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Transcript of SHINE: S eattle’s H ub for I ndustry-driven N anotechnology E ducation North Seattle Community...
SHINE: Seattle’s Hub for Industry-driven
Nanotechnology Education North Seattle Community College
Nanotechnology Principles, Applications, and Careers
National Educators Workshop
November 3, 2013
What is Nanotechnology?
Nanotechnology is….• the control of matter on the atomic level• the ability to build using atoms as building blocks• the manufacture of novel materials with novel properties
What is a nanostructure?
What is a nanometer?1 nm = 10-9 m = 0.000000001 m
= one billionth of a meter
Structure with at least one dimension < 100 nm
SHINE: Seattle’s Hub for Industry-driven Nanotechnology Education 2
3
Source: Dept. of Energy3
Why Study Nanoscience and Nanotechnology?Nanoscience:
The study of fundamental principles of nanostructures• Between bulk and atomic properties
Nanotechnology: The application of nano-structures into useful devices
http://www.discovernano.northwestern.edu
© Northwestern University
SHINE: Seattle’s Hub for Industry-driven Nanotechnology Education 4
Who?
Government
Academic Research Institutions
National Laboratories
Industry
Non-Profits
The public
Source: NNIN
SHINE: Seattle’s Hub for Industry-driven Nanotechnology Education 5
The Very Beginnings…
2000 years ago – Stained Glass
1100 – Damascus Steel swords
1500 – NPs in pottery
~1910 – particle sizes described in “nanometers”
1959 – Feynman’s speech“The principles of physics, as far as I can see, do not speak against the possibility of maneuvering things atom by atom”
Armagh, Ireland, AD444
SHINE: Seattle’s Hub for Industry-driven Nanotechnology Education 6
Then…
1970 – “Nanotechnology” coined (Taniguchi)
1981 – First atoms seen (Binnig and Rohrer, STM)
1986 – Engines of Creation, the Coming Age of Nanotechnology by Richard Drexler
“Nanotechnology is the principle of atom manipulation atom by atom, through control of the structure of matter at the molecular level. It entails the ability to build molecular systems with atom-by-atom precision, yielding a variety of nanomachines”
SHINE: Seattle’s Hub for Industry-driven Nanotechnology Education 7
Surfaces and Dimensional Space
0-Dimensional 1-Dimensional
2-Dimensional
SHINE: Seattle’s Hub for Industry-driven Nanotechnology Education 8
0-Dimensional Structures
Source: Seoul National University
Source: Younan Xia, Washington University
SHINE: Seattle’s Hub for Industry-driven Nanotechnology Education 9
1-Dimensional Structures
Source: Evans Group, University of Leeds Source: Science Buzz, Science Museum of Minn.
SHINE: Seattle’s Hub for Industry-driven Nanotechnology Education 10
2- Dimensional Structures
http://www.whatsnextnetwork.com/technology/index.php/2006/12/SHINE: Seattle’s Hub for Industry-driven Nanotechnology Education 11
Why “Nano” is Interesting
Particles are small
• High surface-to-volume ratio
• React differently
• Act differently (new properties)
• Interact with light differently
• Are on the scale of small biological structures
Quantum Mechanics meet Classical Mechanics
Interesting “new” structures
Interesting materials with nanoparticles embedded
SHINE: Seattle’s Hub for Industry-driven Nanotechnology Education 12
Surface Area and Energy
Surface energy increases
with surface area
Large surface energy = instability
Driven to grow to reduce surface energy
C. Nutzenadel et al., Eur. Phys. J. D. 8, 245 (2000).
diameter (nm)
S
urfa
ce a
tom
s (%
)
SHINE: Seattle’s Hub for Industry-driven Nanotechnology Education 13
Physical Structure Physical Property
What are the structural differences on the nanoscale?
• High percentage surface atoms
• Spatial confinement
• Reduced imperfections
What properties are affected?What properties can we tune?
SHINE: Seattle’s Hub for Industry-driven Nanotechnology Education 14
Particle diameter (nm)
M
eltin
g po
int (
K)
Melting Points
Lower melting point for nanostructures <100 nm
Surface energy increases as size decreases
Ichimose, N. et al. Superfine Particle Technology Springer-Verlag London, 1992. SHINE: Seattle’s Hub for Industry-driven Nanotechnology Education 15
Mechanical Properties
Mechanical Strength of NaCl whiskers
d (µm)
S
tren
gth
(kg/
mm
)
Gyulai, Z. Z. Phys. 138, 317 (1954).
