Shivaji

1/9/2016 ShivajiWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shivaji 1/21

Shivaji

Shivaji'sportrait(1680s)housedintheBritishMuseum

1stSovereign(Chhatrapati)oftheMarathaRealm

Reign 16741680CE

Coronation 6June1674

Successor Sambhaji

Born c.April1627/19February1630[1]

ShivneriFort(presentlyinMaharashtra,India)

Died 3April1680RaigadFort,Raigad,MarathaEmpire(presentlyinMaharashtra)

Consort Saibai(Nimbalkar)

Wives Soyarabai(Mohite)Putalabai(Palkar)Sakvarbai(Gaikwad)

Kashibai(Jadhav)[2]

Issue Sambhaji,sonRajaram,sonSakhubaiNimbalkar,daughterRanubaiJadhav,daughter

ShivajiFromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

ShivajiBhonsle(Marathi[iaibos()le]c.1627/1630[1]3April1680),alsoknownasChhatrapatiShivajiMaharaj,wasanIndianwarriorkingandamemberoftheBhonsleMarathaclan.ShivajicarvedoutanenclavefromthedecliningAdilshahisultanateofBijapurthatformedthegenesisoftheMarathaEmpire.In1674,hewasformallycrownedastheChhatrapati(Monarch)ofhisrealmatRaigad.

Shivajiestablishedacompetentandprogressivecivilrulewiththehelpofadisciplinedmilitaryandwellstructuredadministrativeorganisations.Heinnovatedmilitarytactics,pioneeringtheguerrillawarfaremethods(Shivasutraorganimikava),whichleveragedstrategicfactorslikegeography,speed,andsurpriseandfocusedpinpointattackstodefeathislargerandmorepowerfulenemies.HerevivedancientHindupoliticaltraditionsandcourtconventionsandpromotedtheusageofMarathiandSanskrit,ratherthanPersian,incourtandadministration.

Shivaji'slegacywastovarybyobserverandtimebutbegantotakeonincreasedimportancewiththeemergenceoftheIndianindependencemovement,asmanyelevatedhimasaprotonationalistandherooftheHindus.ParticularlyinMaharashtra,debatesoverhishistoryandrolehaveengenderedgreatpassionandsometimesevenviolenceasdisparategroupshavesoughttocharacterisehimandhislegacy.

Contents

1 Earlylife

1.1 Upbringing

2 ConflictwithAdilshahisultanate

2.1 CombatwithAfzalKhan

2.2 BattleofPratapgarh

2.3 BattleofKolhapur

2.4 SiegeofPanhalaandBattleof



AmbikabaiMahadik,daughterRajkumaribaiShirke,daughter

Father ShahajiBhonsle

Mother Jijabai

Religion Hinduism

2.4 SiegeofPanhalaandBattleofPavanKhind

3 ClashwiththeMughals

3.1 AttackonShaistaKhan

3.2 TreatyofPurandar

3.3 ArrestinAgraandescape

4 Reconquest

4.1 DealingswiththeEnglish

4.2 BattleofNesari

5 Coronation

6 ConquestinSouthernIndia

7 Deathandsuccession

7.1 TheMarathasafterShivaji

8 Governance

8.1 PromotionofMarathiandSanskrit

8.2 Religiouspolicy

9 Military

9.1 Forts

9.2 Navy

10 Legacy

10.1 Historiography

10.2 Politicallegacy

10.3 Commemorations

10.4 Depictioninpopularculture

11 Seealso

12 References

13 Furtherreading

14 Externallinks



Shivaji'sbirthplaceonShivneriFort.

ShivajiwithJijabai.

Earlylife

ShivajiwasborninthehillfortofShivneri,nearthecityofJunnarinPunedistricton6April1627or19Feb.1630.[3]TheGovernmentofMaharashtraaccepts19February1630ashisbirthdateothersuggesteddatesinclude6April1627orotherdatesnearthisday.[4][5][6]Perlegend,hismothernamedhimShivajiinhonourofthegoddessShivai,towhomshehadprayedforahealthychild.[7]Shivajiwasnamedafterthislocaldeity.[8][9]Shivaji'sfatherShahajiBhonslewasaMarathageneralwhoservedtheDeccanSultanates.[10]HismotherwasJijabai,thedaughterofLakhujiraoJadhavofSindkhed(SindkhedRaja).AtthetimeofShivaji'sbirth,thepowerinDeccanwassharedbythreeIslamicsultanates:Bijapur,Ahmednagar,andGolconda.ShahajioftenchangedhisloyaltybetweentheNizamshahiofAhmadnagar,theAdilshahofBijapurandtheMughals,butalwayskepthisjagir(fiefdom)atPuneandhissmallarmywithhim.[10]

Upbringing

ShivajiwasextremelydevotedtohismotherJijabai,whowasdeeplyreligious.ThisreligiousenvironmenthadagreatimpactonShivaji,andhecarefullystudiedthetwogreatHinduepics,RamayanaandMahabharatatheseweretoinfluencehislifelongdefenceofHinduvalues.[11]Throughouthislifehewasdeeplyinterestedinreligiousteachings,andregularlysoughtthecompanyofHinduandSufisaints.[5]

Shahaji,meanwhilehadmarriedasecondwife,TukaBaioftheMohitefamily,andmovedtoKarnatakatoleadamilitarycampaignonbehalfofAdilshahi.HeleftShivajiandJijabaiinhisPuneholdingsinthecareofhisadministrator,DadojiKonddeo.DadojiKonddeomadesignificantcontributionsinteachingShivajibasicfightingtechniquessuchashorseriding,archeryandmarksmanship,pattaandothers.[12]Shivajiasaboywasakeenoutdoorsmanand,thoughhereceivedlittleformaleducationandmostlikelycouldneitherreadnorwrite,heissaidtohavepossessedconsiderableerudition.[13][14][15]ShivajidrewhisearliesttrustedcomradesandalargenumberofhissoldiersfromtheMavalregion,includingYesajiKank,SuryajiKakade,BajiPasalkar,BajiPrabhuDeshpandeandTanajiMalusare.[16]InthecompanyofhisMavalcomrades,ShivajiwanderedoverthehillsandforestsoftheSahyadrirange,hardeninghimselfandacquiringfirsthandknowledgeoftheland,whichwastolaterproveapplicabletohismilitaryendeavours.[11]

