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LEARNING

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LEARNING:

Any relatively permanent change in behavior that

occurs as a result of experience.

IMPORTANT ASPECTS OF LEARNING:

Learning involves change.

The change must be relatively permanent.

Takes place when there is change in action.

THEORETICAL NOT OBSERVABLE

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Different Theories Put Forth To Explain The

Learning Process:

CLASSICAL CONDITIONING.

OPERANT CONDITIONING.

SOCIAL LEARNING.

COGNITIVE THEORY OF LEARNING

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1. CLASSICAL CONDITIONING:

A type of conditioning in which an individual

responds to some stimulus that would not

ordinarily produce such a response.

Meat Powder

( Unconditioned stimulus )

Great deal of salivation

( Unconditioned response )

Rang the bell

( Neutral stimulus )No Salivation

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Process on which a formerly neutral stimulus,

when paired with an unconditioned stimulus,

becomes a conditioned stimulus that elicits a

conditioned response.

Neutral stimulus

Unconditioned stimulus

S R Connection in learned

Conditioned stimulus

Conditioned response

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2. OPERANT CONDITIONING:

Behavior is a function of its consequence.

Behavior is likely to be repeated if the

consequences are favorable & vice versa.

Illustrations of Operant conditioning can be seen

every where.

B.F.Skinner

BOSS SOS of pay hike of he works over timeAssurers

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Major Differences:

CLASSICAL OPERANT

Responses are

reactive.

Proactive.

Responses are fixed

to stimulus (No choice)

Variable in types &

degrees (choice)

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3. COGNITIVE CONDITIONING:

Refers to an individuals thoughts,

knowledge, interpretations or ideas about

himself/herself & his/her environment.

Role of Human Being

Receiving

Memorizing

Retrieving

Interpreting Reacting.

EDWARD TOLMAN

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4. SOCIAL LEARNING THEORY:

Stresses upon the ability of an individual to learn by

observing models.

Models includes parents, teachers, peers, TV,

superiors.

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PRINCIPLES OF LEARNING

1. LAW OF EFFECT:

Of several responses made to the same

situation, those which are accompanied or closely

followed by satisfaction [Reinforcement].will be

more to recur; those which are accompanied or

closely followed by discomfort

[Punishment].will be less likely to occur.

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2. REINFORCEMENT:

Anything that both increases the strength of

response & tends to induce repetitions of the behavior

that preceded the reinforcement.

Positive reinforcement : Strengthens & increases

behavior by the presentation of a desirable consequence.

Avoidance (NF) : Strengthens & increases behavior

by the termination of withdrawal of an undesirable

consequence.

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3. PUNISHMENT:

It is anything that weakens behavior & tends to

decrease its subsequent frequency.

.END.