.icgewert ra’oceaure
The pr1aary ouje ‘lye $ thIs seent Os tflØ s’u’K fbi oeei tae d-eio sent
er I n a r 1 I ‘sot u a
aranetez - ii ‘he rota at’auaie i*int in a _rtefa .Jstan. e me bfl:C.. h- a.a: ainwed to act. Euttrer jntorsat’r wtepPr.I:;.r rite ta.-11;’,, ,jcvecipret..
ai ti and eu or •PPNis act •ab ose y U;.
Implantation of P1811
AT her s. 1;’ a’- pn R ne at i rt PP he
)d cr s en pu 3e he r 0 he rc. isa ed
oelO*.
.rt z’ne
4’ n
a’
ad ‘I’VjQPt’
‘t’ WLTS •
b
c’nais.s g’r a “it , a
I * wa h
d palo t 433 !_ ;tar
Vt • 0
cn on r’ m’s
.2; ‘ assumFG .i tile %43a “1) ct tilt RflSt .p3°l W:,I.I occaciarv Cr
-hi- u an, - zar’ a ba • ct n,e 6 at K’17”fl? La - -. ‘12, ‘pbiait.
n I P r
laSt 7681 anon nap mw ndsu lIsa
or tnc seasonsi snowtaI a a.ticrent
reg’ na or asica’ new a. J c .op tnt o
r 1 a t t b
Mode UBS. . d s soio. ci .Iat a the
suspt.hlea sON auG Pe sahtlntlowi rate
“11*6 ta h ay etco olo as
I b SO
ion a dthc Inc. zona -d .‘il ‘on
locations In we Prairie and Park, and
the yates is • •er.. we ‘aauia io
to J e *
wan trPnbplr° a .zow as a_ rLp and
‘1 6*0% HI ‘ 1119)07 Tupu. to thc. K)tWI
asur tent rat 1)” ind aa air
Is n rg e r le to e °
Yq flØf 1% C ‘rfl,7’ e . .VP...et1’
.f %Dø”at..”d .% . 1’ 4 yr -. P I ‘Sr
a t be a S e
r s I
21
I .to’.
.Sa Sublimation
codfl ax
t 1h er .i
inp’at at ibb
7 Tm’ eooe ma
F
ugir as igt
the snow onnit..
‘star e wi nm
U t’ ii
on e ent st
PtPLLkI a:on .ui .e’ new sncw:a flaS a densIty qr .iJU Kfr ar
Is if i t v r r n a er
iJ * tch fJ a sreu’’t to. aP eva pee. 01 teid sta
now. a there is insurricient snow on tue flirt t2irea jeReflp c!
alow fib te ed sow etc nts xc do in 1 t
cots is a Sn
i’s’ It wiring a 5IC41aT10U ma aooe ercoun.’rs an est.me.:t KPOCe Su’laCt
rougnuess ieat”res tsTeVe.nt snow tran’por. a aonwno eis oral fetch
1 r • i 4 v a a
osses are assuaPd zero until steady-state flow
• bus i.
a ny ic
L* nelflr leqs
is ahter ounuries sr
S U’ . h C
subileate anti salt.
‘a; snow transoort occurs duc1ng aim r.or th. aete”roaoutaa
r 4 a e w o i oe a
ci eat a sr W’Cu ered it the hoth y ci dspeci o’.crc’omc
tin’ aerodynacli. roagncess n’d a., tue fatch distance Ia t3u(,
me es
Srsi os d a wnw • icr who ro toe
heigat preves eruslon inc den.ltv f win’ daposired snow
aS assured to oe’ z5o Icy a
p d e I
4VJ 54L’ K 0 rapo.aw
.c 4r % ‘at’ t. •-nis— r qj ‘w nest;, as -e . flv-i “u?
