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Sheet metal forming and joining - · PDF fileCurrent research activities at HAMK Sheet Metal...
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Transcript of Sheet metal forming and joining - · PDF fileCurrent research activities at HAMK Sheet Metal...
Cu
rren
t res
ea
rch
ac
tivitie
s a
t
HA
MK
Sh
ee
t Me
tal D
ev
elo
pm
en
t Ce
ntre
w w
w . h
a m
k . f i
La
ssi M
artik
ain
en
R
ese
arc
h M
an
ag
er
He
ad
of S
MD
C
Me
tNe
t Wo
rksh
op
Hä
me
en
linna
, 2n
dF
eb
rua
ry 2
01
1
Co
nte
nt o
f pre
se
nta
tion
:
-re
se
arc
h a
rea
s
-fa
cilitie
s a
nd
eq
uip
me
nt
-cu
rren
t rese
arc
h p
roje
cts
Sh
ee
t Me
tal D
ev
elo
pm
en
t Ce
ntre
Pro
vid
es re
se
arc
h, p
rod
uct d
eve
lop
me
nt, e
du
ca
tion
an
d te
ch
no
log
y tra
nsfe
r
se
rvic
es to
Fin
nis
h s
he
et m
eta
l ind
ustry
in o
rde
r to im
pro
ve
the
co
mp
etitiv
en
ess o
f pro
du
cts
an
d p
rod
uctio
n.
Th
efo
cu
sa
rea
sa
re:
Co
il co
atin
gs
an
d lo
ng
te
rm d
ura
bility
2
w w
w . h
a m
k . f i / o
hu
tlevykesku
s
term
du
rab
ility
•develo
pm
ent o
f meta
llic a
nd
org
anic
coil c
oatin
gs
•develo
pm
ent o
f testin
g m
eth
ods
•corro
sio
n a
nd w
eath
erin
g te
stin
g
•consultin
g re
late
d to
long te
rm
dura
bility
Co
ld-fo
rme
d th
in-
wa
lled
ste
el s
truc
ture
s
•stru
ctu
ral te
stin
g
•analy
sis
of lo
ad-b
earin
g
stru
ctu
res
•consultin
g re
late
d to
pra
ctic
al
desig
n w
ork
Sh
ee
t me
tal fo
rmin
g
an
d jo
inin
g
•stra
in a
naly
sis
(AR
AM
IS,
AR
GU
S, A
SA
ME
)
•fo
rmability
testin
g (F
LC
, LD
R,
Eric
hssen te
st)
•num
eric
al a
naly
sis
of fo
rmin
g
pro
cesses
•em
brittle
ment, fric
tion a
nd
sprin
gback te
sts
•jo
inin
g o
f sheet m
eta
l
Sh
ee
t me
tal fo
rmin
g a
nd
join
ing
•S
train
me
asu
rem
en
ts
•F
orm
ab
ility o
f sh
ee
t me
tals
•E
mb
rittlem
en
t, sp
ring
ba
ck a
nd
frictio
n
testin
g
•Te
sts
rela
ted
to re
sis
tan
ce
we
ldin
g
w w
w . h
a m
k . f i
•Te
sts
rela
ted
to re
sis
tan
ce
we
ldin
g
Stra
in m
ea
su
rem
en
t du
ring
de
form
atio
n
pro
ce
ss
–G
OM
Ara
mis
5M
•O
ptic
al 3
D-d
efo
rma
tion
me
asu
ring
syste
m
•R
eco
gn
ize
s s
urfa
ce
stru
ctu
re o
f the
me
asu
ring
o
bje
ct in
dig
ital im
ag
es a
nd
allo
ca
tes c
oo
rdin
ate
s
to th
e im
ag
e p
ixe
ls
•T
he
first im
ag
e re
pre
se
nts
the
un
de
form
ed
sta
te
•F
ram
e ra
te u
p to
25
ima
ge
s/s
ec
•D
efo
rma
tion
s c
an
be
me
asu
red
in a
ran
ge
of
4
w w
w . h
a m
k . f i / o
hu
tlevykesku
s
0.0
1 %
up
to a
pp
. 50
0%
•M
ate
rial te
stin
g, F
LC
(form
ing
limit c
urv
e),
ve
rifica
tion o
f FE
-mo
de
ls, e
xa
min
atio
n o
f no
n-
line
ar b
eh
avio
ur
Stra
in m
ea
su
rem
en
ts o
f de
form
ate
d s
he
et
me
tal p
arts
–G
OM
Arg
us
or A
SA
ME
•O
ptic
al s
yste
ms fo
r me
asu
rem
en
t an
d
an
aly
sis
of s
urfa
ce
stra
ins in
form
ed
sh
ee
t me
tal p
arts
•M
ea
su
rem
en
t from
grid
(#0
.5..#
2m
m)
or s
toch
astic
pa
ttern
.
•M
ea
su
res a
nd
ca
lcu
late
s th
e s
urfa
ce
5
w w
w . h
a m
k . f i / o
hu
tlevykesku
s
ma
jor s
train
s, th
e d
irectio
ns o
f stra
ins,
the
effe
ctiv
e s
train
an
d th
ickn
ess
ch
an
ge
s.
