ShOW j.5j.flJ :74T fl4j) I1I•LTWi.TER Eli CE3f5ifl by ILM ... · age bO me. at .sob rn 2. in...

39
ShOW j.5j.flJ :74T fl4j) I1I•LTWi.TER Eli CE3f5ifl by ILM. Gray, R.J. Granger, RG. Landine and U. Bayne NOT FOR FUEL 1CATIOi• Do not r:prodoce or d:tstribute any part of this document without the peraissio:i:. of the authors 5 U. B. Gray, Chairman; R. J. Granger, Res:ea:rch Engineer p U. Landine, Research Engineer an.d U. B ayne, Research Technician, Division of Hydrology., University ci Saskatchewan, Saskatoon Saskatchewan., Can.ada. April, 1989

Transcript of ShOW j.5j.flJ :74T fl4j) I1I•LTWi.TER Eli CE3f5ifl by ILM ... · age bO me. at .sob rn 2. in...

ShOW j.5j.flJ :74T fl4j) I1I•LTWi.TER Eli CE3f5ifl

by

ILM. Gray, R.J. Granger, RG. Landine and U. Bayne

NOT FOR FUEL 1CATIOi•

Do not r:prodoce or d:tstribute any part of this document without the

peraissio:i:. of the authors

5U. B. Gray, Chairman; R. J. Granger, Res:ea:rch Engineer p U. Landine, ResearchEngineer an.d U. Bayne, Research Technician, Division of Hydrology., Universityci Saskatchewan, Saskatoon Saskatchewan., Can.ada.

April, 1989

SNOW NARAGESNT AND LThAtU ENEANhT

hp)0L6 b’kl VS

1, VisIt’. 0 nsg0tutv U’s %ERSifl Ut %*6KAT.tfkWAX

Tas repo’t s swine ‘he tesusts ot studies ronaucteu’ “nan ne projec’t•u ‘i ig tie 1088 calendar year br the most par these activities ce’nerec ona menu eteit of o a to s.u e chnes. tsospher c vaiables. bnoh4.oflt

prooertisano vopyelosa iN tsetb fe iticro n itstin the tail of lOfty jsee p’ogiess report or icntuary 1 . tVCj I”, a a y cct t es’ di a and n egranon of the reau.ss with the information coaie°edduring the past five years whicu are archived :r. we data base cr tne uiViSsGflOs dsdro ogv ‘t he zevelopnen a a first generation tie) Jesci..bng heinteracton tbt’erboqm°t r’lrto nv° a .‘qiotacir.torcang at a subsoiling treatmert (d,i app i anon ol a Prel a - virg ‘, oMode to a a co Lectes at variot’s elieatologica stataons f’i the PrairieProvinces to determine the relative amounts ot snow Vt move in sattation adsispeision ard the atount in o subi tea ion during wino rInsprt heace theootentlal amounts of snwvial t. be rpe1 ad e e atii of

noedure to’ estimating soi seter iosaes oy evapo at i cIurir ‘ostmt’e pniod tol oqiig tm disappaaance of tn’ sea%onal snowcove ‘n ‘0 tne Vms

o’ seeding of an’iuaa ereas grain

SNO!,T ISflLTRATIS

tie a ‘s d watt bcisOn as na’ccn,-e.‘: ‘t •w sn.was at as

- ; vs. tee ‘no.ovtr sate quivalnte i liLt an nn’. i. he tea nrc ø.otsit tie tee cx a . c e e iai , a i a a t. ( e r ‘ d t rtad ,ascat6on wine snow feices nad ben rctcd w’ tar a i—iocmnulet o I ai e (pp the Snb$ui ‘1 iel’l or ‘c’ h’-”? tv’s Ut’

‘W an cappr %smcte’ 4! mm n biaC •t3O lb rat e 1fl ‘a,or ti S3twcc c’

variab r hf rrow snow t cne ‘C earn dCC lor

WE tic fe’ an 001

I I

ty 1 er tic . e pos 0. C repr *

data of shE terti i via]d intc ion on itt erat bill nv

re€.taents

At Richiea. tue total snow.over Water eO’11Vazefl1 ava:laole fir nt II’? 4(fl

reqitec1 trorn snnwtal wgliCft octrred ,tagt nricr ro ryje ant notice tnt del jertgir

stns sPowed ai.it erfect in Lnc.reasang accumulation.

It iltratics Is, Craited and macfled

ble •sn ten. (S flows

t (Thu d c depth ncr pane thi tro ii (C’) a a

at ne dirterent sizes :n iWb& :fle reja’jve aocations of t. measurement satcs

er ,hown in tne scnernatic diagrams iFigs. •. . o aria me aeta n fliote

are consistent With the rindings 01 snowrnei nriit’at1on to unuisturoed. crarvea

. suoso±sea sons reported or uray and utsnger ilYbo) acneiv tflP SftOh

1. Gra in’ s rbed ‘tubb

snail co,es rat’or ‘r appr x € y

q t ove h

atc ,s e oil hal

age bO me. at .sob rn

2. in .‘rCflCa and Rios

a’ ..arge am°unts of 1n:it:on. :n several cabes flQF n(aas

shE an this ii attributewi to the flow om s.eltintet aicnt the

.:ae an t” rreet er’tr’ : runort nr SL.rlae d,pa.: .2

he tndis: e . or flit fl r w’ &(tlfl S c

trim 0. •l1 fiF 114 tt. I

at it

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£ J4smsres tea in 37ar OGrnmot a rdt.on in F

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REYNOtD S FARM

FER IL I ZED

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KERROBERT SASKATCHEWAN 1q97 — iges

NON—FERTILIZED FERTILIZED STU8LE

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STUBBLE I

.70 METERRIPS (R6)

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STU9BLE

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ighue I 4oU oiaure wniweig te eyiol4 s F’ F19V1/88

REYNOLDS FARM_zz____RERROBERT. SASkATCHEWAN

1997 - 1998

STU88LE

7 Upps Slaps

*

Upper Slaps

SU8SOILEO ‘87 2coN,goL 90 cm spacings

$U8SOILEO ‘87

Lc,wor’ Slops70 cm spacings

**413

_—

12Lowsr- Slops_—

STU88LE

* Twin Pr-cbs SiEs

Flgwe Sell netmre moriitorieg sItes ReyeoldtsPsr i’es kerrobereI SB? / BA

UNEZppEC

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rWRIGHT’S EAM

KERROBEPT SASKATCHEWAN

1987-

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STUBBLE FALL0W

_______

TALL STUBBLE jLT. HT. STBLE.

) PARSHALL FLUME

TWIN PROBE SITES STUBBLE (cdt,)

KERNEN FARMSASKATOON SASKATCHEWAN

1987 — 1988

Fiiirr 4 Sofl ri is ur’ aonitoring ite ernsn . m SasItooti. 191 R

lobie snownieit ynf tratior to uracKld a1d o.bso leo s s. e ob’rr.3 c ea ii fra’oon. 1988.