11 L 1€ I It a a 4 1
ia ee or.v “4 • ha (56 I’ it
ir.oh ‘pcar..r,?.
tVs
22
Results
The blowIngsnow saitation-, suspension’ and sublimation fluxes to a heieht
of the over stub-bie and fallow surfaces of various lengths arc simulated using
ciimatoio-gicai data collected during the winter months at Prince Albert (1971-
7$), Regina (1970-76). Swift Current 11971-76) and Yorkton il$lO-l$i
Snow Transport Fluxes Fetch Distance = l000m
The simulations for Regina for stubble belgtt 25 cm) and faliow iand
and 1900 in fetch are shown in Figs. to and ii. These uie charts pictorially
depict the disposition of the mean annual snowfall with the sectors giving the
uerc;entages of the annual snowfall that o-n average: remain as snowcover are
transported hr saitation. and suspension. or are lost by sublimation due to wind
trans port from a fet.ch of i000 m. The reader is rei.ninded that t.he modei assumes
snowfall is the oniy source for eroded snow. f:or a stubble surface (Fig. 10).
on avera.ge 53% of the snowfall is removed of which 1.5% (44 mm water) is iost
to sublimation and the remaining i8% is trmasported from the land unit by
saltatlon and suspension, if the blowIng—snow (saitation and suspension) Is
trapped, It would aanu.nt to approximately 23,000 kg or 200 (23 mm) of water p.er
unIt width. In coapa:rl5on the simulations for fallow (Pig. II) show a decrease
of 24% in the am:oumt of snow:fa..ll retained; as snowoover, an Increase in
subllmal:ion los-s. of 7% and. an Increa.se In tc.:tal trans.port In suspension and
saltation of 17%. These findings “qs.tlfy elem nts of th::e “blowing snow”
phenomena Important to the applic-atiori of ssow management. p:ractices for wate-r
cons-errat Ion, nam:e:.y
(I) Slgmlfi..oant amounts of water are l.o:s:t to sub.l.lmat.Ion during wind
transport. These losses are l€.ss on stut.:..hl.e. t.i.tan on fallow.
(2..) A i.etch of fallow offers greater p.oi:x..ntlal fo.r accumulati.ng snow at
the downwin.d end than an equa.l fetch of stubble,
Table 5 summarIzes the siuulated snow transort flaxes and tc)p amounts
“nfa ‘sc cc ax ax %dO ax ax tcax siax’” T esc sflax
MEAN ANNUAL SNOWFALL (WE) 115mm
SNDWCOVER (47%)
SUSPENDED FLUX (12%)
SALTATIDN FLUX (6%)
SUBLIMATION (35%)
11cr 10 A rwe pefo — fliw ow IAP)81 sibI ma ad d .me rut es
t stuboie at Regina uperiod of record
r y asaowta eriWUb
r al Ia a I000-s let ‘i
SNOWCDVER (23%)
SJBLIMATION (42X)
(10%)
• a me atue sru at II ci pa d a It o atso, penio. “5 ard aearing a ‘aowrov” ‘n a 1uU ee c) Oi Ot hP iU 00 -O’ )
MEAN ANNUAL SNOWFALL (W.E.) 115mm
SUSPENDED FLUX (25%)
Ag a I Iv ag pa
4
Table a. MOdtlatO a.etage a.inac. sal.a IOfl. aLts hub .j.atj(.tluxes ana re.ainiag BROWL over an a l0uO— plane of “ni. widtn insni his an it low tr tn cc so t. eg ta aw • at. aro 0 S e rote a us so’d i 3
o a a ar us bi *1 II b5 at n bus a on so lIa i ima
fl ace to flit 10tber Fallow
Ct t 1. al.ow
SW”’ tu his 2br a w 23
Yorkton %tjbbia4 W
44 1
4I.
