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Sugar Mill Wastes-Characteristics and their Management
Dr. Shivakumara, M. N.1*, Dr. Jagadeesha, G. S.2 and Dr. Shivakumara, C.3
1&3College of Horticulture, Mudigere (UAHS, Shivamogga) 2UAS Bengaluru
Corresponding Author
Dr. Shivakumara, M. N.
Email: [email protected]
Keywords
Sugarcane, Sugar, Waste, Management.
How to cite this article:
INTRODUCTION
Sugar industry in India
ugar industry is one of the most
important and second largest agro based
industries next to Cotton textiles in India
and is highly responsible for creating
significant impact on rural economy in
particular and countries economy in general.
Sugar consumption rate is highest in India as
shown in the statistics received from USDA
Foreign Agricultural Service.
• Cultivated area = 4.3
million hectares
• Production = 325
million tonnes
• Productivity = 77
tonnes per hectares.
There are 664 sugar mills in India and
58 sugar factories in Karnataka
The first sugar mill in India was set up
in 1903 at Pratapur in UP.
The maximum sugarcane growing
states is Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra,
Gujarat, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, and
Andhra Pradesh.
Uttar Pradesh and Maharashtra
contributes 42% and 20% of the overall
sugar production in the nation.
S
ABSTRACT
Sugarcane is the world's largest crop. It is cultivated on about 23.8 M.ha in more than 90
countries, with a worldwide harvest of 1.69 billion tonnes (FAO, 2011). Brazil (22%) is the
largest producer of sugar cane in the world next major producers; in the order are India
(15%), China, Thailand, Pakistan and Mexico. Sugarcane predominantly grows in the
tropical and subtropical regions. Sugarcane accounts for 80% of sugar produced.
OPEN ACCESS
Shivakumara, M. N., Jagadeesha, G. S. and Shivakumara, C. 2020. Sugar Mill Wastes –
Characteristics and their Management. Vigyan Varta 1(8): 29-32.
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The per cent composition of sugar mill
wastes:
Liquid wastes – 52%,
Bagasse – 28%
Mud and molasses – 3%
Ash – 1%
Sugar recovery – 13%
1. BAGASSE:
It is generated as a by-product, fibrous matter
that remains after sugarcane crushed to extract
juice. Bagasse is an extremely a homogeneous
material comprising around 30-40% of "pith"
fibre. It contains: cellulose - 45%,
hemicelluloses - 25%, lignin - 24%, ash – 5%
and waxes – 1%. Ten tonnes of sugarcane
crushed, factories produce about 3 tonnes of
wet bagasse as a by-product. It has high
moisture content of 40-50 %, which is
detrimental to use it as a fuel. For electricity
production, the bagasse is dried and used and
for paper and pulp production- the bagasse is
stored at wet condition in order to remove the
short pith fibres.
Uses of Bagasse:
• Generation of electricity
(Cogeneration )
• Fuel source for sugar mills
• Substitute for plywood, partitions,
furniture
• Mushroom cultivation
• Paper production, tissue paper
making etc.
Bagasse is importantly used in electricity
production by Cogeneration concept.
In a conventional power plant, fuel is burnt in a
boiler to generate high-pressure steam. This
steam is used to drive a turbine, which in turn
drives an alternator through a steam turbine to
produce electric power. The potential of power
generation from co-generation in India is more
than 20,000 MW. Since India is the largest
producer of sugar in the world, bagasse-based
cogeneration is being promoted.
2. MOLASSES:
Molasses is a dark brown viscous liquid
obtained as a by-product of SUGARCANE
while processing. It contains nearly 45%
uncrystallized, fermentable SUGAR and some
sucrose. It is a valued by-product of the
SUGAR INDUSTRY. Molasses on distillation
produces rectified spirit, denatured spirit and
alcohol/ethanol. It is used for sweetening and
flavouring foods like cookies, pies, gingerbread
and others. It is used as a principle ingredient in
the distillation of rum. It is also used as feed for
farm animals and Molasses is added to some
brands of tobacco used for smoking (e.g.:
hookah, shisha, narghile etc.). Molasses also
used in pressmud composting.
Chemical use of molasses: Used as the carbon
source for in-situ remediation of chlorinated
hydrocarbons like trichloro-ethane, vinyl
chloride etc. Molasses is blended with
magnesium chloride and used for de-icing.