Sit, \o Jesc:iption sink wm, 1’J mu 0 nr;

re7riolJs mwm s rbson 7 ;8 32 680ilieler 8fl’ 63 au a do8 decent u3 7oh 209 Stubble0 a0 e012 SLAt r m86) 43 23 803 5*1 o 1 8a;t 60 loU ( 78o1* ?daceu #lu 60 o6 2o0S re4o do) 5” 2i 4 760o 11db L4 (86; 60 lIe 4 68!I c1cei C 6 66 l0l 00Is tkCi o a d6 .t 20 220Adjacent#9 4 l5 14Kolio (8tu 40 39 9 32o24 aA’e4er (8i o4 26 0 400I &nflds (Eu I Adjecet1t #2 lao 1W 60tlu cc 9 87j 188 2b6o 1240SF Soupe 9 (8?) 67 o9. 4 ldu41 Aoacen #3 101 3 3 1543* Hubee 9 87) 194 2 12u6 Sd acert #3 82 1W. 1240Hubee !9 ‘87; l5 16 o81 Aajareat #3 l28!2 8 04 sobEr :5 90 16010 stubb a 13 Iu!a iouHuhee !7 c87) 146 109±o 96121 Ad,acent #11 s6

- U 6 01 F H be’ A 8, A 12&4Al Ouoee A uS i66 104!,iot AdjCCCflt #14 ili 104 - ‘CF Suo°c J 132 ‘14 9 0

(r!gnt c S ubblu 40 j 42 Keho 1*0. 8 4)diae, #c 49 70! *0Old di #3 A ) Ftv-Au 8$ ‘9

En ow 4; 3!

o s’utb±” 14 So-I 69’0 Auohi A 46 o 140r;uole0 6u)480

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id$a ana Redo (86i siqas :onstrjrted wit eslo ‘n plc’w hiiUdb to a depth or -eUC a on line spacings at :1 and 1 4 a.respect wety

and iluan J a (alt ames iasta:4ed with dubee sunsciter to3 oeptn ) 3w mm ii. 11.87 ii spacings Oa a 7u i .i I

0! a :ases

ncc,ur dV ccreed

re’ations cxzsta nwen

sra a’SeT a baU1.’i liv GtCt iseF

b a55 t..afl 1 1 • flr4e% Cd. am

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TP..,4aer404 dep.P f’! .lre.. r’r t’. .f’P L. .A. .z.

.njac°nt ‘o i tracK or k!p

nIt :t—tt’2TI ‘Difl r”. ‘oi. ‘ ‘Sn .SWPU’dtPa3 I’ja• o a

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— ep ç lowKu4 (86) iullefer lines construc.

dud 11.84. re.spev hey. depthAojacen.. *7 - measurement or moisture change made

450 52 immadtateiv .iaidceflt tclocated

StuoDle — aialsturDed stdbo.ae‘ Kei.o 7

0

w Ui Kilsefer plc $6400 mm. soat.nz 1.9in a SCII co:uma 1ccaed 130rip in Mitch site ‘o.i is

gijibee .t 7 t87:

ns Crespecti

a er

4atG’. lflP.fl1V wr’i 1. n4 çj.a va—ca

I ‘ a(.. tIlL 4W’? .1 • a •py

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in anion to that

attzibu oh t tie ii

rrrss caus’d t Ia r

ia-ta ation of the

a sourte of ware io I te ai o em rderoasrate 2 o ose r a iorsnp na-woemeitwatar en ering a ii ann adja-’nt so i

he rinlings (Taoic 1, axe combned witt information co’ eoteo ii ret a-ca s awl sumirrized as at’ rage amounts of stowmeit £tratfor to cracks rio’no urd a-orb d Si Es t r d’ fete it ranges if srowcovr water equivalent in rab’e

H tie us. sto’ 1FF n’reasirg w r SWe to both cr2cas anu the rips w’cu ar rq for t e rip t I f t’at a-re ma e itan he raexs However rte

ratio a- tne arrount o inn t’aton Into CO onenirg to the amount infiltratinghe same son in undisturbed cot dition varies orly satgnrly wtth SkE on crackedsuns he range n ratio va ues vaned heuween 3 a and s 3 with a mean ci aano on rippeo son betweet 5 4 ano b a with n mean of da.

Figure a snows grouped mean values of sin ma or changes doe to snowoefttOlli ration wa-co have been monitored n rips. cracas, adjacent to rips andunoista-bed stubole prortud against snowcoscr wate equrvalcn bxpves2xnu hes’eianonshrps it equatiora tori gice

I

iMk - 16 a- SFF0I

ra ho

rt utoxstu bed a ohm

r asOd by raoi c coidu Ii

irutneat itu of

ire ad ( i no r

Iris an ae

itv or tht soti

tie du ing

it u ng s

F at

ft 018 1at

F 8. Itt sh4;

1.0

Tabl.e 2. Average amoun.ts of snowiseit infiltration to cracks, rl.ps and touncracked/undistnrb.ed :oi.1s for di.fferen.t ranges of snowcover waterequivali.nt (1NF)

; l1.QPILTIIAI:10I.(11 INFILTRATION0SBT: Cticracice•cl Crack i.atlo Un:dh..tnrbed Ri.ps Ratio

<30 12.4 (5)1) 49.7 (2) 4:,O 10.2 (2) 57.1 (3) 5.6

3850 18.6 (7) 387 (2) 38 13.7 (3) 89.4(:4)

6.5

3870 23.7 (Ii) 84.1 (9:) 3.5 17.8 (d) 9.97 (7) 56

70l00 28.0 (23) 95,7 (5): 3,4 1. 21.5 (8) 117.1. (5) 54

138150 30.5 (17) 116.6 (9) 3.8 23.0 (d) 134.4 (9) 5,8

>150 34.5 (9) 147.0 (4) 4.3 27.6 (4) 154.9 (12) 5.6

Mean. 3.8 Mean 5,8

a Valnes gIven for cracked and uncracked soIls are from all regions in Brownand Dark. Brown soil acne s of the Province in which soil cracking wasobserved. The. major sc:.i1 types are heavy clay and clay loam.

h Values for snbsolled and. nndlsturbe:d s•oil are for Kerrobert where theprincipal soil textnre’ is. a glacial clay bats. The snbsoiling treatm:entsincindktd: (a) KflIefer plow — d:epth = 600 mm, spacing = 1.9 m; (0) Ebsonplow - daptl:: = 400 mm, spacing = 0.75 m; (c) 3810—hilt plow - depth =

600 mm, spa.cinga = 0.70 and: 1.4 m;: (d): BAbes suhsoiler depth = 500 ma:,spacings = 0.70 and 0.90 ii.