I. çó 4 r — I •‘
%flji5a1ip •i°r a )u’.—m c ‘n 1q e,.— a- rnarar r:’ez rn.
aunci ra spry i st va ‘au’ JsbOa ‘ C
eS t a . 4
•r ap.1ir.t1on ‘-: nose s1.Lta6’... r’’-..t :c the OP’..Uh ‘tY bflUts
t i.a I e4g,’ç ..a’ . .j.# • ‘.ns te r’i. 1 ‘c.ie , eqt i •.,. •r, p0Wpe&
r c’ t ‘wae’ cp:r i • rt t
lOW OV
S b 2J bI 27 60
SsO a6 1
4’ rI
Ga staoOe ‘ana at Priact’ Asbert Swirt Current an” Yorxton cnavaras apro ittes LU (rang 0 5- ‘ ot at am ‘Ii no aas 5 caed V al U tad )spnsir: a eg ta boo dcibl
this percentagc flUb.. *aso. the suaiiaation 10s4 .s sustsatiailv
F °i C S & I oat a
tat ire snow transport :iuxes are greater on fallow tuan attibbie maic t gr ticant ‘as eas s ‘c rue a R pir an S ir to enEns he cingaissutide tiesioulPds’ hc’uDia toa’)t’S ,4 % tilL Cataige In a•:r use
C Ci I I
Oh dsOIb .rri 421 fl P”. ttj” lafladLZlfl7 retch ds’ance tu Tt.W.cr UOLifl’ ia
o es
Orientation of Barriers
Roses ot the anwing di’ ft:rg ‘suspension anc saita’inni Pfl’!w i•aX
f r IUC it 1 E 15th aS Sh. a a; ar Regina are wiven as Figs 12 and a3. (ompa-inp tnesc tiara t i’
•vder t t ga e ‘t ii rt s1 op tcrwith ‘.‘e tre•:taonal requeacv or-•n’rrenc Oi prev&_ing wjndq. , % ci: theanluaiuiolbrgsowtitrolgnatb rosm a SEar idirctrn ax 7,: he win events oc ur from tiese sate dire •ions However. tne roses are no..oenticaI. UniV d 5% rf tip’ totC f lilt at pronuced no. ctiec.tion
‘1 n id a w e ci ( . d av it h .h a, ye C tI barn s, wnereas el 5% at the anndaa flux 1% treeporte’ n %w-aads aitn
0 I t S b ,p v t a r14 ft11
Wiho events. inese resuLts are nut uanoertqc a s’ioa tranpur: s iiOt only a
urn met. f—q ny ie ajr a ev’: n spafi o’eeior(Oh ca szgnifirancy alter t.e faux-diatr!outon. Likewise. winds iii a specitJ.
ay be genera1 of ‘uii vel c.ty so a to no r ‘se is nsport Iiis
s vi nt in he da to1’ F in ‘1 bt t Ig . I a d ) hi s ow ha w isrron tpe s and SW willie reprtsening 0.4% of events. “aasporr en.y .i s
F - 0
The waiysis Ueaons:rates uie prefarrea orientation
or a kc r b F ‘ e K. C I t b I
•a t:e dnnta .nno—taanspa1ted ri:ix a iiebse ror trapu ‘1g.
Ii Sb t. Iii raroo’edb a tj tt” ita
ir Sr w. 1 l’,o be Ti’ pp.’d - iq 0065 oI at1 ‘,ae C’
pj* r.e .t’Qec, V WinOs zoa, ja.e. , it .“s”ir1sr
sit pool gd e Mit as j
c. k Pta. and the a’iacert. h.P .,t a4mfl (j.i tie a
F Sb wd t t e
-‘r a saia-.ne.r prac”zt’ •. r’a- il-a. abC. b;.,t r a. oh m
aOl 0 StOW t:apping
S )v .0
AatO. scas ctrt.-n
t 41 C
th’
•1 •
I fl
!‘ I. laW
U cej’ec.
to . £1 4
r 0.
I
REGINA BLOWING/DRIFTING SNOW FLUX
riureI Parcet anus bowig if iig DQWf us a fu ot i d a ro at eg antercre f stubble 500 taioi 1U lb.
REGINA WIND DIRECTIONAL FREDUENCY (NOV.
\
SW (6. 7%)
—
SE (23, 3%)
SOUTH (7. 4%)
a 3 W as ir d. or q o f ou v r a i nn rpfl 10 76.