Attheageof12,ShivajiwastakentoBangalorewherehe,hiselderbrotherSambhajiandhisstepbrotherEkojiIwerefurtherformallytrained.HemarriedSaibai,amemberoftheprominentNimbalkarfamilyin1640.[17]:60Around164546,theteenageShivajifirstexpressedhisconceptforHindaviswarajya,inalettertoDadajiNarasPrabhu.[18][19][20][21]



DeathofAfzalKhan

Pratapgadfort

ConflictwithAdilshahisultanate

In1645,the15yearoldShivajiwontheTornaFortbeforeAdilshahiforcesonTornacouldrealizethattheforthasbeenattacked[22][23][24]FirangojiNarsala,whoheldtheChakanfortprofessedhisloyaltytoShivajiandthefortofKondanawasacquired.[5]:26Accountsvary,withsomesayingShahajiwasconditionallyreleasedin1649afterShivajiandSambhajisurrenderedthefortsofKondana,BangaloreandKandarpi,[5]otherssayinghewasimprisoneduntil1653or1655duringthisperiodShivajimaintainedalowprofile.[25]Afterhisrelease,Shahajiretiredfrompubliclife,anddiedaround16641665duringahuntingaccident.Followinghisfather'sdeath,Shivajiresumedraiding,seizingthekingdomofJavalifromaneighbouringMarathachieftainin1656.[26]

CombatwithAfzalKhan

In1659,AdilshahsentAfzalKhan,anexperiencedandveterangeneraltodestroyShivajiinanefforttoputdownwhathesawasaregionalrevolt.

ThetwometinahutatthefoothillsofPratapgadforton10November1659.Thearrangementshaddictatedthateachcomearmedonlywithasword,andattendedbyafollower.Shivaji,eithersuspectingAfzalKhanwouldattackhim[5]:4752[27]orsecretlyplanningtoattack,[28]worearmourbeneathhisclothes,concealedabaghnakh(metal"tigerclaw")onhisleftarm,andhadadaggerinhisrighthand.[29]:22AccountsvaryonwhetherShivajiorAfzalKhanstruckthefirstblow:[27]theMarathachroniclesaccuseAfzalKhanoftreachery,whilethePersianlanguagechroniclesattributethetreacherytoShivaji.[30][31]Inthefight,AfzalKhan'sdaggerwasstoppedbyShivaji'sarmour,andShivaji'sweaponsinflictedmortalwoundsonthegeneralShivajithensignalledhishiddentroopstolaunchtheassaultontheBijapuris.[28]

BattleofPratapgarh

IntheensuingBattleofPratapgarhfoughton10November1659,Shivaji'sforcesdecisivelydefeatedtheBijapurSultanate'sforces.[32]TheagileMarathainfantryandcavalryinflictedrapidstrikesonBijapuriunits,attackedtheBijapuricavalrybeforeitwaspreparedforbattle,andpursuedretreatingtroopstowardWai.Morethan3,000soldiersoftheBijapurarmywerekilledandtwosonsofAfzalKhanweretakenasprisoners.[5]:53

ThisunexpectedandunlikelyvictorymadeShivajiaheroofMarathafolkloreandalegendaryfigureamonghispeople.Thelargequantitiesofcapturedweapons,horses,armourandothermaterialshelpedtostrengthenthenascentandemergingMarathaarmy.TheMughalemperorAurangzebnowidentifiedShivajiasamajorthreattothemightyMughalEmpire.SoonthereafterShivaji,ShahajiandNetajiPalkar(thechiefoftheMarathacavalry)decidedtoattackanddefeattheAdilshahikingdomatBijapur.



PlaquetocommemoratetheentrancetoPaavankhind

BattleofKolhapur

TocounterthelossatPratapgadandtodefeatthenewlyemergingMarathapower,anotherarmy,thistimenumberingover10,000,wassentagainstShivaji,commandedbyBijapur'sAbyssiniangeneralRustamjaman.Withacavalryforceof5,000Marathas,ShivajiattackedthemnearKolhapuron28December1659.Inaswiftmovement,Shivajiledafullfrontalattackatthecenteroftheenemyforceswhiletwootherportionsofhiscavalryattackedtheflanks.ThisbattlelastedforseveralhoursandattheendBijapuriforcesweresoundlydefeatedandRustamjamanfledthebattlefield.Adilshahiforceslostabout2,000horsesand12elephantstotheMarathas.ThisvictoryalarmedAurangazeb,whonowderisivelyreferredtoShivajiasthe"MountainRat",andpreparedtoaddressthisrisingMarathathreat.[33]

SiegeofPanhalaandBattleofPavanKhind

In1660,AdilshahsenthisgeneralSiddiJauhartoattackShivaji'ssouthernborder,inalliancewiththeMughalswhoplannedtoattackfromthenorth.Atthattime,ShivajiwasencampedatPanhalafortnearpresentdayKolhapurwithhisforces.SiddiJauhar'sarmybesiegedPanhalainmid1660,cuttingoffsupplyroutestothefort.DuringthebombardmentofPanhala,SiddhiJahuarhadpurchasedgrenadesfromtheBritishatRajapurtoincreasehisefficacy,andalsohiredsomeEnglishartillerymentobombardthefort,conspicuouslyflyingaflagusedbytheEnglish.ThisperceivedbetrayalangeredShivaji,whoinDecemberwouldexactrevengebyplunderingtheEnglishfactoryatRajapurandcapturingfourofthefactors,imprisoningthemuntilmid1663.[34]

Accountsvaryastotheendofthesiege,withsomeaccountsstatingthatShivajiescapedfromtheencircledfortandwithdrewtoRagna,followingwhichAliAdilShahpersonallycametotakechargeofthesiege,capturingthefortafterfourmonthsbesiegement.[35]Otheraccountsstatethataftermonthsofsiege,ShivajinegotiatedwithSiddhiJahuarandhandedovertheforton22September1660,withdrawingtoVishalgad[36]ShivajiwouldlaterretakePanhalain1673.[35]