Va flies in parenthe s•es r.e..f::::e:.r to the nnm •er of sas:pie:aEstimat:ad. vs:Im.:s, Ti:e sail in• th.e Ferrohert re:glon ext:ihits s:cas: s•oicnetzicchare:.cteristica, with infiltration to nnt:i.stan:b:e.d stahhle being.: cnr:sistentby boin:r. than a:::t other lc.:oaticns In t..h:e:.: prc:vk.ce: hi.: a..n a:pprox.ima:te factorof 0,711:,

1 SO

140

F’

120‘-I

z100

F

SOJI—4

LIZ 501-4

z40

I

20

00 20 40

160 180

MEAN SNOW WATER EQUIVALENT (mm)

Av.re aocnts of .noe.it itt ii rati In) iota C tarn pajace t o rips and ran surbed stubrle as a tuflrt on ut iverraPrep ft at 5)0W oer qtj a III

60 80 100 120 140

a

i°a’rPt ‘0 146

‘or nc - 30 a

.b ‘nt ard

,w tO, re

4tA cl.3 s30 bPY. [ Ii

- s swL . ard [41where: ISEk - iDtj.L’T,• iou Ira a rip ni IIJC inri”ration into a track(IS) Ifl ictiitzrion -nto u’ icii conan ylig 150 to 4o0 — eciacen’ toi rip jn Cr in “t st r -o ri turbea so ni. na sWE cowcove—wa e equva nt wn vr’ige t°*tlt ecu water aCtI corant of ‘he ur U ii ‘3 .1 expits Cu 86 4 dent if etturation

Spacing of Rip.

hquaciotts a to a arc aed tor the iev’eLop.,rt a a CaSML, conceptual toddaeacribing tne average upth of ‘aowse t mrS tnt ‘o ove’ a qraj!ed tield‘Thfjareaifl as a rurctzc.n of St. aid an. spanry(s,. ,onder a a ii whict‘as been a’r,aouL’o win only a no’ din n-roe co Ce rrue’re fl ,cot be we in r ‘s te eye em r “ rept—s#nteC o .h..€’ yb; iaOS p dj c’i ru r, s—rre1 sc r’e t ‘r v o;’

v r wi i a a Larac lb b kkiag ne wt’’ c U’ ‘xi ‘1 sd ‘ •‘e na I c wpjpeppqt o’ en’ e,, V. T Cuu a he water ha an e tQua 07, au be w t en a:

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120

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t.LrL

SNOW WATER EQUIVALENT (mm)

az0 30 50 90 120 150 80

SNOW WATER EQUIVALENT (mm)

120 150

Ielat1on beteeu areei InfHtraion, line spacing anoqcivalepe for drv prernsit soi IOi8tore G 4U/a

ISO

snow warsahso i E

EE

0

L0

z0

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FI

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7-

UNDISUR5ED

INIT1A SOIL MO15TUE, Sp — 4

e1 tIm oen#een area! .nfitraton, Ine sparing ana snow waterPqnlvaient for wet prewe1t -L SoIstur UoO ms mm4: ubso

——__________

______________________

E*

E/

g14O

i2O[— /Z

OD,/Z

RIP SP. CM)0

80H0 0 1.9

:: AZ

0 20 40 80 80 100 120 140 180 180 200

Co1cDLi1otd Ar-a1 Irfi1tr—ctiDr1. mm

tospar1ao betweei rasurd and mode1Jed amuntt cin’iItra ion

It

i-1’ ‘. pacin ‘a rips ii :w.’ Tn annue ‘eac%:aaa water Pquivai-ras of ‘if.ta zi. t-a.’jq •n b.. era TS’s awl ‘cu et.s C’

rreaeit sni c..su.r. - ... an. u..

Sknwns’ eater Equivalent rappLng rfirinvy Rap spa-ng1551 tb; .$, a (J•, lq ; b;

btit. It,,

0 7

0.7 5. i at c.ocaerc.ai subsoi rs e;s: cause sutsz cit dlsturbantt ad cture

to vie bOil SdSB aetween tOP r’ps tnat. a- east r -he that nat a oia wili

nat-c tnr cap.cxtv cc intiatrate a’ water trom snow accusuiati.a arith are

lIkely to be trapped by a stuoble management practice cdó qJ. andeoerdent of

the soil suisture contect’. It Cab be expectea rat rue lnt:irrat.r.n rnara

teristaca ot a suosoalea an’ wlsi decrease naturaiay in time aue to sen:ezent

and pit ne. However, tie) ,Dservations surg ‘ tnat the benei’v’ a sltects

of s g on meitwat ement L,9 tasting in cea

at jtoso aueton whlchd i

onse c d ta a used

I,

eev a o ted 6

to ieen 400 a sine er (‘.J i

‘t maitwarer .on ‘rom a s oble’ uanagemc GP

‘.1 SOS 1 ii ,.. SO ., fl .1 fltlV.,t.C ann IsOESI WIb4L’ flaG SLL

cn.4..t1arae Fny s1lgnt,.; 5”°g’tZaC s.4n tre rng’. shou na ;a’n.iser

S ;flP4 rr:teria ¼pJoZtaC ht b: ha ‘-: aelfll.b • ‘-‘wt

cia i.es soaced dt , • or ider 3100 growth ant’ a univ aS fa.)flh.’IITOTl ti°

p.er.’s car’” ‘v’r tJi aal’e fl taat fl_ •.a - Sutn sIow.

ii

EFFECTS OF SNOW MANAGE1NT AND SUBSOIL ING ON CROP YIELD

An important goal of the st.udy is to obtaIn information on th.e effects of

snow management. and subsolilog gractices on.. crop yield, Yield data are also used

to Index the longevity of the treatment effects.

For th:e l987th8 season at the Kerrobert sltes. the subsolled plots were

In 2n&year stubble and, because of t:h..:e patchy snowcover. no suppleniental

fert.lllzer was adiled. Also th:e. patcj:,y growth.. aii:d p or stam:d nsgated meanlngfnl

yield daf.a from the entire area: o:f a plot. As a consequence. samples were taken

wttn a smalpiot comthne Wnteste]ger) at setected locations witni ‘e ens

so as to provide yield Information over the range of observed snowcover water

equivalents. FIgure 9 shows t.he ln.cre:ase in .Ie.id with lncreased snowmelt

infiltration re.iat lye to ttie yjf:l5: from ur::dlsturbe.d stabble p lots sh:owlng the.

lowest yield. The: soil water Increases for the subaolled area.s were estimated

by the model for areal Infiltration to subsolled sites using the observed

snowcover water equivalents, or rom Infi.itratlcn amounts observed at soIl

moisture monitoring sites located at or near to the sites there the r.ombine

samples were t:ken. The besthf It .line th.reugh i.he dLh.ta: (taken through the

origin) indicates th.at eac.h 25 mm of water pro:daces a yield Increase

of about 190 kg/ha of spring wheat. There was no discernahi.e dIfference In

yIelds from areas subsoiled on .7 m and .9 m spac.inas.