NORTH (6.0%) —
NW (27. 5%)
WEST (17.3%) —— —
NE (3. 5%)
— —— EAST (21. 1%)
SW (1.1%) — —, SE (22. 5%)
SOUTH (1. 3%)
pa d t iav age. 1 mat 1000 at
TO APR.)
NE (3. 8%)
EAST (16. 1%)
NORTH (6. 8%)
NW (18.8%)
WEST (17. 2%)
PRINCE ALBERT BLOWING/DRIFTING SNOW FLUX
NORTH (8. 1%)
NW (21.4%)
WEST (11.9%)
SW (0.7%)
— EAST (31. 1%)
SE (7. 9%)
SOUTH (0, 3%)
Percent of annual blowing/drifting snow (suspension and saitat.ingflux as a function of direction at Prince Albert (average from lOOU-in fetches of stubble and fi.illow. l97l76).
PRINCE ALBERT WIND DIRECTIONAL FREQUENCY (NOV TO APR)
NE (13. 1%)
EAST (189%)
SE (9, 2%)
SOUTH (7, 1%)
Wind rose showing directional distribution of hourly winds at Princener peid v rc: ‘ emoe ‘o iifi
/////____ NE (17.3%)
NORTH (7. 5%)
NW (12.9%)
SW (13.3%)
a
nfIa ice of Fetch Dhetace
Vance 16
ub’e( a’ -
F ice 4b a
tt.asvey eobstant
a; .r . qu
ii t it es
oIrra*t. r flegn
a sie Sc, aec.
V ii is a
subitsation oecoaes
tape tu •Lat
I 0
Lit q%ftCP: bc.
‘it 1 . S LaOS r
r e
Io it p te t St
‘a i... ‘101 anc 35 131 t
cpa inreperdent a: re n thrapc. .1
ab t t pit by d wi a e
P t KL t esc ta oiis
rae ns .‘a ::4nspor’ad in saitarlnq
et a. Us anee pr ter ne t
a ii ant. g itt U I .‘
ror son co&nnationb ot wiadsote.
bite high ig • b on
rig U it ao at. tOt 0 Ob
‘6. atwater equivaten;). ciatti..’u
— Oa 04’ 7 (c a
n es )0 S de a
dR,sease affects the tranprz
at sowcver va bet,
gli a e to b xp in
wind a respect t the &‘ ‘r.
0 din i.v can 4 sutat on tt
rt e e re .4
izan” zores witn winds wait? aattfllj
mdPr cc The a nzon ‘t
ia.’.s; siinws tfln ‘i pos1tnn DY aiiniaai f.taes ‘aid snow’.over ‘n
3c. a Ut ou
Ot tG th ia’s
at 9.40,., C it .000
ti of no av
i ii ‘a ip
ana swi;t Ctr’rn.a.
46 h 1 1. re ii
atdt lit at ti
the dos. nant tir
e an ty aiJ to
‘tea
kg.
tr
31
s the
C
ii ta
annaaI t ax ac
0*5 ‘t “ t1c
, 1 w
kegtna IS
0% ‘0 c
o NI OF ba w ig aSnObCO.et. thSVebV dec:reasinq ns deptn. ihis
DOLE’’ ii twc way I) resce th as
a t d ; a a t ha s
a ad’W’l arøa n stajics of stubole to t’*
ase ueLt bin •spesd inca vlicn won
w er ii r,j ca ins
aiflt. Regina aria Swia Lurrent ‘alL ii c
ga ans Ott ite ax ic tir V
€ a ) a
:“ ? n 9: zr.e WraP dL.n’iSa
- (‘RI si 6UYLc g”e is. ii sin ‘i
a wfa -
. Vt a
C t a ii 3W
.x.t Pr,nc, A o’ett 4.itG SW
pnen’ x’rosa iwhadl
I 1 .1 )t it
si ow.e:
Ic t
teases a.jflj, ic the te-n •Lstqcv
(1
to r i. vi pe
tur t , asow. •: sruw
fe by Ca ‘to a
hi 14 II S hG
r.i tO’, Z’•ij i=?Ps
‘11
(a
)
J
er
raja (% ,. jr Ua P’h 1. r
9 C) L 0 “N
,wo
‘>
02! C) m 3
‘1 m C, 0 t-1 2! C) m F’ 3 “I
0 1 C) I
‘1> 2! 0 0 ‘N 3 S
d
‘-A 0 0 0 0) 0 0 0
flu
-<t
DE
mU
”C
)
c)z
00
>2!