ThereissomedisputeoverthecircumstancesofShivaji'swithdrawal(treatyorescape)andhisdestination(RagnaorVishalgad),butthepopularstorydetailshisnightmovementtoVishalgadandasacrificialrearguardactiontoallowhimtoescape.[37]Pertheseaccounts,ShivajiwithdrewfromPanhalabycoverofnight,andashewaspursuedbytheenemycavalry,sohisMarathasardarBajiPrabhuDeshpandeofBandalDeshmukh,alongwith300soldiers,volunteeredtofighttothedeathtoholdbacktheenemyatGhodKhind("horseravine")togiveShivajiandtherestofthearmyachancetoreachthesafetyoftheVishalgadfort.[38]IntheensuingBattleofPavanKhind,thesmallerMarathaforceheldbackthelargerenemytobuytimeforShivajitoescape.BajiPrabhuDeshpandewaswoundedbutcontinuedtofightuntilheheardthesoundofcannonfirefromVishalgad,[39]signallingShivajihadsafelyreachedthefort,ontheeveningof13July1660.[40]GhodKhind(khindmeaning"anarrowmountainpass")waslaterrenamedPaavanKhind("sacredpass")inhonourofBajiprabhuDeshpande,ShibosinghJadhav,Fuloji,andallothersoldierswhofoughtinthere.[40]

ClashwiththeMughals



RajaJaiSinghofAmberreceivingShivajiadaybeforeconcludingtheTreatyofPurandar.

Upuntil1657,ShivajimaintainedpeacefulrelationswiththeMughalEmpire.ShivajiofferedhisassistancetoAurangzebinconqueringBijapurandinreturn,hewasassuredoftheformalrecognitionofhisrighttotheBijapurifortsandvillagesunderhispossession.[5]:37Shivaji'sconfrontationswiththeMughalsbeganinMarch1657,whentwoofShivaji'sofficersraidedtheMughalterritorynearAhmednagar.[41]ThiswasfollowedbyraidsinJunnar,withShivajicarryingoff300,000hunincashand200horses.[5]:38AurangzebrespondedtotheraidsbysendingNasiriKhan,whodefeatedtheforcesofShivajiatAhmednagar.However,Aurangzeb'scountermeasuresagainstShivajiwereinterruptedbytherainyseasonandhisbattleofsuccessionwithhisbrothersfortheMughalthronefollowingtheillnessofShahJahan.

AttackonShaistaKhan

UpontherequestofBadiBegumofBijapur,AurangzebsenthismaternaluncleShaistaKhan,withanarmynumberingover150,000alongwithapowerfulartillerydivisioninJanuary1660toattackShivajiinconjunctionwithBijapur'sarmyledbySiddiJauhar.ShaistaKhan,withhisbetterequippedandprovisionedarmyof300,000seizedPuneandthenearbyfortofChakan,besiegingitforamonthandahalfuntilbreachingthewalls.ShaistaKhanpressedhisadvantageofhavingalarger,betterprovisionedandheavilyarmedMughalarmyandmadeinroadsintosomeoftheMarathaterritory,seizingthecityofPuneandestablishinghisresidenceatShivaji'spalaceofLalMahal.

InApril1663,ShivajilaunchedasurpriseattackonShaistaKhaninPuneaccountsofthestorydifferinthepopularimagination,butthereissomeagreementthatShivajiandbandofsome200followersinfiltratedPune,usingaweddingprocessionascover.Theyovercamethepalaceguards,breachedthewall,andenteredShaistaKhan'squarters,killingthosetheyfoundthere.ShaistaKhanescaped,losinghisthumbinthemelee,butoneofhissonsandothermembersofhishouseholdwerekilled.TheKhantookrefugewiththeMoghulforcesoutsideofPune,andAurangzebpunishedhimforthisembarrassmentwithatransfertoBengal.[42]

AnUzbekgeneral,KartalabKhan,wassentbyShaistaKhantoattackandreducethenumberoffortsunderShivaji'scontrolintheKonkanregionon3February1661.The30,000MughaltroopsleftPune,marchingthroughthebackcountryinanattempttosurprisetheMarathas.IntheBattleofUmberkhind,Shivaji'sforcesambushedandenvelopedthemwithinfantryandlightcavalryinthedenseforestsofUmberKhindpassnearpresentdayPen.InretaliationforShaistaKhan'sattacks,andtoreplenishhisnowdepletedtreasury,in1664ShivajisackedthecityofSurat,awealthyMughaltradingcentre.[42]

TreatyofPurandar

AurangzebwasenragedandsentMirzaRajaJaiSinghIwithanarmynumberingaround150,000[43]todefeatShivaji.JaiSingh'sforcesmadesignificantgainsandcapturedmanyMarathaforts,forcingShivajitocometotermswithAurangzebratherthanlosemorefortsandmen.

IntheTreatyofPurandar,signedbetweenShivajiandJaiSinghon11June1665,Shivajiagreedtogiveup23ofhisfortsandpaycompensationof400,000rupeestotheMughals.HealsoagreedtolethissonSambhajibecomeaMughalsardar,servetheMughalcourtofAurangzebandfightalongsidetheMughalsagainstBijapur.OneofShivaji'scommander,NetajiPalkarjoinedtheMughals,wasrewardedverywellforhisbravery,



AdepictionofShivajiinAurangzeb'scourtinAgrain1666.

StatueofShivajiTheGreatoppositeGatewayofIndiainSouthMumbai

convertedtoIslam,changedhisnametoQuliMohammedKhanin1666andwassenttotheAfghanfrontiertofighttherestivetribes.HereturnedtoShivaji'sservicein1676aftertenyearswiththeMughals,andwasacceptedbackasaHinduonShivaji'sadvice.[44]

ArrestinAgraandescape

In1666,AurangzebinvitedShivajitoAgra,alongwithhisnineyearoldsonSambhaji.Aurangzeb'splanwastosendShivajitoKandahar,nowinAfghanistan,toconsolidatetheMughalempire'snorthwesternfrontier.However,inthecourt,on12May1666,AurangzebmadeShivajistandbehindmansabdrs(militarycommanders)ofhiscourt.Shivajitookoffenceandstormedoutofcourt,[17]:78andwaspromptlyplacedunderhousearrestunderthewatchofFauladKhan,KotwalofAgra.