The data In Table 4 show the effects on yield of subsoillng treatments

without. snow management. They sltni a in treatment effect on yield with:

tIme. In the first two years fnllo.wing lnstu.lIa:tlon the c..hen..:e: I.s sni.al.I; In the

fI.rsi. year there is an average difference of 435 kg/ha compared to the yield from

nisdlsturbed. stubble (: 34% Increase). while in the. second yea.r a dl).fereuce of

371 kghti (SOt increase) is observed. In the fourth ys.air t.he 4.1 fferenc.e has

reduced to.. 20 kgi.I...a :n:ly it Increase.). It l.s m.en.ti.o:ned h4..flh4tver. th:a.t thi.s small.

residual effect in th:e fourth year to likely due, at. ieast 1.n:. part., to the low

amount of’ preclpitati on srow and rain) received In 19111, the only year with

fourtn year nasa. Over tne info of tue trnans tao average annuan precnrn.tatnon

has cern tess tnan us in1

1 500

m

1000

0JLu

>-

J

Z oa0

F

00

00 200

ADDITIO AL MOIST R <mm)

t UNDISTURBED

0 7m HU8EE RIPS

• 9m HUBEE RIPS

C

50 100 150

‘4

at a ft it of s ha i ng or t a vi Ic of op irg chca wihout noananavenrot and oupu c-mnta1 a ins at or I

a aduseii I t’ K i -d It t a

ip in in 01ff rennit Kifi din fort

at a 61 1 44 4

tub kps

tsr rear 0

aol rear a 10 -JO 1 1

r var a a a

ito v’a at too i0i

mean snowooter water equlualent.rae r f a r ‘

9iftcerce 0 Vt Jo lice that a. stone oar rotation).C otto of mean yield on ri°atmeot to tnat on stubnte.

o g a 1 1 ii’ p i a ovw h a ccc n err

win 1 9(4 Psi h

S’IOW TR*NSPORT

sicw ma apecii ci ag iczctu’c II Ova 4 ii 6 ft at a ii n

002 ness 0 n ea to 0511CC 0-OtC; 0511 0 ln S-i .o I- P

°- v Or a a a in r a r h 0s at p 1 1 ‘ r (

in ‘-‘oct (ins . in a- a area;

0€ I a a at s w a p a s a

.3w0-559fi w 0d7iiaj€1-s u-is c-it jJOt- 000

i se in a no a at r at or t p a ‘ 0 U

a - ,noan- -. soow -- o-.aoc-r. .?- eas ‘oo evens

o a a if a to a. a C Wa

:n:- as-:i,’-nae mar nn-1o’a 4nr-w

Cm S I £ - i C C;

40

* agni’ .i.texpensive veetotiVt orry s.’..n• a ito, s’iC,S: me

w.re -aat I*IbC aecn&nca.. ‘áFa’o°.* ,* s.ng 9’;W ieia.e. i waee-e or fliCsW

r 01 ar a a I d a 41

pr ‘tic. icc ton. net 10 ae dl 0’ tv sn ft ng

des ,s es • aia t.; naauate tj,r ‘-onom’ c’ •naauia .t c ‘• a s.icgewert ra’oceaure

The pr1aary ouje ‘lye $ thIs seent Os tflØ s’u’K fbi oeei tae d-eio sent

er I n a r 1 I ‘sot u a

aranetez - ii ‘he rota at’auaie i*int in a _rtefa .Jstan. e me bfl:C.. h- a.a: ainwed to act. Euttrer jntorsat’r wtepPr.I:;.r rite ta.-11;’,, ,jcvecipret..

ai ti and eu or •PPNis act •ab ose y U;.

Implantation of P1811

AT her s. 1;’ a’- pn R ne at i rt PP he

)d cr s en pu 3e he r 0 he rc. isa ed

oelO*.

.rt z’ne

4’ n

a’

ad ‘I’VjQPt’

‘t’ WLTS •

b

c’nais.s g’r a “it , a

I * wa h

d palo t 433 !_ ;tar

Vt • 0

cn on r’ m’s

.2; ‘ assumFG .i tile %43a “1) ct tilt RflSt .p3°l W:,I.I occaciarv Cr

-hi- u an, - zar’ a ba • ct n,e 6 at K’17”fl? La - -. ‘12, ‘pbiait.

n I P r

laSt 7681 anon nap mw ndsu lIsa

or tnc seasonsi snowtaI a a.ticrent

reg’ na or asica’ new a. J c .op tnt o

r 1 a t t b

Mode UBS. . d s soio. ci .Iat a the

suspt.hlea sON auG Pe sahtlntlowi rate

“11*6 ta h ay etco olo as

I b SO

ion a dthc Inc. zona -d .‘il ‘on

locations In we Prairie and Park, and

the yates is • •er.. we ‘aauia io

to J e *

wan trPnbplr° a .zow as a_ rLp and

‘1 6*0% HI ‘ 1119)07 Tupu. to thc. K)tWI

asur tent rat 1)” ind aa air

Is n rg e r le to e °

Yq flØf 1% C ‘rfl,7’ e . .VP...et1’

.f %Dø”at..”d .% . 1’ 4 yr -. P I ‘Sr

a t be a S e

r s I

21

I .to’.

.Sa Sublimation

codfl ax

t 1h er .i

inp’at at ibb

7 Tm’ eooe ma

F

ugir as igt

the snow onnit..

‘star e wi nm

U t’ ii

on e ent st

PtPLLkI a:on .ui .e’ new sncw:a flaS a densIty qr .iJU Kfr ar

Is if i t v r r n a er

iJ * tch fJ a sreu’’t to. aP eva pee. 01 teid sta

now. a there is insurricient snow on tue flirt t2irea jeReflp c!

alow fib te ed sow etc nts xc do in 1 t

cots is a Sn

i’s’ It wiring a 5IC41aT10U ma aooe ercoun.’rs an est.me.:t KPOCe Su’laCt

rougnuess ieat”res tsTeVe.nt snow tran’por. a aonwno eis oral fetch

1 r • i 4 v a a

osses are assuaPd zero until steady-state flow

• bus i.

a ny ic

L* nelflr leqs

is ahter ounuries sr

S U’ . h C

subileate anti salt.

‘a; snow transoort occurs duc1ng aim r.or th. aete”roaoutaa

r 4 a e w o i oe a

ci eat a sr W’Cu ered it the hoth y ci dspeci o’.crc’omc

tin’ aerodynacli. roagncess n’d a., tue fatch distance Ia t3u(,

me es

Srsi os d a wnw • icr who ro toe

heigat preves eruslon inc den.ltv f win’ daposired snow

aS assured to oe’ z5o Icy a

p d e I

4VJ 54L’ K 0 rapo.aw

.c 4r % ‘at’ t. •-nis— r qj ‘w nest;, as -e . flv-i “u?