0>
0ru
mil
l
-44
ME
AN
AN
NU
AL
FL
UX
OF
SN
OW
LO
ST
TO
SU
BL
IMA
TIO
NC
KG
/MW
IDT
H)
0 0 0 0 0
ME
AN
AN
NU
AL
FL
UX
OF
SN
OW
INS
AL
TA
TIO
N/S
US
pE
%IS
ION
CK
G/M
WID
TH
)
0) O0
O0
O0
O0
O0
Pb
RL
EN
FM
EA
NA
NN
UA
LS
NO
WF
-AL
LC
*M
AIN
INL
AS
ON
OW
CO
VE
R
Ns
0C
00
00
Tjr
C
N0)
O0
00
O0
00
aa
aO
ao
0rT
’prr
-rJT
rrrJ
flu
om
Z’li
—4
0-4
2!
cm
>2!
0>
Lru
mm
Jz
—44
a 0 0 N 0 0 a 0) 0 0 0
0) C C 0
Lix:
AJm
ZZ
Tl
—H
)I!
Dir
)z
> IA;
WA
;rr A
;——
4’
a
N 0 a 0
aC a a
000. *t •giathe axaurrixtg ma -cvi h q rot oee a r acted ii a
between SuO mao 1000 a at these wo
t c S r q tot siw
insufficient snow o
C. 5 :“ ‘s
suspension are given urority ov the
Os fl ccver in he H t th *. 1.
cequlrtment. to a 4,u a tetca there are tic.
this purpose; rot
art 7 ien
increases with reu.b.
nrvign Apris at Swift current was 6.85 eq
EU. rtyye Vt $8) a’ w ds e
‘aM t. X ‘esOe eiy AtaOSi,fleTi(
w S ditacije cci ‘Ii th’ f ren e
y rvet ntn nbc c . ur.n s
iOCStiflfl,. A romkarisr ‘ tjt ica.. aiflba
wln’e a: Rapana -t ‘as 6.’.- R r
f 4
Sa’JaFOftflfc Service tht’_t.
1 ti” Ca Ce exti
a rig II i p
4w)—r at .n ra iftCPrt ‘a’ ‘
The disposition of tauxeb dna qz”nccovex SAUa Ietcii a.slance an talloib lirac.as at p • 0 0 Ri d t’ r
uObaflj sr.ow ‘aUX ancreases apprecsao..y fetch tor distances aerween aiu anc
windspeeds and
03 V
‘oust 001 flea a Sw ur’n
distance if 4000 a ‘tht ir • ease i,. LOX
stations is ‘act’ibutae ic. tie nc&Peo£ h I qncooc.ur a p
sdn%fy fully-developed, steady-state tlowa .
,.
codes. iz there jq not an adequate supp:y
en ienste 44 V y h
add1tiona esecents .waslable rcra 500 a teti-h there are 2 element, an in a oou & etc1 U
TI s, th p bebii ty of id ev ng sic dv state ‘n i:nns
g bar at o o’srea ii f .1 .iesublimation mass flux ocr a 4000-a surtare at falLow is 40 higher tnan the
s ostbb 4 tnt I ecu 0 1’. sri Fibv ano 17c show a saaher percentage of annual snowidli reaalaing as snowcoceron altos li’a one..ubbl a eahoftefurn’ io In nut tit •c a..t nv gli. a Locaio is relitively inoependent )t etch disrcree.