ShivajifeignedsevereillnessandrequestedtosendmostofhiscontingentbacktotheDeccan,therebyensuringthesafetyofhisarmyanddeceivingAurangzeb.Thereafter,onhisrequest,hewasallowedtosenddailyshipmentsofsweetsandgiftstosaints,fakirs,andtemplesinAgraasofferingsforhishealth.Afterseveraldaysandweeksofsendingoutboxescontainingsweets,Sambhaji,beingachildhadnorestrictionsandwassentoutoftheprisoncampandShivaji,disguisedaslabourercarryingsweetbasketescapedon17August1666,accordingtotheMughaldocuments.[45]ShivajiandhissonfledtotheDeccandisguisedassadhus(holymen).Aftertheescape,rumoursofSambhaji's

deathwereintentionallyspreadbyShivajihimselfinordertodeceivetheMughalsandtoprotectSambhaji.RecentresearchhasproposedthatShivajisimplydisguisedhimselfasaBrahminpriestafterperformanceofreligiousritesatthehaveligroundson22July1666,andescapedbyminglingwithinthedepartingpriestlyentourageofPanditKavindraParamananda.SambhajiwasremovedfromAgraandtakentoMathuralaterbyShivaji'strustedmen.[46]

Reconquest

AfterShivaji'sescape,hostilitiesebbedandatreatylasteduntiltheendof1670,whenShivajilaunchedamajoroffensiveagainstMughals,andinaspanoffourmonthsrecoveredamajorportionoftheterritoriessurrenderedtoMughals.Duringthisphase,TanajiMalusarewonthefortofSinhgadintheBattleofSinhagadon4Feb1670,dyingintheprocess.ShivajisackedSuratforsecondtimein1670whilehewasreturningfromSurat,MughalsunderDaudKhantriedtointercepthim,butweredefeatedintheBattleofVaniDindorinearpresentdayNashik.

DealingswiththeEnglish

InOctober1670,ShivajisenthisforcestoharasstheBritishatBombayastheyhadrefusedtosellhimwarmaterial,hisforcesblockedBombay'swoodcuttingparties.InSeptember1671,ShivajisentanambassadortoBombay,againseekingmaterial,thistimeforthefightagainstDandaRajpuritheBritishhadmisgivingsoftheadvantagesShivajiwouldgainfromthis



RaigadFort

conquest,butalsodidnotwanttoloseanychanceofreceivingcompensationforhislootingtheirfactoriesatRajapur.TheBritishsentLieutenantStephenUsticktotreatwithShivaji,butnegotiationsfailedovertheissueoftheRajapurindemnity.Numerousexchangesofenvoysfollowedoverthecomingyears,withsomeagreementastothearmsissuesin1674,butShivajiwasnevertopaytheRajpurindemnitybeforehisdeath,andthefactorytheredissolvedattheendof1682.[47]

BattleofNesari

In1674,PratapraoGujar,thethencommanderinchiefoftheMarathaforces,wassenttopushbacktheinvadingforceledbytheAdilshahigeneral,BahlolKhan.Prataprao'sforcesdefeatedandcapturedtheopposinggeneralinthebattle,aftercuttingofftheirwatersupplybyencirclingastrategiclake,whichpromptedBahlolKhantosueforpeace.InspiteofShivaji'sspecificwarningsagainstdoingsoPratapraoreleasedBahlolKhan,whostartedpreparingforafreshinvasion.

ShivajisentadispleasedlettertoPrataprao,refusinghimaudienceuntilBahlolKhanwasrecaptured.Intheensuingdays,ShivajilearntofBahlolKhanhavingcampedwith15,000forceatNesarinearKolhapur.NotwantingtorisklosinghismuchsmallerMarathaforceentirely,Pratapraoandsixofhissardarsattackedinasuicidemission,buyingtimeforAnandraoMohitetowithdrawtheremainderofthearmytosafety.[48]TheMarathasavengedthedeathofPratapraobydefeatingBahlolKhanandcapturinghisjagir(fiefdom)undertheleadershipofAnajiandHambiraoMohite.ShivajiwasdeeplygrievedonhearingofPrataprao'sdeathhearrangedforthemarriageofhissecondson,Rajaram,toPrataprao'sdaughter.AnandraoMohitebecameHambirraoMohite,thenewsarnaubat(commanderinchiefoftheMarathaforces).RaigadFortwasnewlybuiltbyHirojiIndulkarasacapitalofnascentMarathakingdom.[20]

Coronation

Shivajihadacquiredextensivelandsandwealththroughhiscampaigns,butlackingaformaltitlehewasstilltechnicallyaMughalzamindarorthesonofanAdilshahijagirdar,withnolegalbasistorulehisdefactodomain.Akinglytitlecouldaddressthis,andalsopreventanychallengesbyotherMarathaleaders,towhomhewastechnicallyequalitwouldalsoprovidetheHinduMarathaswithafellowHindusovereigninaregionotherwiseruledbyMuslims.[5]:238

ShivajiwascrownedkingoftheMarathasinalavishceremonyatRaigadon6June1674.[19][20][49]IntheHinducalendaritwasonthe13thday(trayodashi)ofthefirstfortnightofthemonthofJyeshthaintheyear1596.[50]PanditGagaBhattofficiated,holdingagoldvesselfilledwiththesevensacredwatersoftheriversYamuna,Indus,Ganges,Godavari,KrishnaandKaverioverShivaji'shead,andchantedthecoronationmantras.Aftertheablution,ShivajibowedbeforeJijabaiandtouchedherfeet.NearlyfiftythousandpeoplegatheredatRaigadfortheceremonies.[51][52]Shivajiwasbestowedwiththesacredthreadjaanva,withtheVedasandwasbathedinanabhisheka.ShivajiwasentitledShakakarta("founderofanera")[38]andKshatriyaKulavantas("headofKshatriyas"),[53]andChhatrapati("paramountsovereign").Healsotookthetitleof"HaindavaDharmodhhaarak".