Mechanical properties improve as size decreases
High atomic perfection
SHINE: Seattle’s Hub for Industry-driven Nanotechnology Education 16
Electrical Properties
Electron Scattering• Electrons move through a metal to conduct electricity
• Electrons are scattered to cause resistivity
• Decreasing size fewer defects less scattering
Surface Scattering• Electrons scatter against the surface of nanostructure
Widening of band gap
SHINE: Seattle’s Hub for Industry-driven Nanotechnology Education 17
Electrical Properties
Band gap increases as particle size decreases
E
Metal Insulator Semi-conductor NP Semi-conductor
SHINE: Seattle’s Hub for Industry-driven Nanotechnology Education 18
Particles & Light
Particles interact differently with light Structures are smaller than wavelength of visible light
Militaries Study Animals for Cutting-Edge Camouflage. James Owen in England for National Geographic News March 12, 2003, Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B (1999) 266, 1403-1411
220X1X 20,000X5000X
• Photonic Crystals• Surface Plasmon Resonance• Quantum Dot Fluorescence
SHINE: Seattle’s Hub for Industry-driven Nanotechnology Education 19
Optical Properties
Surface Plasmon Resonance• “sea of electrons” excited
SHINE: Seattle’s Hub for Industry-driven Nanotechnology Education 20
Optical Properties: Quantum Dots
Band gap increases as particle size decreases
E
Metal Insulator Semiconductor 50 nm QD 10 nm QDSHINE: Seattle’s Hub for Industry-driven Nanotechnology
Education 21
Size: Biological Structures
~5 nm thick2 nm diameter ~10 nm diameter
5000 nm diameter
~50 – 100 nm diameterSHINE: Seattle’s Hub for Industry-driven Nanotechnology Education 22
Unique Structures
Carbon Nanotubes
Buckyballs
Zeolites
Source: The Chemical Educator
Source: Wikipedia
Source: Wikipedia
SHINE: Seattle’s Hub for Industry-driven Nanotechnology Education 23
Image References Slide 3
The Scale of Things. [Online image]. 09 Aug. 2010. <http://www.er.doe.gov/bes/scale_of_things.html>.
Slide 5
Silver and Gold Particles. [Online image]. 09 Aug. 2010 <http://www.discovernano.northwestern.edu/whatis/index_html/sizematters_html>
Slide 6
NNIN Sites. [Online image]. 09 Aug. 2010. <http://www.nnin.org/nnin_site.html>.
Slide 10
Nanocages. [Online image]. 09 Aug. 2010. <http://www.nanocages.com>.
Nanoparticle Shape Modification. [Online image]. 09 Aug. 2010. <http://kshong.snu.ac.kr/research/research_nanoparticle.html>.
Slide 11
Nanowires. [Online image]. Molecular & Nanoscale Physics Group. 09 Aug. 2010. <http://www.mnp.leeds.ac.uk/sdevans/Evans_Nano.html>.
Nanotubes. [Online image]. Science Museum of Minnesota. 09 Aug. 2010. <http://www.smm.org/buzz/museum/ask/greaney/starting>.
Slide 14
C. Nutzenadel et al., Eur. Phys. J. D. 8, 245 (2000).
SHINE: Seattle’s Hub for Industry-driven Nanotechnology Education 24
Image References
Slide 16
Ichimose, N. et al. Superfine Particle Technology Springer-Verlag London, 1992.
Slide 17
Gyulai, Z. Z. Phys. 138, 317 (1954).
Slide 20
Militaries Study Animals for Cutting-Edge Camouflage. James Owen in England for National Geographic News March 12, Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B (1999) 266, 1403-1411 (Penn State NACK Educational Resources, 2009).
Slide 21
Silver and Gold Particles. [Online image]. 09 Aug. 2010 <http://www.discovernano.northwestern.edu/whatis/index_html/sizematters_html>.
Slide 23
Red blood cells. [Online image]. 09 Aug. 2010 <http://www.topnews.in/health/files/Red-Blood-Cells.jpg>.
DNA double helix. [Online image]. 09 Aug. 2010 <http://www.biojobblog.com/uploads/image/dna_500.jpg>.
Lipid bilayer. [Online image]. 09 Aug. 2010 <http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f0/Lipid_bilayer_section.gif>.
25This material is based upon work supported by the National Science Foundation under Grant Number 1204279. Any opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are
those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Science Foundation.