*Jso ne riaoings ;n Figs. lb 5tid ti eros grerer acetate of ‘.v’wraspt u utia a ek Jr t n . I Lit. Its st is
axpecred given that swizt Current noraaliy experiences ntg’ier wiadspeeds inj
ri • t’ i IT ii
so
1 a - . t t I at n •
c 7 aa II.. 7., Cr. aannt Or tr’arspait cter r %w. ‘‘tm’ ha
c
I’—
- a a t r ‘ r V
40000—
(flU)z
30000-L
XDfDtflG
LLZ 20000-0
I
ZJ1 10000
toz
0Li0
0zztoo
I
LLF0<ts
DJOJa
toj
zZF<to
0zj
00
irowz>mD
U
<0
z(flz<U)
z
UJZ
ztL0<
IiiUi
Uj<LIL
hiak a auai ma o L UI t tram
atd ptr ceit f enowl 11 rema nrrfpth 4iey ( t fiur ota r
at at o a mp’ria o rib iwr orUUCltLOVO ii ti ow ri r c
cieac.
- Ø—Ø RED I NA
*—X SWIFT CURRENT
PRINCE ALBERT
9—9 YORKTON
ZEEZE
L1000 2000
FETCH DISTANCE <nO
J_i LL13000 4000
400000
300000
200000
100000
13—Em REGINA
X—X SWIFT CURRENT
PRINCE ALBERT
13—fEJ
1000 2000
FETCH DISTANCE Cm)c:b)
Lj_i_L_13000 4000
13—EJ REGINAX—X SWIFT CURRENTeoLt—( PRINCE ALBERT9—B YORKTON
I20
0 LL Li LJ £ i LLL LL10 1000 2000 3000 4000FETCH DSTANCE m)
2
f.eg:ha f2iperseflCe.. •c.p. 16 1’.• pe’ Err more -vert lOP z-’rc rat n i’
tt33 ma, .as’rt in no e c .ot.oi. 1 Udurtno a wane: a snowover at sh-ft ‘urrent ‘ •tnd.v subJ’--’e rg St;ata
‘a •rs qri° S 110 LObt 6) ear cg VSL 31
w•p’n of %fl(flJa( tor i cu.4 waver, thereby r.dur,r lie qua-- -
S tie I S pt 0 itif ) )0t 1
eqvivaient as a” ‘uded In •nc crrai sriowcover watør equivae.r rvncrlcd i-y -N>
ci h6) tGO) C 0 t I
t.q ‘. ‘eaii’ s it qhoj.t -1So j’a rcsemberac4 ‘ant vie mechatite. n’ aje qJfr
oaetl 01 dert ii itabi’n summary, the tlndsng6 demonbtrete:
1 )eIet. of cdt cow a ‘p tf tsd •6
surfaea> rougr’ness cond!tions.
lit *r n ic fe ch ‘ea ‘e t a ii e- ne r ‘vi tar
iartcr the aacaaa. of a.jn._nJ’ seuwwver ave..abe a’)r ra>1aymer r
lie oar f snof4.i IP-’ILE’. a. s nwcover aepeads iaaqe.’: oa tieregiora clime an’ s- ri ae rcufli S3 Co thtior nc o -
eve t n fet h dstanc
. is worn wing ‘-hat tj9’i’i oflfl dibtarees a’ cu’ ‘tated iaaiota ft tgia ncSw t ‘uet r€ Ptkfl ongr he floe i ..
t’rip,,e 4ie0e’t ano Yoztton press, there ‘t’ .L’ ‘S 11KCi tfl’ blih1aiRt.ipi ‘S’>t.