ThecoronationofShivaji

HismotherJijabaidiedon18June1674,withinafewdaysofthecoronation.Consideringthisabadomen,asecondcoronationwascarriedout24September1674,thistimeaccordingtotheBengalischoolofTantricismandpresidedoverbyNischalPuri.[54]

ThestateasShivajifoundeditwasaMarathakingdomcomprisingabout4.1%ofthesubcontinentatthetimehedied,[19]butovertimeitwastoincreaseinsizeandheterogeneity,[55]andbythetimeofthePeshwasintheearly18thcenturytheMarathasweredominantacrossthenorthernandcentralregionsoftheIndiansubcontinent.[56]

ConquestinSouthernIndia

Beginningin1674,theMarathasundertookanaggressivecampaign,raidingKhandesh(October),capturingBijapuriPonda(April1675),[57]Karwar(midyear),andKolhapur(July).InNovembertheMarathanavyskirmishedwiththeSiddisof

Janjira,andinearly1676PeshwaPingale,enroutetoSurat,engagedtheRajaofRamnagarinbattle.ShivajiraidedAthaniinMarch1676,andbyyear'sendbesiegedBelgaumandVayemRayiminmoderndaynorthernKarnataka.Attheendof1676,ShivajilaunchedawaveofconquestsinsouthernIndia,withamassiveforceof30,000cavalryand20,000infantry.HecapturedtheAdilshahifortsatVelloreandGingee,inmoderndayTamilNadu.IntherunuptothisexpeditionShivajiappealedtoasenseofDeccanipatriotism,thatthe"Deccan"orSouthernIndiawasahomelandthatshouldbeprotectedfromoutsiders.[58]HisappealwassomewhatsuccessfulandheenteredintoatreatywiththeQutubshahoftheGolcondasultanatethatcoveredtheeasternDeccan.Shivaj'sconquestsinthesouthprovedquitecrucialduringfuturewarsGingeeservedasMarathacapitalfornineyearsduringtheMarathaWarofIndependence.

ShivajiintendedtoreconcilewithhishalfbrotherVenkoji(EkojiI),Shahaji'ssonbyhissecondwife,Tukabai(neMohite),whoruledThanjavur(Tanjore)afterShahaji.Theinitiallypromisingnegotiationswereunsuccessful,sowhilstreturningtoRaigadShivajidefeatedhishalfbrother'sarmyon26November1677andseizedmostofhispossessionsintheMysoreplateau.Venkoji'swifeDipaBai,whomShivajideeplyrespected,tookupnewnegotiationswithShivaji,andalsoconvincedherhusbandtodistancehimselffromMuslimadvisors.IntheendShivajiconsentedtoturnovertoherandherfemaledescendantsmanyofthepropertieshehadseized,withVenkojiconsentingtoanumberofconditionsfortheproperadministrationoftheterritoriesandmaintenanceofShivaji'sfutureMemorial(Samadhi).[59][60][61]

Deathandsuccession

ThequestionofShivaji'sheirapparentwascomplicatedbythemisbehaviourofhiseldestsonSambhaji,whowasirresponsibleand"addictedtosensualpleasures."Unabletocurbthis,ShivajiconfinedhissontoPanhalain1678,onlytohavetheprinceescapewithhiswifeanddefecttotheMughalsforayear.Sambhajithenreturnedhome,unrepentant,andwasagainconfinedtoPanhala.[62]:551



Sambhaji,Shivaji'seldersonwhosucceededhim.

InlateMarch1680,Shivajifellillwithfeveranddysentery,[5]:383dyingaround35April1680attheageof52,[29]:278ontheeveofHanumanJayanti.Rumoursfollowedhisdeath,withMuslimsopininghehaddiedofacursefromJanMuhammadofJalna,andsomeMarathaswhisperingthathissecondwife,Soyarabai,hadpoisonedhimsothathiscrownmightpasstoher10yearoldsonRajaram.[5]:383

AfterShivaji'sdeath,thewidowedSoyarabaimadeplanswithvariousministersoftheadministrationtocrownhersonRajaramratherthanherprodigalstepsonSambhaji.On21April1680,tenyearoldRajaramwasinstalledonthethrone.However,SambhajitookpossessionoftheRaigadFortafterkillingthecommander,andon18JuneacquiredcontrolofRaigad,andformallyascendedthethroneon20July.[62][63]Rajaram,hiswifeJankiBai,andmotherSoyrabaiwereimprisoned,andSoyrabaiexecutedonchargesofconspiracythatOctober.[64]

TheMarathasafterShivaji

Shivajidiedin1680,leavingbehindastatealwaysatoddswiththeMughals.SoonafterShivaji'sdeath,theMughalsattemptedtoinvadeit,butcouldnotsubduetheMarathasanditresultedinawarof27yearsfrom1681to1707endinginthedefeatfortheMughals.[65]

Shahu,agrandsonofShivajiwaskeptprisonerbyAurangzebduringtheWarof27years.Afterthelatter'sdeath,hissuccessorreleasedShahu.AfterabriefpowerstruggleoversuccessionwithhisauntTarabai,ShahuruledtheMarathaEmpirefrom1707to1749.Duringthisperiod,heappointedBalajiVishwanathBhatandlaterhisdescendantsasthePeshwasortheprimeministersoftheMarathaEmpire.AfterthedeathoftheMughalEmperorAurangzeb,theempireexpandedgreatlyundertheruleofthePeshwas.TheempireatitspeakstretchedfromTamilNadu[66][67]inthesouth,toPeshawar(moderndayKhyberPakhtunkhwa)inthenorth,andBengalandAndamanIslandsintheeast.[68]In1761,theMarathaarmylosttheThirdBattleofPanipattoAhmedShahAbdalioftheAfghanDurraniEmpirewhichhaltedtheirimperialexpansioninNorthwesternIndia.TenyearsafterPanipat,youngMadhavraoPeshwareinstatedtheMarathaauthorityoverNorthIndia.