Industrial use molasses: Used as a chelating
agent to remove rust (mixture of 1 part molasses
and 9 parts water). Ink rollers on printing
presses were originally cast using a mixture of
molasses and glue.
Molasses are widely used in Ethanol
production:
Molasses id a colourless, flammable liquid
which is produced from the fermentation of
sugar, it is used as ‘Drinking alcohol’ or ‘Pure
alcohol’, used as antiseptic and in some
antibacterial soaps and wipes. Fuel for rocket
and other motor vehicles. Used to make other
important chemicals. Used in paint, permanent
markers, perfumes and deodorants.
3. PRESS MUD OR FILTER CAKE:
Press mud is a by-product of sugar industry.
For every 100 tonnes of sugarcane crushed
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about 3 tonnes of press mud cake is obtained.
About 5.2 million tonnes of Press mud is being
produced in our country every year.
Press mud contains sizable quantity of macro
(1.1-3% N, 0.6-3.5% P, 0.30-1.8% K) and
micro nutrients, besides 20-25% of organic
carbon. Press mud is widely used in compost
production. Press mud contains sizable quantity
of macro (1.1-3% N, 0.6-3.5% P, 0.30-1.8% K)
and micro nutrients, besides 20-25% of organic
carbon. Press mud is widely used in compost
production.
Uses of Press mud:
• It is mixed with distillery effluent helps
to reduce toxic effect of effluent,
minimize the BOD and COD contents
which enriches its nutritional values
and makes one of the best organic
manure.
• Application of enriched press mud,
either alone or in conjunction with
biofertilizers recorded higher
sugarcane yield and sugar recovery.
• This has also mitigated the need to treat
the Distillery effluent and save money
spent for its treatment.
• Press mud contains trace quantity of
micronutrients and prevents soil
erosion, crusting and cracking, adjusts
soil pH, improves drainage and
promotes normal bacterial and
microbial growth in the soil.
• It is used as both soil reclaimant (red
loamy soil) as well as soil conditioner.
• It should be broadcasted followed by
ploughing and irrigation.
• Application of press mud at 40t ha-1 is
reported to reduce the pH of red loamy
soil from 8.55 to 7.60.
4. SPENT WASH:
Waste water generated by distilleries during the
distillation and fermented molasses to ethyl
alcohol using specific strains of yeast.
It is Potential polluting agent because it is
highly acidic (pH < 4.0), high BOD and COD
and high dissolved solids and organic matter
content. Hence, it has to be subjected to further
treatments before use / disposal.
Treatment of spent wash:
Anaerobic digestion, activated sludge
treatment and trickling filtration
methods are used for waste water
treatment.
In anaerobic digestion the dissolved
organic solids are transferred into
methane, carbon dioxide, small
amounts of other gasses
In trickling filtration and in activated
sludge treatment the microbial
population utilises oxygen dissolved in
the waste water to oxidise the dissolved
organic matter to carbon dioxide and
water.
Spent wash use - Pre-sown one time
application of spent wash as organic liquid
manure for dry land agriculture.
CONCLUSION:
Sugarcane is a multi-product crop and has
immense potential for diversification. The
utilization of sugarcane industry wastes/by-
products like bagasse, molasses, pressmud and
spent wash will generate an economic benefit
and sustain growth to industry. As per the
analysis, one can safely conclude that on the
whole sugar mills donot comply with the
REFERENCES:
ABDUL, R. M., SUHAIL, A. S. AND
ANSARI, A. K., 2006, Sugar industry
effluent- characteristics and chemical
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analysis, J. App. Em. Sc., 1(2): 152-
157.
AIGBODION, V. S., HASSAN, S. B., AUSE,
T. AND NYIOR, G. B., 2010,
Potential utilization of solid waste
(Bagasse), J. Min. Mate. Char. Eng.,
9(1): 67-77.
Food and Agricultural Organisation (FAO),
2011, Crop production, www.fao.org/
003.
RAIS, M. AND SHEORAN, A., 2015,
Treatment of sugarcane industry
effluents: science and technology
issues, M. Rais Int. J. Eng. Res. App.,
5(2): 11-19.
SARANRAJ, P. AND STELLA, D., 2014,
Composting of sugar mill wastes: a
review, World Appl. Sci. J., 31(12):
2029-2044.