Slide 1

SHOAH

Slide 2

Endlsung final solution of the Jewish question Victims: 6 milion European Jews from German occupied territories Holocaust = greek word for a burnt offering Shoah = hebrew word for an enormous disaster

Slide 3

Hitler January 1933 Reich Chancellor 12 years after the end of WWI in the time of economical crisis Thoughts about the right of Germans to gain a larger territory, subjugation of European nations, inferior groups = Jews, Gypsies, Slavs became a part of the official politics of the state Ideological mass propaganda : Jews are inferior and are responsable for the economical, political and moral crisis of Germany Only he can be a citizen who is a peoples comrade. A peoples comrade can only be someone of German blood, regardless of religion. No Jew, therefore, can be a peoples comrade. Jews were gradually excluded from the social, cultural, economical and political life of the country

Slide 4

Nremberg Laws 1935 laws about the protection of the German blood and honour Determination of Jewish person and of Jewish half- breed Persons marked as Jews were not allowed to marry or even be in contact non-Jewish people, the Arians Jews have been deprived of the most of their property and belongings Were not allowed to execute most of the jobs Were persecuted Number of anti-Jewish laws was implemented within the Germany controlled area

Slide 5

Nazism Concentration camps in Germany already since 1933 Crystal night November 9.-10. 1938 huge pogrom on Jews in all Germany, Austria and German controlled territories (Sudeten) Berlin-Wannsee conference January 20 1942 Definitive decision about the physical extermination of all European Jews Mass murders in Eastern Europe and deportations of Central European Jews already since 1941

Slide 6

Occupation of the Bohemian Lands March 15 1939 Protektorat Bohemia and Moravia Immediately were published laws limiting freedom of Jews Jews were progressively excluded from the society Germanization of Czech factories and goods broad definition of Jewish belongings

Slide 7

Restrictions against Jews March 1940 all Jews had to register September 1940 Jewish children were not allowed to attend schools September 1 1940 all Jews above 6 had to wear visibly a Jewish star

Slide 8

Deportations 1939 already first deportation to Poland Fall 1941 began systematic mass deportations of whole families Decided by the Acting Reich Protector, SS Obergruppenfhrer Reinhard Heydrich in the fall 1941

Slide 9

Terezn Ghetto for internation of Jews since October 1941 Received regular transports of whole families usually 1000 people in a time Families were immediately separated casernes Jews were not allowed to have any contact with Terezn citizens February 1942 the commune of Terezn was abolished and the Terezn inhabitants were ordered to move out within four months Jews lived since in the civile houses and were allowed to walk within the town during the day Since June 1942 transports from Germany and Austria mainly old people (paied their stay at a spa almost with all their assets) Since 1943 transports from Holland and Danemark

Slide 10

Terezn Before war : 7000 inhabitants 1942 : 58 491 inhabitants Overcrowded Jews were allowed to have a luggage of 50 kg per person including the blankets usually were deprived from it upon their arrival Work : 16-65 years but 12 year old kids worked too Weekly workload : about 60 hours, sometimes more than 100 hours appalling hygienic conditions Lack of water and health care infections

Slide 11

Terezn 1942 100 people per day were dying Since September 1942 - crematorium Transit and labour camp At the beggining of the year 1945 Nazis tried to build here a gas chamber but they did not have time to finish it anymore.

Slide 12

Terezn Cultural activities First illegal, later used for Nazi propaganda 1944 Embelishement of the town and visit of the Red Cross Propaganda movie Hitler donated a Town to the Jews 12 thousand children since 1942 lived separately in children houses

Slide 13

Transports to the East To ghettos in Riga and Warzsaw To the extermination camps in Treblinka, Chelmn, Maly Trostenets near Minsk in Belarus, and many more, especially around Lublin Usually died immediately upon their arrival or were shot on the way Since October 1942 untill October 1944 transports to Auschwitz- Birkenau Selection majority gased upon arrival (all mothers with small children)

Slide 14

After 1945 1st Czechoslovak Republic : 365 000 Jews 272 000 Jews did not survive the Shoah 1945 Czechoslovakia (Eduard Bene, Jan Masaryk) supports Israel, Israeli aviators were trained here 1948 Communist takeover followed by antisemitic processes in the 1950s (Jews accused of cosmopolitanism) 1968 Soviet Invasion 1989 Fall of the communist regime in the satelite countries of the Soviet Union The normal Jewish life is possible only since the 1990s Czech Republic: 5000 members of the Jewish communities and other organizations; 25 000 Jews

Slide 15

Poland September 1 1939 WWII started by a German attack of Poland Soviet army immedietaly occupied the former Russian part, Germany took the Western Poland including Lodz and Upper Silesia; since 1941 Germany took the Soviet part Polish intellectual elite murdered Mass murders of Polish people in the countryside 6 200 000 Polish victims Second largest Jewish community in Europe 2 700 000 Polish Jewish victims (3 million Polish Jews before WWII) 6 extermination camps 3,5 milion Jews murdered here Auschwitz since 1941 Belzec, Sobibor, Auschwitz-Birkenau, Treblinka, Majdanek, Lublin since 1942

Slide 16

Warszaw Ghetto Uprising Largest ghetto in Poland since 1940 to concentrate Jews before the deportation to the extermination camps; labour 1943 Largest act of the Jewish resistance First mass uprising in Nazi occupied Europe Inhabitants that were not murdered at the place sent to Treblinka 60 000 Jews !!! Holy Week, 1990s film adaptation of Jerzy Andrzejewskis book by Andrzej Wajda Roman Polanski, The Pianist, 2002 http://youtu.be/itR0-I9idXkhttp://youtu.be/itR0-I9idXk http://youtu.be/kkvDWm9t9D Mhttp://youtu.be/kkvDWm9t9D M Wladyslaw Szpilman http://youtu.be/_vb9c1NxGdg http://youtu.be/ZOwP6k8fp0M

Slide 17

Communism Since 1945 pogroms against more than 1000 people that returned from the concentration camps mass emigration Forced collectivisation of agriculture and factories Antisemitic campaign 1968 mass emigration 1955 1991 Warszaw military pact against NATO (Dissolution in 1991 signed in Prague)

Slide 18

Hungary In 1920 was accepted in Budapest the first anitsemitic law in Europe max 6% of Jews at the Universities Mikls Horthys fascist government was sending Jews and communists to the internation camps since 1920 Gyula Gmbs, the leader of the Party of the Protectors of the Race and the Prime Minister joined Hitler in 1932 Massacres of Jews already since 1941 Jewish stars and deportations since April 1944: 564 500 Jewish victims (750 000 Jews lived in Hungary before the WWII) 440 000 Jews transported to Auschwitz; 80% murdered Raoul Wallenberg, Swedish diplomat rescued thousand of Jews since 1944

Slide 19

Hungary Red terror After WWII since 1948 communist dictatorship of stalinist Matyas Rakosi 1956 only 13 days Soviet Army bombarded Budapest Present untill 1989 like in Czechoslovakia after 1968 1956-1988 goulash communism Janos Kadar