Inabidtoeffectivelymanagethelargeempire,hegavesemiautonomytothestrongestoftheknights,whichcreatedaconfederacyofMarathastates.TheybecameknownasGaekwadsofBaroda,theHolkarsofIndoreandMalwa,theScindiasofGwaliorandUjjain,BhonsalesofNagpur.In1775,theBritishEastIndiaCompanyintervenedinasuccessionstruggleinPune,whichbecametheFirstAngloMarathaWar.TheMarathasremainedthepreeminentpowerinIndiauntiltheirdefeatintheSecondandThirdAngloMarathawars(18051818),whichlefttheBritishEastIndiaCompanyincontrolofmostofIndia.[69][70][71]

Governance

PromotionofMarathiandSanskrit



SajjangadwhereSwamiRamadasawasinvitedbyShivajitoreside,nowapilgrimage.

ThoughPersianwasacommoncourtlylanguageintheregion,ShivajireplaceditwithMarathiinhisowncourt,andemphasisedHindupoliticalandcourtlytraditions.[72]ThehouseofShivajiwaswellacquaintedwithSanskritandpromotedthelanguagehisfatherShahajihadsupportedscholarssuchasJayramPindye,whopreparedShivaji'sseal.ShivajicontinuedthisSanskritpromotion,givinghisfortsnamessuchasSindhudurg,Prachandgarh,andSuvarndurg.HenamedtheAshtaPradhan(councilofministers)asperSanskritnomenclaturewithtermssuchasnyayadhish,andsenapat,andcommissionedthepoliticaltreatiseRajyavyavaharKosh.Hisrajpurohit,KeshavPandit,washimselfaSanskritscholarandpoet.[73]

Religiouspolicy

ShivajiwasadevoutHindu,butrespectedallreligionswithintheregion.Shivajihadgreatrespectforothercontemporarysaints,especiallySamarthRamdas,towhomhegavethefortofParali,laterrenamedas'Sajjangad'.AmongthevariouspoemswrittenonShivaji,Ramdas'Shivastuti("PraiseofKingShivaji")isthemostfamous.[74]Shivaji'ssonSambhajilaterbuiltasamadhiforRamdasSwamionSajjangaduponthelatter'sdeath.SamarthRamdashadalsowrittenalettertoSambhajiguidinghimonwhattodoandwhatnottodoafterdeathofShivaji.[75]

Shivajiallowedhissubjectsfreedomofreligionandopposedforcedconversion.[76]Shivajialsopromulgatedotherenlightenedvalues,andcondemnedslavery.[77]Heappliedahumaneandliberalpolicytothewomenofhisstate.[78]KafiKhan,theMughalhistorianandFrancoisBernier,aFrenchtraveller,spokehighlyofhisreligiouspolicy.HealsobroughtconvertslikeNetajiPalkarandBajajibackintoHinduism.

Shivaji'scontemporary,thepoetKaviBhushanstated:HadnottherebeenShivaji,Kashiwouldhavelostitsculture,Mathurawouldhavebeenturnedintoamosqueandallwouldhavebeencircumcised.[79]

Islam

ThoughmanyofShivaji'senemystateswereMuslim,hetreatedMuslimsunderhisrulewithtolerancefortheirreligion.Shivaji'ssentimentsofinclusivityandtoleranceofotherreligionscanbeseeninanadmonishinglettertoAurangzeb,inwhichhewrote:

Verily,IslamandHinduismaretermsofcontrast.TheyareusedbythetrueDivinePainterforblendingthecoloursandfillingintheoutlines.Ifitisamosque,thecalltoprayerischantedinremembranceofHim.Ifitisatemple,thebellsarerunginyearningforHimalone.[78]

ShivajihadseveralnoteworthyMuslimsoldiers,especiallyinhisNavy.IbrahimKhanandDaulatKhan(bothwereAfricandescendants)wereprominentinthenavyandSiddiIbrahimwaschiefofartillery.[78]Muslimsoldierswereknownfortheirsuperiorskillsinnavalandartillerycombatskills.

Military



SuvelaMachi,viewofsouthernsubplateaux,asseenfromBallekilla,Rajgad.

Shivajidemonstratedgreatskillincreatinghismilitaryorganisation,whichlastedtillthedemiseoftheMarathaempire.Healsobuiltapowerfulnavy.MaynakBhandariwasoneofthefirstchiefsoftheMarathaNavyunderShivaji,andhelpedinbothbuildingtheMarathaNavyandsafeguardingthecoastlineoftheemergingMarathaEmpire.HebuiltnewfortslikeSindhudurgandstrengthenedoldoneslikeVijaydurgonthewestcoast.TheMarathanavyhelditsownagainsttheBritish,PortugueseandDutch.[80]Hewasoneofthepioneersofcommandoactions,thenknownasganimikava[81](Marathi:"enemytrickery"[82])HisMavalaarmy'swarcrywasHarHarMahadev(HarandMahadevbeingcommonnamesofHinduGodShiva).Shivajiwasresponsibleformanysignificantchangesinmilitaryorganisation:

Astandingarmybelongingtothestate,calledpaga.AllwarhorsesbelongedtothestateresponsibilityfortheirupkeeprestedontheSovereign.Creationofparttimesoldiersfrompeasantswhoworkedforeightmonthsintheirfieldsandsupportedfourmonthsinwarforwhichtheywerepaid.Highlymobileandlightinfantryandcavalryexcellingincommandotactics.TheintroductionofacentralizedintelligencedepartmentBahirjeeNaikwastheforemostspywhoprovidedShivajiwithenemyinformationinallofShivaji'scampaigns.Apotentandeffectivenavy.Introductionoffieldcraft,suchasguerrillawarfare,commandoactions,andswiftflankingattacks.FieldMarshalMontgomery,inhis"HistoryofWarfare",[83]whilegenerallydismissiveofthequalityofgeneralshipinthemilitaryhistoryoftheIndiansubcontinent,makesanexceptionforShivajiandBajiraoI.SummarizingShivaji'smasteryofguerillatactics,Montgomerydescribeshimasamilitarygenius.Innovationofweaponsandfirepower,innovativeuseoftraditionalweaponslikethetigerclaw(vaghnakh)andvita.Militarisationoflargeswathesofsociety,acrossallclasses,withtheentirepeasantpopulationofsettlementsandvillagesnearfortsactivelyinvolvedintheirdefence.