11 L 1€ I It a a 4 1

ia ee or.v “4 • ha (56 I’ it

ir.oh ‘pcar..r,?.

tVs

22

Results

The blowIngsnow saitation-, suspension’ and sublimation fluxes to a heieht

of the over stub-bie and fallow surfaces of various lengths arc simulated using

ciimatoio-gicai data collected during the winter months at Prince Albert (1971-

7$), Regina (1970-76). Swift Current 11971-76) and Yorkton il$lO-l$i

Snow Transport Fluxes Fetch Distance = l000m

The simulations for Regina for stubble belgtt 25 cm) and faliow iand

and 1900 in fetch are shown in Figs. to and ii. These uie charts pictorially

depict the disposition of the mean annual snowfall with the sectors giving the

uerc;entages of the annual snowfall that o-n average: remain as snowcover are

transported hr saitation. and suspension. or are lost by sublimation due to wind

trans port from a fet.ch of i000 m. The reader is rei.ninded that t.he modei assumes

snowfall is the oniy source for eroded snow. f:or a stubble surface (Fig. 10).

on avera.ge 53% of the snowfall is removed of which 1.5% (44 mm water) is iost

to sublimation and the remaining i8% is trmasported from the land unit by

saltatlon and suspension, if the blowIng—snow (saitation and suspension) Is

trapped, It would aanu.nt to approximately 23,000 kg or 200 (23 mm) of water p.er

unIt width. In coapa:rl5on the simulations for fallow (Pig. II) show a decrease

of 24% in the am:oumt of snow:fa..ll retained; as snowoover, an Increase in

subllmal:ion los-s. of 7% and. an Increa.se In tc.:tal trans.port In suspension and

saltation of 17%. These findings “qs.tlfy elem nts of th::e “blowing snow”

phenomena Important to the applic-atiori of ssow management. p:ractices for wate-r

cons-errat Ion, nam:e:.y

(I) Slgmlfi..oant amounts of water are l.o:s:t to sub.l.lmat.Ion during wind

transport. These losses are l€.ss on stut.:..hl.e. t.i.tan on fallow.

(2..) A i.etch of fallow offers greater p.oi:x..ntlal fo.r accumulati.ng snow at

the downwin.d end than an equa.l fetch of stubble,

Table 5 summarIzes the siuulated snow transort flaxes and tc)p amounts

“nfa ‘sc cc ax ax %dO ax ax tcax siax’” T esc sflax

MEAN ANNUAL SNOWFALL (WE) 115mm

SNDWCOVER (47%)

SUSPENDED FLUX (12%)

SALTATIDN FLUX (6%)

SUBLIMATION (35%)

11cr 10 A rwe pefo — fliw ow IAP)81 sibI ma ad d .me rut es

t stuboie at Regina uperiod of record

r y asaowta eriWUb

r al Ia a I000-s let ‘i

SNOWCDVER (23%)

SJBLIMATION (42X)

(10%)

• a me atue sru at II ci pa d a It o atso, penio. “5 ard aearing a ‘aowrov” ‘n a 1uU ee c) Oi Ot hP iU 00 -O’ )

MEAN ANNUAL SNOWFALL (W.E.) 115mm

SUSPENDED FLUX (25%)

Ag a I Iv ag pa

4

Table a. MOdtlatO a.etage a.inac. sal.a IOfl. aLts hub .j.atj(.tluxes ana re.ainiag BROWL over an a l0uO— plane of “ni. widtn insni his an it low tr tn cc so t. eg ta aw • at. aro 0 S e rote a us so’d i 3

o a a ar us bi *1 II b5 at n bus a on so lIa i ima

fl ace to flit 10tber Fallow

Ct t 1. al.ow

SW”’ tu his 2br a w 23

Yorkton %tjbbia4 W

44 1

4I.

I. çó 4 r — I •‘

%flji5a1ip •i°r a )u’.—m c ‘n 1q e,.— a- rnarar r:’ez rn.

aunci ra spry i st va ‘au’ JsbOa ‘ C

eS t a . 4

•r ap.1ir.t1on ‘-: nose s1.Lta6’... r’’-..t :c the OP’..Uh ‘tY bflUts

t i.a I e4g,’ç ..a’ . .j.# • ‘.ns te r’i. 1 ‘c.ie , eqt i •.,. •r, p0Wpe&

r c’ t ‘wae’ cp:r i • rt t

lOW OV

S b 2J bI 27 60

SsO a6 1

4’ rI

Ga staoOe ‘ana at Priact’ Asbert Swirt Current an” Yorxton cnavaras apro ittes LU (rang 0 5- ‘ ot at am ‘Ii no aas 5 caed V al U tad )spnsir: a eg ta boo dcibl

this percentagc flUb.. *aso. the suaiiaation 10s4 .s sustsatiailv

F °i C S & I oat a

tat ire snow transport :iuxes are greater on fallow tuan attibbie maic t gr ticant ‘as eas s ‘c rue a R pir an S ir to enEns he cingaissutide tiesioulPds’ hc’uDia toa’)t’S ,4 % tilL Cataige In a•:r use

C Ci I I

Oh dsOIb .rri 421 fl P”. ttj” lafladLZlfl7 retch ds’ance tu Tt.W.cr UOLifl’ ia

o es

Orientation of Barriers

Roses ot the anwing di’ ft:rg ‘suspension anc saita’inni Pfl’!w i•aX

f r IUC it 1 E 15th aS Sh. a a; ar Regina are wiven as Figs 12 and a3. (ompa-inp tnesc tiara t i’

•vder t t ga e ‘t ii rt s1 op tcrwith ‘.‘e tre•:taonal requeacv or-•n’rrenc Oi prev&_ing wjndq. , % ci: theanluaiuiolbrgsowtitrolgnatb rosm a SEar idirctrn ax 7,: he win events oc ur from tiese sate dire •ions However. tne roses are no..oenticaI. UniV d 5% rf tip’ totC f lilt at pronuced no. ctiec.tion

‘1 n id a w e ci ( . d av it h .h a, ye C tI barn s, wnereas el 5% at the anndaa flux 1% treeporte’ n %w-aads aitn

0 I t S b ,p v t a r14 ft11

Wiho events. inese resuLts are nut uanoertqc a s’ioa tranpur: s iiOt only a

urn met. f—q ny ie ajr a ev’: n spafi o’eeior(Oh ca szgnifirancy alter t.e faux-diatr!outon. Likewise. winds iii a specitJ.

ay be genera1 of ‘uii vel c.ty so a to no r ‘se is nsport Iiis

s vi nt in he da to1’ F in ‘1 bt t Ig . I a d ) hi s ow ha w isrron tpe s and SW willie reprtsening 0.4% of events. “aasporr en.y .i s

F - 0

The waiysis Ueaons:rates uie prefarrea orientation

or a kc r b F ‘ e K. C I t b I

•a t:e dnnta .nno—taanspa1ted ri:ix a iiebse ror trapu ‘1g.