SHINE: Seattle’s Hub for Industry-driven
Nanotechnology Education North Seattle Community College
Applications of Nanotechnology
Materials
Nano-coated fibers◦ Water & stain resistant
◦ Antibacterial
Guitar strings◦ Feels like non-coated
◦ Coated to improve strength
Sunscreen◦ Better UV protection
◦ Water resistant
◦ Transparent!
Source: Nano & Me
Source: Nano & Me
Source: Elixir Strings
Source: Project on Emerging Nanotechnologies
27SHINE: Seattle’s Hub for Industry-driven Nanotechnology Education
Sporting Goods
Lighter and stronger◦ Carbon composites◦ SiO2 nanoparticles
Easton’s Stealth CNT baseball bats: “According to Easton, Zyvex’s NanoSolve® Material “strengthens composite structures to provide improved handle designs with optimized flex, responsiveness, and more ‘kick’...”
Source: Project on Emerging Nanotechnologies
Source: Easton Sports
28SHINE: Seattle’s Hub for Industry-driven Nanotechnology Education
Electronics
Computing Hardware◦Processors – 22 nm◦Flash memory – 19 nm
Organic LED Displays◦Lighter and thinner◦More energy efficient◦Cheaper to manufacture
Energy Storage
Solar Cells
Source: PC World
Source: Intel
Source: Apple
Source: Sony Japan
29SHINE: Seattle’s Hub for Industry-driven Nanotechnology Education
Source: Wikipedia
Moore’s Law
the number of transistors on a chip doubles approximately every two years
30SHINE: Seattle’s Hub for Industry-driven Nanotechnology Education
Miniaturizing Electronics
Billions of transistors on a chip!
Source: Nature31
SHINE: Seattle’s Hub for Industry-driven Nanotechnology Education
Solar cells
Source: Reinforced Plastics
organic
inorganic
Bulk heterojunctionDye-sensitized
Silicon- Single crystal Silicon- poly-crystalline Thin-film
(Source: UNSW)
(Source: Solarmrshal)(Source: Sun Power) (Source: PNNL)
(Source: Konarka)
32SHINE: Seattle’s Hub for Industry-driven Nanotechnology Education
Solar cells
TiO2 in dye sensitized solar cells
Source: Reinforced Plastics
(Source: Cao Group UW)
(Source: Aldrich)
meso-porous TiO2 film
33SHINE: Seattle’s Hub for Industry-driven Nanotechnology Education
Medicine
• Targeted and traceable drug delivery
• Enhanced imaging
• Sensitive detection
Source: Gao Research Group, UW Source: Hu Research Group, Univ. of Akron
34SHINE: Seattle’s Hub for Industry-driven Nanotechnology Education
Lab on a Chip
Combining all lab functions in one device
Source: Nature Video
35SHINE: Seattle’s Hub for Industry-driven Nanotechnology Education
Transportation
“Zyvex Performance Materials has unveiled the Piranha unmanned surface vessel, a lightweight composite boat built using ZPM's Arovex™ nanotube-reinforced carbon fibre prepreg.”
Source: Project on Emerging Nanotechnologies
Source: Reinforced PlasticsMercedes Benz m-class – 2005 Scratch-resistant, “improved sheen” paint
36SHINE: Seattle’s Hub for Industry-driven Nanotechnology Education
Food
SiO2 or TiO2 coatingsUndetectable by taste, smellIncrease shelf life
Fat Clustersacts as fat, but lowers amount
Packaging:“Electronic tongue” (Kraft, Uconn,
Rutgers)Plastic bottles embedded with
nanoclay (keeps gases in or out)
Source: Wikipedia
37SHINE: Seattle’s Hub for Industry-driven Nanotechnology Education
Source: Nanowerk 38SHINE: Seattle’s Hub for Industry-driven Nanotechnology Education
Image References
Slide 2Number of Nano Patents. [Online image]. 09 Aug. 2010. <http://nanopatentsandinnovations.blogspot.com/2010/01/2009-record-year-for-nanotechnology.html>.
Slide 3Lotus Effect. [Online image]. 09 Aug. 2010. <http://www.nanoandme.org/nano-products/textiles-and-clothing/>.NanoSilver Socks. [Online image]. 09 Aug. 2010. <http://www.nanowerk.com/nanotechnology/ten_things_you_should_know_7.html>.Nano Web Strings. [Online image]. 09 Aug. 2010. <http://www.elixirstrings.com/products/product_acoustic.html#nano>.Sunscreen. [Online image]. 09 Aug. 2010. <http://www.nanoandme.org/nano-products/cosmetics-and-sunscreen>.