e on a p t a otsc°ri irs ig t oso h n q it cIYc)bIpre t)qr, on irtes ‘0 se %o’1a di.-! $S
VM’CID 101 DLI SflS
01 1J iii r
•. va sase•sai 3g,Jbrnb’r up to ‘h.> ..i’ .- høtu.Si a, aiaids ‘—n”. a ‘
‘5 a I t a ‘I r “‘ I ‘ 6 C P t 3 1 t
:atva .,a : mtatP 1B’P OV CVc”4’5t1 ‘i it’ l 41 ‘atS aLtI’241 ;nj’tOP .e
C r ‘°‘, t or . s c r e n r
a’. r. “g’’..%..X V Us’. . t.’ 3g’’s ‘..,— it .53 ‘,a ‘2 -. - ‘
501 Zuflfl ut saskatnewan oetwen. 197$ and 1985 receasen tnt’ evaporation is:ne &rninant psocecs affet1ng rfln caaes. 4i sites ‘, oowenv o o g I Ii 1 n
was e so th sut ten p raj d U how nsu anie irnin of tilt tednitnter ..n move deeper into the root zone. In undts:urred and uncrccKt’d ‘iOiisevaporation losses are ssgrlt leant wnen rompared -o the gains fros seawater
a * a C d set £ 0
infa trat n (IN ) to evapo atioj (Li7A was 1, 4. and to stu bit. 1 was 0.6.Crancea sa;.s ann sabsafed. cn the otner ‘ispa. nor ‘.nsv a’lnw far sgn..fir.antl)gm •r I zltr ion but ‘so a’ ow a ltwa to penet ate asp ‘ ‘o a soil00 5 t S t 1 C o
INbLV*P tot era iced soils was 4.4 In Lndisturbed soils dale etaporatlan ratnin the first osys following the disappearance oi sno*cover were as ngu as u aa,dfrom allow ant nd from tuob and on a zaye evapo atlo lot in hea - in d e or .o • a o a v e
•quaa to avb.age amounts of snowarl lnfiVra.ior. revelveo ,y andstubble. z eapectvol
4ny del ose urpos is is ate cc cte se Rat enh ean o • n y is ‘tive c lIt 0 te in a.
avaiiable sois water reserve at the time at seeding. t,Iearlv. the s.ctes must
not only correctly simulate the inflitratiGn process for train soils, but must
Iso nez ‘e pora ii ‘s lng’nac er od at vaieor ma g a at an du gt ro ow mc a. nc ‘ie
appli:ation of tuese systems to the Posteelt perion is lamited. For example.tfte Versate SaL’ 4oisture Biaget (VsMBj. wnicb is comsonac used to predlet sail
015 et rv tr I ti n ‘0 5” It Uft 315 So
Vb al at vs ai 0. ith eva rat is asoflt —ura t.nn reiationsnzps. anwever on r*mnd •nn. 9wougnoa %r orPoitmel tiler. a tlfle f :irt:e ten - ye arrn%t1 ard e’cDorsron. -.s;re’ ,
a n it a or s p o 4 riCa aig ‘C ear a an ship tea cap ansi 4t (U ,mo
assise ‘nat t’)r so.l her tsu slaG storage terms are aaegsigaD’e 2towevt1. U.’an7
Iao,tea W.’ 4 S4a1 £5 b.a n’osen t’i s esvaprlon “ not vain. Wb:’e ‘in
1 t K C. f 3 b.
U. t p n ii t 3 1 0.
• jttaro; tltesI r4..gJe.% •.•u •r.
ti I easy IC dl. 116
t it ad re me.
Ira the a ‘rs• ‘I) c.r
velc4sd lid
47a lb4t
?
sliP (‘Pall’!’.
r:u)1. -a4ua,
fl Wf.±Cfl ; Ia tac net ener’ ava4ah.aa so evaporatiofl idle 5G5 aT .et
rrulat.ion grounat’at ‘iizno ian fl4 en ‘yy harges re zrst err in ieKs !
‘ • w e’c I rire es ts th PC ntt.ncapara’ Ion. as accep’ed by van davt slb6óa £restaey and far:or (l’flt. ta”
U eNS e • or t o ti to iii to Is is •d ac e r u aSt BUt ‘men flt tnt SUt itt eq’rat’5e i fltSl teL Whi h a it mar. arc
onsider he usua. s t’aation ancau’sterpd in tae rapid wriere Pcflflrratflr
a r r a i t e a a r s a t te aC Ep asaP .P.6.i’e tvaO.ea Ii)!. lb. CaP .at1G 4 flCTUB .‘nen’:a.
tVfl0fltiOn •‘ - £ tAn” .4..