Ii Sb t. Iii raroo’edb a tj tt” ita

ir Sr w. 1 l’,o be Ti’ pp.’d - iq 0065 oI at1 ‘,ae C’

pj* r.e .t’Qec, V WinOs zoa, ja.e. , it .“s”ir1sr

sit pool gd e Mit as j

c. k Pta. and the a’iacert. h.P .,t a4mfl (j.i tie a

F Sb wd t t e

-‘r a saia-.ne.r prac”zt’ •. r’a- il-a. abC. b;.,t r a. oh m

aOl 0 StOW t:apping

S )v .0

AatO. scas ctrt.-n

t 41 C

th’

•1 •

I fl

!‘ I. laW

U cej’ec.

to . £1 4

r 0.

I

REGINA BLOWING/DRIFTING SNOW FLUX

riureI Parcet anus bowig if iig DQWf us a fu ot i d a ro at eg antercre f stubble 500 taioi 1U lb.

REGINA WIND DIRECTIONAL FREDUENCY (NOV.

\

SW (6. 7%)

SE (23, 3%)

SOUTH (7. 4%)

a 3 W as ir d. or q o f ou v r a i nn rpfl 10 76.

NORTH (6.0%) —

NW (27. 5%)

WEST (17.3%) —— —

NE (3. 5%)

— —— EAST (21. 1%)

SW (1.1%) — —, SE (22. 5%)

SOUTH (1. 3%)

pa d t iav age. 1 mat 1000 at

TO APR.)

NE (3. 8%)

EAST (16. 1%)

NORTH (6. 8%)

NW (18.8%)

WEST (17. 2%)

PRINCE ALBERT BLOWING/DRIFTING SNOW FLUX

NORTH (8. 1%)

NW (21.4%)

WEST (11.9%)

SW (0.7%)

— EAST (31. 1%)

SE (7. 9%)

SOUTH (0, 3%)

Percent of annual blowing/drifting snow (suspension and saitat.ingflux as a function of direction at Prince Albert (average from lOOU-in fetches of stubble and fi.illow. l97l76).

PRINCE ALBERT WIND DIRECTIONAL FREQUENCY (NOV TO APR)

NE (13. 1%)

EAST (189%)

SE (9, 2%)

SOUTH (7, 1%)

Wind rose showing directional distribution of hourly winds at Princener peid v rc: ‘ emoe ‘o iifi

/////____ NE (17.3%)

NORTH (7. 5%)

NW (12.9%)

SW (13.3%)

a

nfIa ice of Fetch Dhetace

Vance 16

ub’e( a’ -

F ice 4b a

tt.asvey eobstant

a; .r . qu

ii t it es

oIrra*t. r flegn

a sie Sc, aec.

V ii is a

subitsation oecoaes

tape tu •Lat

I 0

Lit q%ftCP: bc.

‘it 1 . S LaOS r

r e

Io it p te t St

‘a i... ‘101 anc 35 131 t

cpa inreperdent a: re n thrapc. .1

ab t t pit by d wi a e

P t KL t esc ta oiis

rae ns .‘a ::4nspor’ad in saitarlnq

et a. Us anee pr ter ne t

a ii ant. g itt U I .‘

ror son co&nnationb ot wiadsote.

bite high ig • b on

rig U it ao at. tOt 0 Ob

‘6. atwater equivaten;). ciatti..’u

— Oa 04’ 7 (c a

n es )0 S de a

dR,sease affects the tranprz

at sowcver va bet,

gli a e to b xp in

wind a respect t the &‘ ‘r.

0 din i.v can 4 sutat on tt

rt e e re .4

izan” zores witn winds wait? aattfllj

mdPr cc The a nzon ‘t

ia.’.s; siinws tfln ‘i pos1tnn DY aiiniaai f.taes ‘aid snow’.over ‘n

3c. a Ut ou

Ot tG th ia’s

at 9.40,., C it .000

ti of no av

i ii ‘a ip

ana swi;t Ctr’rn.a.

46 h 1 1. re ii

atdt lit at ti

the dos. nant tir

e an ty aiJ to

‘tea

kg.

tr

31

s the

C

ii ta

annaaI t ax ac

0*5 ‘t “ t1c

, 1 w

kegtna IS

0% ‘0 c

o NI OF ba w ig aSnObCO.et. thSVebV dec:reasinq ns deptn. ihis

DOLE’’ ii twc way I) resce th as

a t d ; a a t ha s

a ad’W’l arøa n stajics of stubole to t’*

ase ueLt bin •spesd inca vlicn won

w er ii r,j ca ins

aiflt. Regina aria Swia Lurrent ‘alL ii c

ga ans Ott ite ax ic tir V

€ a ) a

:“ ? n 9: zr.e WraP dL.n’iSa

- (‘RI si 6UYLc g”e is. ii sin ‘i

a wfa -

. Vt a

C t a ii 3W

.x.t Pr,nc, A o’ett 4.itG SW

pnen’ x’rosa iwhadl

I 1 .1 )t it

si ow.e:

Ic t

teases a.jflj, ic the te-n •Lstqcv

(1

to r i. vi pe

tur t , asow. •: sruw

fe by Ca ‘to a

hi 14 II S hG

r.i tO’, Z’•ij i=?Ps

‘11

(a

)

J

er

raja (% ,. jr Ua P’h 1. r

9 C) L 0 “N

,wo

‘>

02! C) m 3

‘1 m C, 0 t-1 2! C) m F’ 3 “I

0 1 C) I

‘1> 2! 0 0 ‘N 3 S

d

‘-A 0 0 0 0) 0 0 0

flu

-<t

DE

mU

”C

)

c)z

00

>2!

0>

0ru

mil

l

-44

ME

AN

AN

NU

AL

FL

UX

OF

SN

OW

LO

ST

TO

SU

BL

IMA

TIO

NC

KG

/MW

IDT

H)

0 0 0 0 0

ME

AN

AN

NU

AL

FL

UX

OF

SN

OW

INS

AL

TA

TIO

N/S

US

pE

%IS

ION

CK

G/M

WID

TH

)

0) O0

O0

O0

O0

O0

Pb

RL

EN

FM

EA

NA

NN

UA

LS

NO

WF

-AL

LC

*M

AIN

INL

AS

ON

OW

CO

VE

R

Ns

0C

00

00

Tjr

C

N0)

O0

00

O0

00

aa

aO

ao

0rT

’prr

-rJT

rrrJ

flu

om

Z’li

—4

0-4

2!

cm

>2!

0>

Lru

mm

Jz

—44

a 0 0 N 0 0 a 0) 0 0 0

0) C C 0

Lix:

AJm

ZZ

Tl

—H

)I!