39SHINE: Seattle’s Hub for Industry-driven Nanotechnology Education
Slide 4Stealth CNT baseball bat. [Online image]. 09 Aug. 2010. <http://www.bplowestprices.com/easton-2009-lst10-stealth-cnt-youth-baseball-bat-12.html>.Nanospeed tennis racquet. [Online image]. 09 Aug. 2010. <http://www.nanotechproject.org/inventories/consumer/browse/products/yonex_nanospeed_rq_tennis_racquets/>.
Slide 5iphone. [Online image]. 23 July. 2012. <http://store.apple.com/us/browse/home/shop_iphone/family/iphone>.Intel Core i3. [Online image]. 23 July. 2012. <http://alldownloadforfree.blogspot.com/2012/05/difference-between-core-i3-core-i5-and.html>.Flat screen LED Display. [Online image]. 09 Aug. 2010. <http://www.dailytech.com/Slender+Beautiful+First+OLED+TV+Introduced/article9108.htm>.Organic LED Display. [Online image]. 09 Aug. 2010. <http://www.pcworld.com/article/132262/in_pictures_philips_and_sony_oled_displays.html>.
Slide 6Moore’s Law. [Online image]. 23 July. 2012. <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moore%27s_law>.
Slide 7Ferain, Isabelle, Cynthia A Colinge, and Jean-Pierre Colinge. "Multigate Transistors as the Future of Classical Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor Field-Effect Transistors." Nature 479 (Nov. 2011): 310-316. Nature. Web. 8 July 2013. <http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v479/n7373/full/nature10676.html>.
Image References40
SHINE: Seattle’s Hub for Industry-driven Nanotechnology Education
Image References
Slide 8single crystal Si PV. [Online image]. 23 July. 2012. <http://solarenergyfactsblog.com/solar-panel-efficiency/>. poly-crystalline Si PV. [Online image]. 23 July. 2012. <http://www.mfgtrade.com/hot_searches/solar_cell.html>.Thin film PV. [Online image]. 23 July. 2012. <http://www.myhomesolarpower.com/global-solar-cells-and-modules-market-to-reach-us67-8-billion-by-2015-according-to-a-new-report-by-global-industry-analysts-inc/>.DSSC. [Online image]. 23 July. 2012. <http://gigaom.com/cleantech/dye-sensitized-solar-scores-morgan-stanley-backing/>.Konarka Power Plastic. [Online image]. 23 July. 2012. <http://www.easywaystogogreen.com/solar-power-issues/konarka-silicon-solar-power-cells-power-plastic/>.
• Slide 9TiO2. [Online image]. 23 July. 2012. <http://www.americanelements.com/Submicron_nano_powders.htm>.ZnO. [Online image]. 23 July. 2012. <http://www.sigmaaldrich.com/technical-documents/articles/material-matters/synthesis-of-zno-aggregates.html>.
Slide 10Quantum dot mouse. [Online image]. 09 Aug. 2010. <http://faculty.washington.edu/xgao.html>.
41SHINE: Seattle’s Hub for Industry-driven Nanotechnology Education
Slide 10 (continued)Bates, Claire. "Colour-changing Contact Lenses Could Replace Painful Skin Prick Tests for Diabetics." Daily Mail Online. Associated Newspapers Ltd., 24 May 2012. Web. 8 July 2013. <http://www.dailymail.co.uk/health/ article-2149276/ Colour-changing-contact-lenses-replace-painful-skin-prick-tests-diabetics.html>.
Slide 11
Dolgin, Elie, and Eric R Olson. Miniature Lab Can Diagnose Disease in the Field. Nature Video. Macmillan Publishers Ltd, Aug. 2011. Web. 8 July 2013. <http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vpxnJM2jSVg>.
Slide 12Piranha Unmanned Surface Vessel. [Online image.] 09 Aug. 2010. <http://www.reinforcedplastics.com/view/7467/pirahna-usv-built-using-nanoenhanced-carbon-prepreg>.Mercedes Benz. [Online image.] 09 Aug. 2010. <http://www.nanotechproject.org/inventories/consumer/browse/products/mercedes-benz_paint_finish>.
Slide 13M&Ms. [Online image]. 09 Aug. 2010. <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:M%26M%27s_Plain.jpg>.
Slide 14Nanotechnology in Food. [Online image]. 09 Aug. 2010. <http://www.nanowerk.com/spotlight/spotid=1360.php>.
Image ReferencesThis material is based upon work supported by the National Science Foundation under Grant Number 1204279. Any opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are
those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Science Foundation.
42