ShivajirealisedtheimportanceofhavingasecurecoastlineandprotectingthewesternKonkancoastlinefromtheattacksofSiddi'sfleet.[5]Hisstrategywastobuildastrongnavytoprotectandbolsterhiskingdom.HewasalsoconcernedaboutthegrowingdominanceofBritishIndiannavalforcesinregionalwatersandactivelysoughttoresistit.Forthisreasonheisalsoreferredtoasthe"FatherofIndianNavy".[84]

Forts

ShivajicapturedstrategicallyimportantfortsatMurambdev(Rajgad),Torana,Kondana(Sinhagad)andPurandarandlaidthefoundationofswarajorselfrule.Towardtheendofhiscareer,hehadacontrolof360fortstosecurehisgrowingkingdom.Shivajihimselfconstructedabout1520totallynewforts(includingkeyseafortslikeSindhudurg),buthealsorebuiltorrepairedmanystrategicallyplacedforts[85]tocreateachainof300ormore,stretchedoverathousandkilometresacrosstheruggedcrestoftheWesternGhats.Eachwereplacedunderthreeofficersofequalstatuslestasingletraitorbebribedortemptedtodeliverittotheenemy.Theofficers(sabnis,havaldar,sarnobat)actedjointlyandprovidedmutualchecksandbalance.

Navy



SindudurgFortprovidedanchoragesforShivaji'sNavy.

StatueofShivajiatRaigadFort.

ShivajibuiltastrongnavalpresenceacrosslongcoastofKonkanandGoatoprotectseatrade,toprotectthelandsfromsackofprosperityofsubjectsfromcoastalraids,plunderanddestructionbyArabs,Portuguese,British,Abyssiniansandpirates.ShivajibuiltshipsintownssuchasKalyan,Bhivandi,andGoaforbuildingfightingnavyaswellastrade.Healsobuiltanumberofseafortsandbasesforrepair,storageandshelter.ShivajifoughtmanylengthybattleswithSiddisofJanjiraoncoastline.Thefleetgrewtoreportedly160to700merchant,supportandfightingvessels.HestartedtradingwithforeignersonhisownafterpossessionofeightornineportsintheDeccan.Shivaji'sadmiralKanhojiAngreisoftensaidtobethe"FatherofIndianNavy".[5][86]

Legacy

Today,ShivajiisconsideredasanationalheroinIndia,[87]especiallyinthestateofMaharashtra,whereheremainsarguablythegreatestfigureinthestate'shistory.StoriesofhislifeformanintegralpartoftheupbringingandidentityoftheMarathipeople.Further,heisalsorecognisedasawarriorlegend,whosowedtheseedsofIndianindependence.[87]

NineteenthcenturyHindurevivalistSwamiVivekanandaconsideredShivajiaheroandpaidglowingtributestohiswisdom.[88]WhenIndianNationalistleader,LokmanyaTilakorganisedafestivaltomarkthebirthdaycelebrationsofShivaji,VivekanandaagreedtopresideoverthefestivalinBengalin1901.[89]HewroteaboutShivaji:[88]

"ShivajiisoneofthegreatestnationalsaviourswhoemancipatedoursocietyandourHindudharmawhentheywerefacedwiththethreatoftotaldestruction.Hewasapeerlesshero,apiousandGodfearingkingandverilyamanifestationofallthevirtuesofabornleaderofmendescribedinourancientscriptures.Healsoembodiedthedeathlessspiritofourlandandstoodasthelightofhopeforourfuture."

SwamiVivekanada

RabindranathTagorewroteinhisfamouspoem"Shivaji":

Inwhatfaroffcountry,uponwhatobscuredayIknownotnow,SeatedinthegloomofsomeMahrattamountainwoodOKingShivaji,Lightingthybrow,likealightningflash,Thisthoughtdescended,"Intoonevirtuousrule,thisdividedbrokendistractedIndia,Ishallbind."[90][91]



Historiography

Shivaji'sroleintheresearchandthepopularconceptionhasdevelopedovertimeandplace,rangingfromearlyBritishandMoghuldepictionofhimasabanditora"mountainmouse",[92]tomodernneardeificationasaheroofallIndians.

OneoftheearlycommentatorswhochallengedthenegativeBritishviewwasM.G.Ranade,whoseRisesoftheMarathaPower(1900)declaredShivaji'sachievementsasthebeginningofmodernnationbuilding.RanadecriticisedearlierBritishportrayalsofShivaji'sstateas"afreebootingPower,whichthrivedbyplunderandadventure,andsucceededonlybecauseitwasthemostcunningandadventurous...Thisisaverycommonfeelingwiththereaders,whoderivetheirknowledgeoftheseeventssolelyfromtheworksofEnglishhistorians."[93]

Attheendofthe19thcentury,Shivaji'smemorywasleveragedbythenonBrahminintellectualsofBombay,whoidentifiedashisdescendantsandthroughhimclaimedtheKshatriyavarna.[94]WhilesomeBrahminsrebuttedthisidentity,definingthemasofthelowerShudravarna,otherBrahminsrecognisedtheMaratha'sroleintheIndianindependencemovement,andendorsedthisKshatriyalegacyandthesignificanceofShivaji.[94]

AspoliticaltensionsroseinIndiaintheearly20thcentury,someIndianleaderscametoreworktheirearlierstancesonShivaji'srole.JawaharlalNehruhadin1934noted"SomeoftheShivaji'sdeeds,likethetreacherouskillingoftheBijapurgeneral,lowerhimgreatlyinourestimation."FollowingpublicoutcryfromPuneintellectuals,CongressleaderDeogirikarnotedthatNehruhadadmittedhewaswrongregardingShivaji,andnowendorsedShivajiasgreatnationalist.[95]