Dir

)z

> IA;

WA

;rr A

;——

4’

a

N 0 a 0

aC a a

000. *t •giathe axaurrixtg ma -cvi h q rot oee a r acted ii a

between SuO mao 1000 a at these wo

t c S r q tot siw

insufficient snow o

C. 5 :“ ‘s

suspension are given urority ov the

Os fl ccver in he H t th *. 1.

cequlrtment. to a 4,u a tetca there are tic.

this purpose; rot

art 7 ien

increases with reu.b.

nrvign Apris at Swift current was 6.85 eq

EU. rtyye Vt $8) a’ w ds e

‘aM t. X ‘esOe eiy AtaOSi,fleTi(

w S ditacije cci ‘Ii th’ f ren e

y rvet ntn nbc c . ur.n s

iOCStiflfl,. A romkarisr ‘ tjt ica.. aiflba

wln’e a: Rapana -t ‘as 6.’.- R r

f 4

Sa’JaFOftflfc Service tht’_t.

1 ti” Ca Ce exti

a rig II i p

4w)—r at .n ra iftCPrt ‘a’ ‘

The disposition of tauxeb dna qz”nccovex SAUa Ietcii a.slance an talloib lirac.as at p • 0 0 Ri d t’ r

uObaflj sr.ow ‘aUX ancreases apprecsao..y fetch tor distances aerween aiu anc

windspeeds and

03 V

‘oust 001 flea a Sw ur’n

distance if 4000 a ‘tht ir • ease i,. LOX

stations is ‘act’ibutae ic. tie nc&Peo£ h I qncooc.ur a p

sdn%fy fully-developed, steady-state tlowa .

,.

codes. iz there jq not an adequate supp:y

en ienste 44 V y h

add1tiona esecents .waslable rcra 500 a teti-h there are 2 element, an in a oou & etc1 U

TI s, th p bebii ty of id ev ng sic dv state ‘n i:nns

g bar at o o’srea ii f .1 .iesublimation mass flux ocr a 4000-a surtare at falLow is 40 higher tnan the

s ostbb 4 tnt I ecu 0 1’. sri Fibv ano 17c show a saaher percentage of annual snowidli reaalaing as snowcoceron altos li’a one..ubbl a eahoftefurn’ io In nut tit •c a..t nv gli. a Locaio is relitively inoependent )t etch disrcree.

*Jso ne riaoings ;n Figs. lb 5tid ti eros grerer acetate of ‘.v’wraspt u utia a ek Jr t n . I Lit. Its st is

axpecred given that swizt Current noraaliy experiences ntg’ier wiadspeeds inj

ri • t’ i IT ii

so

1 a - . t t I at n •

c 7 aa II.. 7., Cr. aannt Or tr’arspait cter r %w. ‘‘tm’ ha

c

I’—

- a a t r ‘ r V

40000—

(flU)z

30000-L

XDfDtflG

LLZ 20000-0

I

ZJ1 10000

toz

0Li0

0zztoo

I

LLF0<ts

DJOJa

toj

zZF<to

0zj

00

irowz>mD

U

<0

z(flz<U)

z

UJZ

ztL0<

IiiUi

Uj<LIL

hiak a auai ma o L UI t tram

atd ptr ceit f enowl 11 rema nrrfpth 4iey ( t fiur ota r

at at o a mp’ria o rib iwr orUUCltLOVO ii ti ow ri r c

cieac.

- Ø—Ø RED I NA

*—X SWIFT CURRENT

PRINCE ALBERT

9—9 YORKTON

ZEEZE

L1000 2000

FETCH DISTANCE <nO

J_i LL13000 4000

400000

300000

200000

100000

13—Em REGINA

X—X SWIFT CURRENT

PRINCE ALBERT

13—fEJ

1000 2000

FETCH DISTANCE Cm)c:b)

Lj_i_L_13000 4000

13—EJ REGINAX—X SWIFT CURRENTeoLt—( PRINCE ALBERT9—B YORKTON

I20

0 LL Li LJ £ i LLL LL10 1000 2000 3000 4000FETCH DSTANCE m)

2

f.eg:ha f2iperseflCe.. •c.p. 16 1’.• pe’ Err more -vert lOP z-’rc rat n i’

tt33 ma, .as’rt in no e c .ot.oi. 1 Udurtno a wane: a snowover at sh-ft ‘urrent ‘ •tnd.v subJ’--’e rg St;ata

‘a •rs qri° S 110 LObt 6) ear cg VSL 31

w•p’n of %fl(flJa( tor i cu.4 waver, thereby r.dur,r lie qua-- -

S tie I S pt 0 itif ) )0t 1

eqvivaient as a” ‘uded In •nc crrai sriowcover watør equivae.r rvncrlcd i-y -N>

ci h6) tGO) C 0 t I

t.q ‘. ‘eaii’ s it qhoj.t -1So j’a rcsemberac4 ‘ant vie mechatite. n’ aje qJfr

oaetl 01 dert ii itabi’n summary, the tlndsng6 demonbtrete:

1 )eIet. of cdt cow a ‘p tf tsd •6

surfaea> rougr’ness cond!tions.

lit *r n ic fe ch ‘ea ‘e t a ii e- ne r ‘vi tar

iartcr the aacaaa. of a.jn._nJ’ seuwwver ave..abe a’)r ra>1aymer r

lie oar f snof4.i IP-’ILE’. a. s nwcover aepeads iaaqe.’: oa tieregiora clime an’ s- ri ae rcufli S3 Co thtior nc o -

eve t n fet h dstanc

. is worn wing ‘-hat tj9’i’i oflfl dibtarees a’ cu’ ‘tated iaaiota ft tgia ncSw t ‘uet r€ Ptkfl ongr he floe i ..

t’rip,,e 4ie0e’t ano Yoztton press, there ‘t’ .L’ ‘S 11KCi tfl’ blih1aiRt.ipi ‘S’>t.

e on a p t a otsc°ri irs ig t oso h n q it cIYc)bIpre t)qr, on irtes ‘0 se %o’1a di.-! $S

VM’CID 101 DLI SflS

01 1J iii r

•. va sase•sai 3g,Jbrnb’r up to ‘h.> ..i’ .- høtu.Si a, aiaids ‘—n”. a ‘

‘5 a I t a ‘I r “‘ I ‘ 6 C P t 3 1 t

:atva .,a : mtatP 1B’P OV CVc”4’5t1 ‘i it’ l 41 ‘atS aLtI’241 ;nj’tOP .e

C r ‘°‘, t or . s c r e n r

a’. r. “g’’..%..X V Us’. . t.’ 3g’’s ‘..,— it .53 ‘,a ‘2 -. - ‘

501 Zuflfl ut saskatnewan oetwen. 197$ and 1985 receasen tnt’ evaporation is:ne &rninant psocecs affet1ng rfln caaes. 4i sites ‘, oowenv o o g I Ii 1 n

was e so th sut ten p raj d U how nsu anie irnin of tilt tednitnter ..n move deeper into the root zone. In undts:urred and uncrccKt’d ‘iOiisevaporation losses are ssgrlt leant wnen rompared -o the gains fros seawater

a * a C d set £ 0

infa trat n (IN ) to evapo atioj (Li7A was 1, 4. and to stu bit. 1 was 0.6.Crancea sa;.s ann sabsafed. cn the otner ‘ispa. nor ‘.nsv a’lnw far sgn..fir.antl)gm •r I zltr ion but ‘so a’ ow a ltwa to penet ate asp ‘ ‘o a soil00 5 t S t 1 C o

