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Should the states have the right to ignore the laws of the national government?
The Road to SecessionIn Antebellum America
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Important Vocabulary
• Secession: The act of withdrawing• Nullification: a legal theory that a state has
the right to nullify, or invalidate a federal law which the state has deemed unconstitutional.
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The Compromise of 1820:A Firebell in the Night!
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The Nullification Crisis of 1832:
The Nullification Crisis of 1832:
• 1816--> Tariff
• 1824 – 23%-37%
• 1828 --> “Tariff ofAbomination”
• 1832 --> new compromise tariff
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What do you notice about the
votes?
House Vote on Tariff of 1828[6] For Against
New England 16 23
Middle States (New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware)
56 6
West (Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Missouri, Kentucky)
29 1
South 4 64
Total 105 94
Free States 88 29
Slave States 17 65
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Compromise of 1850
Compromise of 1850
12
3
4
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Compromise of 1850
Compromise of 1850
1. California free state2. Utah/New Mexico-
popular sovereignty
3. Texas 10 million4. Slave trade ended in DC5. Fugitive Slave law of
1850
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5 - Fugitive Slave Lawhttp://www.thirteen.org/programs/american-experience/fugitive-slave-act/
• Constitution• 1793 law• “The only
measure of the Compromise calculated to secure the rights of the South.”
• Provisions:1. Denied fugitive
right to trial by jury.
2. Commissioners paid $5 if released, $10 if sent away
3. Federal officials responsible for enforcing the laws
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Resisting the Law• 9 States passed personal liberty laws– Forbade the imprisonment of runaway slaves and
guaranteed they would have jury trials. • Underground Railroad– Harriet Tubman, 19 trips, 300 slaves
• Uncle Tom’s Cabin– Slavery is not a political contest, a moral struggle
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Consequences of the Compromise
1.Political Alignment along party lines grew
2.Americans were now discussing higher law: secession and disunion
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Kansas-Nebraska Act
• “No congressmen had so badly miscalculated the consequences of his actions as had Douglas.”
• “The Most ill-conceived and wretched piece of congressional handiwork in the nation’s history” James L. Huston
Why was the Kansas-Nebraska Act so controversial?
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Kansas-Nebraska ActRead 312-317– Explain the concept of popular sovereignty
and describe Northern and Southern reactions to it as a way of making decisions about slavery in the territories.
– Think about: • Douglas’s view on continued expansion.• Douglas and the Missouri Compromise• The congressional balance of power.
Use evidence from the text to support your answers.
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Kansas-Nebraska Act
What led to the Kansas-Nebraska Act? • Senator Stephen Douglas- 1854– Democrats supported expansion– Popular Sovereignty – most democratic
way to decide– Nebraska Territory north of 36, 30
• Repeal of Missouri Compromise
• 90% of Southern Congressman voted for the bill, 64% of Northerners voted against.
• Bill became law in May 1854
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• Abolitionist & proslavery forces race to populate Kansas & write state constitution
• New York Senator William Seward– “Come on, then gentlemen of the Slave
States…We will engage in competition for the virgin soil of Kansans and God give the victory to the side that is stronger in numbers as it is in right.”
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Bleeding Kansas
– Both sides stage terrorist attacks• “The sack of Lawrence”
– Anti-slavery town determined to be traitors, ransacked by pro-slavery men
• John Brown responsible for Pottawatomie Massacre • 157 violent deaths, but only 38 definitely
related to slavery conflict
John Brown
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“Bleeding Kansas”
“Bleeding Kansas”
Border “Ruffians”
(pro-slavery Missourians
)
Border “Ruffians”
(pro-slavery Missourians
)
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Application for Statehood
• Topeka Constitution – Without Slavery• Lecompton Constitution – With Slavery• Kansas eventually entered as a free state in
1861
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“The Crime Against Kansas”
“The Crime Against Kansas”
Sen. Charles Sumner(R-MA)
Sen. Charles Sumner(R-MA)
Congr. Preston Brooks(D-SC)
Congr. Preston Brooks(D-SC)
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The Caning of Sumner
• Kansas-Nebraska is the leading issue in national politics
• “The admission of Kansas into the Union as a slave state is now a point of honor. The fate of the South is to be decided with the Kansas issue.” -Congressman Brooks (SC)
• “The Crime against Kansas…Murderous robbers from Missouri…Rape of Virgin territory.” Congressman Sumner (MA)
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The Caning of Sumner• Sumner’s speech made fun of aged
Senator Andrew Butler• Brooks decides to avenge his cousin • Beats Sumner with a cane• Pride in the South• Rage in the North
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1852 Presidential Election1852 Presidential Election
√ Franklin Pierce Gen. Winfield Scott John Parker Hale Democrat Whig Free Soil
√ Franklin Pierce Gen. Winfield Scott John Parker Hale Democrat Whig Free Soil
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Birth of the Republican PartyMid-term Election of 1854
• Horace Greeley printed in June 1854:
• "We should not care much whether those thus united (against slavery) were designated 'Whig,' 'Free Democrat' or something else; though we think some simple name like 'Republican' would more fitly designate those who had united to restore the Union to its true mission of champion and promulgator of Liberty rather than propagandist of slavery.“
ß Northern Whigs.