In2003,AmericanacademicJamesW.LainepublishedhisbookShivaji:HinduKinginIslamicIndia,whichwasfollowedbyheavycriticismincludingthreatsofarrest.[96]Asaresultofthispublication,theBhandarkarOrientalResearchInstituteinPunewhereLainehadresearchedwasattackedbyagroupofMarathaactivistscallingitselftheSambhajiBrigade.[97]ThebookwasbannedinMaharashtrainJanuary2004,butthebanwasliftedbytheBombayHighCourtin2007,andinJuly2010theSupremeCourtofIndiaupheldtheliftingofban.[98][99]ThisliftingwasfollowedbypublicdemonstrationsagainsttheauthorandthedecisionoftheSupremeCourt.[100][101]

Politicallegacy

ShivajiremainsapoliticaliconinmodernIndia,andparticularlyinthestateofMaharashtra.Hisimageadornsliterature,propagandaandiconsoftheMarathacentricShivSena("ArmyofShivaji"[102])party,theHindunationalistBharatiyaJanataPartyandalsooftheMarathacastedominatedCongressparties(namely,NCPandIndira)inMaharashtra.[103]PastCongresspartyleadersinthestatesuchasYashwantraoChavanwereconsideredpoliticaldescendantsofShivaji.[104]

Commemorations

Statues

Shivaji'sstatuesandmonumentsarefoundalmostineverytownandcityinMaharashtraaswellasindifferentplacesacrossIndiaincludingGoa,[105]Bangalore,Vadodara,Surat,[106]Agra,[107]

ArunachalPradesh,[108][109][110]andDelhi.[111]



ThereisastatueofShivajiinsidethepremisesoftheNationalDefenceAcademy(NDA),Pune.[112]

AnequestrianstatuecanbeseeninsidetheParliamentHousecomplexinDelhi.[113]AnewstatueofShivajiMaharajisproposedtobebuiltononshoreofMumbaicoastbyGovt.ofMaharashtrawithaheightof312feet(95.0976metre)&isconsideredtobeOneoftheTallestStatueintheWorldsurpassingStatueofLibertyinUSwhichisofheight93metre.Theconstructionwillbecompletedby2020.[114]

Armedforces

IndeferencetohispioneeringcontributionstonavalwarfareinIndia,theIndianNavyhasnamedoneofitsbasesafterShivaji,christeningitasINSShivaji.[115]

Government

TheGovernmentofIndiahasissuedapostagestampcommemoratingShivaji.[116]

TheReserveBankofIndiahasconsideredissuingcurrencynoteshavinghispicture.[117]

Airportsandrailwaystations

Mumbaiinternationalairport(thenknownasBombayInternational)wasrenamedtheChhatrapatiShivajiInternationalAirportin1996.AstatueofShivajiwasalsoplacedwithintheforecourtsoftheinternationalterminal,howeveritwasremovedin2011tomakewayfortheextensionoftheterminal.[118]TheVictoriaTerminusrailwaystationwassimilarlyrenamedastheChhatrapatiShivajiTerminus.

Educationalinstitutes

TheVictoriaJubileeTechnicalInstitutewasrenamedafterShivaji'smother,totheVeermataJijabaiTechnologicalInstitute.Therenamingretainedtheacronym,VJTI,bywhichtheinstituteispopularlyknown.

ShivajiUniversityinKolhapurisnamedafterShivaji.

Depictioninpopularculture

Films

MeShivajirajeBhosaleBoltoy(Marathi)GanimiKawa(Marathi)

Literature

SivaChhtrapati,aBakharwrittensoonafterShivaji'sdeathbyKrshnajlAnantSabhasadinMarathi[119]GrantDuff,James.AHistoryoftheMahrattas.(1826)extensivewritingonShivajibasedonoriginalpapershegotfromtheChhatraptiofSataraafterthefallofMarathaempireSadhanChikitsabyVasudeoSitaramBendreyShivaji,abiographybySetuMadhavraoPagdiShrimanyogi,ahistoricalnovelinMarathibyRanjitDesai



RajaShivchhatrapatiinMarathibyBabasahebPurandareShivajiandHisTimesbyJadunathSarkarShivajiHisLifeandTimesbyGajananMehendale

Poetryandmusic

ShivrajBhushanbyKaviBhushan(Hindi)

Theatre

RaigadalaJevhaJaagYete(WhenRaigadAwakens),byMarathiplaywrightVasantKanetkarJaantaRaja(TheKnowingKing),byBabasahebPurandare

Television

VeerShivaji,aHinditelevisionseriesonColorsTVchannelRajaShivChhatrapati,aMarathitelevisionserialbyNitinChandrakantDesai

SeealsoMarathaKingdomHistoryofIndiaDharDeccanWars

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Furtherreading

JamesGrantDuff(1826).AHistoryoftheMahrattas.London:OxfordUniversityPress.JyotiraoPhule(1869).ChatrapatiShivajiRajeBhosaleYanchePowade(inMarathi).JadunathSarkar(1920).Shivajiandhistimes.Calcutta:Longmans,GreenandCo.ISBN1178011569.B.K.Apte(editor)(197475).ChhatrapatiShivaji:CoronationTercentenaryCommemorationVolume.Bombay:UniversityofBombay.JamesW.Laine(2003).Shivaji:HinduKinginIslamicIndia.OxfordUniversityPress,USA.ISBN9780195141269.

Laine,JamesW.(2011)."ResistingMyAttackersResistingMyDefenders".InSchmalz,MatthewN.Gottschalk,Peter.EngagingSouthAsianReligions:Boundaries,Appropriations,andResistances.Albany:SUNYPress.pp.153172.ISBN9781438433233.Retrieved27September2012.

RafiqueZakaria(2003).CommunalRageinSecularIndia.Mumbai:PopularPrakashan.VishwasPatil(2006).Sambhaji.Pune:MehtaPublishingHouse.ISBN8177666517.ThehijackingofShivajiMaharajbyvestedinterests(http://www.dnaindia.com/analysis/comment_thehijackingofshivajimaharajbyvestedinterests_1616224)byFranoisGautier,DailyNewsandAnalysis,23November2011.CoronationofShivajithegreatortheproducerofthereligiousceremonyperformedbyGagabhattafortheconsecrationofShivajiasahinduking(http://www.worldcat.org/title/coronationofshivajithegreatortheprocedureofthereligious



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