INbLV*P tot era iced soils was 4.4 In Lndisturbed soils dale etaporatlan ratnin the first osys following the disappearance oi sno*cover were as ngu as u aa,dfrom allow ant nd from tuob and on a zaye evapo atlo lot in hea - in d e or .o • a o a v e

•quaa to avb.age amounts of snowarl lnfiVra.ior. revelveo ,y andstubble. z eapectvol

4ny del ose urpos is is ate cc cte se Rat enh ean o • n y is ‘tive c lIt 0 te in a.

avaiiable sois water reserve at the time at seeding. t,Iearlv. the s.ctes must

not only correctly simulate the inflitratiGn process for train soils, but must

Iso nez ‘e pora ii ‘s lng’nac er od at vaieor ma g a at an du gt ro ow mc a. nc ‘ie

appli:ation of tuese systems to the Posteelt perion is lamited. For example.tfte Versate SaL’ 4oisture Biaget (VsMBj. wnicb is comsonac used to predlet sail

015 et rv tr I ti n ‘0 5” It Uft 315 So

Vb al at vs ai 0. ith eva rat is asoflt —ura t.nn reiationsnzps. anwever on r*mnd •nn. 9wougnoa %r orPoitmel tiler. a tlfle f :irt:e ten - ye arrn%t1 ard e’cDorsron. -.s;re’ ,

a n it a or s p o 4 riCa aig ‘C ear a an ship tea cap ansi 4t (U ,mo

assise ‘nat t’)r so.l her tsu slaG storage terms are aaegsigaD’e 2towevt1. U.’an7

Iao,tea W.’ 4 S4a1 £5 b.a n’osen t’i s esvaprlon “ not vain. Wb:’e ‘in

1 t K C. f 3 b.

U. t p n ii t 3 1 0.

• jttaro; tltesI r4..gJe.% •.•u •r.

ti I easy IC dl. 116

t it ad re me.

Ira the a ‘rs• ‘I) c.r

velc4sd lid

47a lb4t

?

sliP (‘Pall’!’.

r:u)1. -a4ua,

fl Wf.±Cfl ; Ia tac net ener’ ava4ah.aa so evaporatiofl idle 5G5 aT .et

rrulat.ion grounat’at ‘iizno ian fl4 en ‘yy harges re zrst err in ieKs !

‘ • w e’c I rire es ts th PC ntt.ncapara’ Ion. as accep’ed by van davt slb6óa £restaey and far:or (l’flt. ta”

U eNS e • or t o ti to iii to Is is •d ac e r u aSt BUt ‘men flt tnt SUt itt eq’rat’5e i fltSl teL Whi h a it mar. arc

onsider he usua. s t’aation ancau’sterpd in tae rapid wriere Pcflflrratflr

a r r a i t e a a r s a t te aC Ep asaP .P.6.i’e tvaO.ea Ii)!. lb. CaP .at1G 4 flCTUB .‘nen’:a.

tVfl0fltiOn •‘ - £ tAn” .4..

‘ •e _

S a

£

‘S” ..i. :.‘ rç1’ ic’ a. • 4sCg’€j .$;2. —. • ttt4ii it..a t”jV’’”’

‘ft

a”' .. a. na’s ‘r sat . 1a 4 •.“ Ta’ . W” , ‘.:‘t’...n.% —

aptraa jn bP% n ,‘,• .a’Ct.e a ? •t1”

a’ ‘r” •‘.

.) I 1(6 1

a I S

n.e s ii to s.q.....-. na%C raaagr a’ St 6

gr faa ta o .tit mat as. U.) ‘sap I’d

e 1) K i ft ft - i ‘s

tat actusa etaporatior on average o az amount’ cd a.. amt’p t- it er a.

a del .vr tvapora on lns.ts durlnt P 3twCt iss 1ee durergane prealsinorv evalatlon an ve’x scat Ion tests iGra’ifr annI I er t a I )1oS h r d em Iveinping he comhinalioaa equation icr a saturated ‘,urfraweionession ror e.aporrlon fros a ron saturateo surtace iq

S. aj3

‘ t C t ‘ a

aa S

0

•1

Ti b d

I rC.

S r

e

1

a’

k e

c3b

z0

F

ft0I

>ww>

F

Jwft

Figure 18. r r-

(-5

1.0

8

.5

.4

00 .2 . 4 . 5 - 8 1.0

RELATIVE DRYING POWER. 0

U = [ii]8 u4oD

I + OO28 e

with a stanf.ard error of estimate of C of OM5i. Equation 11. can b.e used with

Eu. 9 to calculate evaporation. Note, the expressions are independent of surface

parameters (surface temperature and vapor pressure) and they do not require an

estimate of orentiai evaporation.

LITERATURE CITED

Baier N. and GW, Robertson. 1965. A new versatile soii moisture budget. Ag.

Met, Teoh Bul. 7, Plant Research Institute, Can. Dept. Agr., Ottawa, ON.,

36 p.

Bi.ack, LA. i979 Evapo.ration from dougias fir stands esposed to soii water

deficits. Water Resour. Hen. i5(i;I64i7O.

Dyck, OE. and R.J. Oranger. 1973. ModeIiing of soii water reserves; progress

report i978, 79. interr,ai rei-ort, Division c’f hydroiogy, University of

Saskatchewan. 27 pp.

Dyck G.E. and H. J. Oranger. i980. Modeiiing soii water reserves; progress

report i979/EO. iuternai report, Division of Hydrology, University of

Saskatchewan 33pp.

.Federer, C.A. 1979. A. s.o:ilp1antatmn:.s.phere mode i for transpiration and avail

ability of soil water. Water Resour. Res. 15(3) ;555 o62.

Oranger, R.J. and P.M. Gray. 1989. Eva oration from nonsaturated surfaces.

J. Hydrology. (in press;.

Pta y P.M. and 5.0 Cramer 1933. Snow management for ncreasng soi water

reserves in frozen orairi e soils. In Watershed Management io, the Eihties

. Bruce Jones and Timothy I Ward, eds. ). Am. Soc. Civii Bug., New york..,

Ny.., pp 256-263.

Morton, FrI. 1983. Opera:tionai. estlmat:es of areai evapotra.nspirat.ion and their

si.gnifi.cance to the science and: practice of hydrology. 3. Rydrol 66;l—

75

Power.t. •o . •Uo.. ; ,q t4flq1.’’ ‘1 ‘P)b. /. .‘eb’a. • .1

“a iton %

. It C ‘ nd . t)Y 9 S% .t t ii L

an “valc’r4tLuP is ‘i .aggr ssa. paran.•.’ . ‘P. hearriar Rn: a’.:’ .“

.4