‘ •e _
S a
£
‘S” ..i. :.‘ rç1’ ic’ a. • 4sCg’€j .$;2. —. • ttt4ii it..a t”jV’’”’
‘ft
a”' .. a. na’s ‘r sat . 1a 4 •.“ Ta’ . W” , ‘.:‘t’...n.% —
aptraa jn bP% n ,‘,• .a’Ct.e a ? •t1”
a’ ‘r” •‘.
.) I 1(6 1
a I S
n.e s ii to s.q.....-. na%C raaagr a’ St 6
gr faa ta o .tit mat as. U.) ‘sap I’d
e 1) K i ft ft - i ‘s
tat actusa etaporatior on average o az amount’ cd a.. amt’p t- it er a.
a del .vr tvapora on lns.ts durlnt P 3twCt iss 1ee durergane prealsinorv evalatlon an ve’x scat Ion tests iGra’ifr annI I er t a I )1oS h r d em Iveinping he comhinalioaa equation icr a saturated ‘,urfraweionession ror e.aporrlon fros a ron saturateo surtace iq
S. aj3
‘ t C t ‘ a
aa S
0
•1
Ti b d
I rC.
S r
e
1
a’
k e
c3b
z0
F
ft0I
>ww>
F
Jwft
Figure 18. r r-
(-5
1.0
8
.5
.4
00 .2 . 4 . 5 - 8 1.0
RELATIVE DRYING POWER. 0
U = [ii]8 u4oD
I + OO28 e
with a stanf.ard error of estimate of C of OM5i. Equation 11. can b.e used with
Eu. 9 to calculate evaporation. Note, the expressions are independent of surface
parameters (surface temperature and vapor pressure) and they do not require an
estimate of orentiai evaporation.
LITERATURE CITED
Baier N. and GW, Robertson. 1965. A new versatile soii moisture budget. Ag.
Met, Teoh Bul. 7, Plant Research Institute, Can. Dept. Agr., Ottawa, ON.,
36 p.
Bi.ack, LA. i979 Evapo.ration from dougias fir stands esposed to soii water
deficits. Water Resour. Hen. i5(i;I64i7O.
Dyck, OE. and R.J. Oranger. 1973. ModeIiing of soii water reserves; progress
report i978, 79. interr,ai rei-ort, Division c’f hydroiogy, University of
Saskatchewan. 27 pp.
Dyck G.E. and H. J. Oranger. i980. Modeiiing soii water reserves; progress
report i979/EO. iuternai report, Division of Hydrology, University of
Saskatchewan 33pp.
.Federer, C.A. 1979. A. s.o:ilp1antatmn:.s.phere mode i for transpiration and avail
ability of soil water. Water Resour. Res. 15(3) ;555 o62.
Oranger, R.J. and P.M. Gray. 1989. Eva oration from nonsaturated surfaces.
J. Hydrology. (in press;.
Pta y P.M. and 5.0 Cramer 1933. Snow management for ncreasng soi water
reserves in frozen orairi e soils. In Watershed Management io, the Eihties
. Bruce Jones and Timothy I Ward, eds. ). Am. Soc. Civii Bug., New york..,
Ny.., pp 256-263.
Morton, FrI. 1983. Opera:tionai. estlmat:es of areai evapotra.nspirat.ion and their
si.gnifi.cance to the science and: practice of hydrology. 3. Rydrol 66;l—
75
Power.t. •o . •Uo.. ; ,q t4flq1.’’ ‘1 ‘P)b. /. .‘eb’a. • .1
“a iton %
. It C ‘ nd . t)Y 9 S% .t t ii L
an “valc’r4tLuP is ‘i .aggr ssa. paran.•.’ . ‘P. hearriar Rn: a’.:’ .“
.4