ß Northern Democrats.
ß Free-Soilers.
ß Know-Nothings.
ß Other miscellaneous opponents of the Kansas-Nebraska Act.
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Date Hamiltonians Jeffersonians
1791 Federalists Democratic-Republicans
1820 Republicans“Era of Good Feelings”
1824-1825 National Republicans Democratic-Republicans
1834
Whigs
Northern WhigsAntislavery Democrats
Jacksonian Democracy
Southern Democrats
1854 Republicans Democrats
Present Republicans Democrats
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Party Total seats (change) Seat percentage
Democratic Party
84 -73 33.3%American Party 62 +62 24.6%
Whig Party 60 -11 23.8%Republican Party
46 +46 18.3%Totals 252 +18 100%
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The Election of 1856
• Democrats nominate Ambassador James Buchanan
• Republican Party – nominate Fremont
James Buchanan John C. Fremont
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Dred Scott v. Sandford (1857)
• Dred Scott was slave of Army doctor – had lived in free state & territory
• Chief Justice Roger Taney:– African Americans cannot be
citizens, state laws to the contrary– Missouri Compromise was
unconstitutional– Any attempt to limit slavery in
territories (even by territorial legislature) unconstitutional
Dred Scott
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The Lincoln-Douglas Debates• Buchanan backed fraudulent pro-
slavery Lecompton Constitution (1858)
• Douglas opposed – declared “Freeport Doctrine” in debates with Lincoln– Dred Scott ruling must be respected– Territories could still bar slavery by
failing to pass necessary laws– Lincoln pointed out inherent
contradiction
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John Brown’s Raid on Harper’s Ferry
• Brown was Connecticut native with apocalyptic vision
• Led raid on federal arsenal in Harper’s Ferry, VA to start slave rebellion
• Convicted of treason against Commonwealth of Virginia & executed
• Became martyr to abolitionists
The arraignment of John Brown
Brown’s Last Moments, by Thomas Hovdenden (1884)
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John Brown: Madman, Hero or Martyr?
John Brown: Madman, Hero or Martyr?
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John Brown: Madman, Hero or Martyr?
John Brown: Madman, Hero or Martyr?
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1860Presidenti
alElection
1860Presidenti
alElection
√ Abraham Lincoln
Republican
√ Abraham Lincoln
Republican
John BellConstitutional
Union
John BellConstitutional
Union
Stephen A. DouglasNorthern Democrat
Stephen A. DouglasNorthern Democrat
John C. Breckinridge
Southern Democrat
John C. Breckinridge
Southern Democrat
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1860 Election: A Nation Coming Apart?!1860 Election: A Nation Coming Apart?!
Cartoon from the 1860 presidential election showing three of the candidates—(left to right) Republican Abraham Lincoln, Democrat Stephen A. Douglas, and Southern Democrat John C. Breckinridge—tearing the country apart, while the Constitutional Union candidate, John Bell, applies glue from a tiny, useless pot
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Republican Party Platform in 1860Republican Party Platform in 1860
ß Non-extension of slavery [for the Free-Soilers].
ß Protective tariff [for the No. Industrialists].
ß No abridgment of rights for immigrants [a disappointment for the “Know-Nothings”].
ß Government aid to build a Pacific RR [for the Northwest].
ß Internal improvements [for the West] at federal expense.
ß Free homesteads for the public domain [for farmers].
ß Non-extension of slavery [for the Free-Soilers].
ß Protective tariff [for the No. Industrialists].
ß No abridgment of rights for immigrants [a disappointment for the “Know-Nothings”].
ß Government aid to build a Pacific RR [for the Northwest].
ß Internal improvements [for the West] at federal expense.
ß Free homesteads for the public domain [for farmers].
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1860
Election
Results
1860
Election
Results
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Crittenden Compromise:A Last Ditch Appeal to Sanity
Crittenden Compromise:A Last Ditch Appeal to Sanity
Senator John J. Crittenden(Know-Nothing-KY)
Senator John J. Crittenden(Know-Nothing-KY)
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Secession!: SC Dec. 20, 1860Secession!: SC Dec. 20, 1860
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Fort Sumter: April 12, 1861Fort Sumter: April 12, 1861