De
term
ina
tion
of F
orm
ing
Lim
it Cu
rve
s (F
LC
)
•F
orm
ab
ility o
f sh
ee
t me
tal c
an
ge
ne
rally
illustra
ted
form
ing
limit c
urv
es (F
LC
)
•D
iag
ram
s a
re u
tilize
d w
he
n a
na
lysin
g
ma
nu
factu
rab
ility o
f sh
ee
t me
tal p
rod
ucts
,
an
d v
erify
ing
nu
me
rica
l an
aly
se
s
•A
cco
rdin
g to
sta
nd
ard
EN
ISO
12
00
4-2
:20
08
w
ith th
e N
aka
zim
a m
eth
od
, usin
g fo
rme
d c
up
-
6
w w
w . h
a m
k . f i / o
hu
tlevykesku
s
with
the
Na
ka
zim
a m
eth
od
, usin
g fo
rme
d c
up
-
like
test s
am
ple
s
Plane strain
Major strain �1
�1
= -�
2�
1=
-2�
2�
2=
0�
1=
�2
�3
= 0
�3
< 0
(thic
kness
decre
ases)
�3
> 0
’deep
draw
ing
'’stretch
ing
'
Fo
rmin
g L
imit D
iag
ram
7
w w
w . h
a m
k . f i / o
hu
tlevykesku
s
d0
a
b
Plane strain
-+
0
Min
or s
train
�2
Major strain
(thic
kness
incre
ases)
Major strain �1
�1
= -�
2�
1=
-2�
2�
2=
0�
1=
�2
�3
= 0
FLC
’FA
ILU
RE
’
Fo
rmin
g L
imit C
urv
e (F
LC
)
8
w w
w . h
a m
k . f i / o
hu
tlevykesku
s
-+
0
Min
or s
train
�2
Major strain ’S
AF
E’
Fo
rma
bility
, frictio
n a
nd
sp
ring
ba
ck
tes
ting
Fo
rma
bility
tests
•E
rich
se
n te
st
•D
raw
ing
limit ra
tio (D
LR
)
•C
up
dra
win
g te
st
•H
ole
exp
an
sio
n
9
w w
w . h
a m
k . f i / o
hu
tlevykesku
s
Be
nd
ing
un
de
r ten
sio
n (B
UT
) tests
Sp
ring
ba
ck te
stin
g
Em
britte
lem
en
t tes
ting
•S
eco
nd
ary
Wo
rkin
g E
mb
rittlem
en
t (SW
E)
-Inte
rstitia
l-Fre
e (IF
) ste
els
-tem
pe
ratu
re lo
w to
-80
��
The a
bsence o
f solu
te in
ters
titial e
lem
ents
in in
ters
titial-fre
e (IF
) ultra
-low
carb
on s
teel le
ads to
sensitiv
ity to
SW
E). T
he b
rittle fra
ctu
re m
ay o
ccur
at lo
w te
mpera
ture
durin
g s
econdary
defo
rmatio
n s
uch a
s d
urin
g im
pact
10
w w
w . h
a m
k . f i / o
hu
tlevykesku
s
loadin
g, p
rogre
ssiv
e fo
rmin
g a
nd trim
min
g o
pera
tion o
f dra
wn p
arts
.
•H
yd
rog
en
ind
uce
d b
rittle fra
ctu
re
(HIB
)
-AH
SS
for a
uto
mo
tive
ap
plic
atio
ns
-free
do
m o
f cra
cks a
fter 9
6 h
Hydro
gen e
mbrittle
ment is
the p
rocess in
whic
h m
eta
l
becom
e b
ritte a
nd fra
ctu
re fo
llow
ing e
xposure
to
hydro
gen. H
IB is
ofte
n th
e re
sult o
f unin
tentio
nal
intro
ductio
n o
f hydro
gen in
to s
usceptib
le m
eta
ls d
urin
g
form
ing o
r finis
hin
g o
pera
tions.
•W
eld
ab
ility ra
ng
e (E
N IS
O 1
43
27
:20
04
)
Te
stin
g re
late
d to
res
ista
nc
e w
eld
ing
11
w w
w . h
a m
k . f i / o
hu
tlevykesku
s
•E
va
lua
tion
of th
e life
time
of
sp
ot w
eld
ing
ele
ctro
de
s (E
N IS
O 8
16
6)
n =
0n
= 2
00
0
Co
il co
atin
gs
an
d lo
ng
term
du
rab
ility
•O
utd
oo
r testin
g
•W
ea
the
ring
testin
g in
lab
ora
tory
•E
xa
mp
les o
f rece
nt re
se
arc
h p
roje
cts
w w
w . h
a m
k . f i
Weath
erin
g te
stin
g in
lab
ora
tory
•C
orro
sio
nch
am
bers
(3 c
ham
pers
)P
rovid
es la
bora
tory
sim
ula
tion o
f natu
ral c
orro
sio
n. S
pecim
ens a
re
expose
d to
a s
erie
s o
f diffe
rent fu
nctio
ns (fo
g, d
ry a
nd h
um
idity
) in a
re
petitiv
e c
ycle
that re
pro
duces c
yclic
outd
oor c
onditio
ns.
•U
V-c
ab
inets
(3 c
ab
inets
)U
ltravio
let lig
ht c
auses a
lmost a
ll the p
hoto
de
gra
datio
nto
mate
rials
expose
d o
utd
oors
. UV
-teste
r repro
duces o
nly
the U
V p
ortio
n o
f the
spectru
m, U
VA
-340 la
mp is
the b
est a
vaila
ble
sim
ula
tion o
f short-w
ave
sunlig
ht. It is
especia
lly u
sefu
l for c
om
parin
g th
e p
erfo
rmance o
f diffe
rent
types o
f poly
mers
and s
tabiliz
ers
. All U
V-c
abin
ets
have a
lso m
ois
ture
sim
ula
tion. A
QU
V/s
pra
y c
an s
imula
te th
e e
ffects
of ra
in, s
uch a
s th
erm
al
shock a
nd e
rosio
n.
•C
on
den
satio
n c
ab
inets
(3)
13
w w
w . h
a m
k . f i / o
hu
tlevykesku
s
QC
T-c
abin
et a
pplie
s c
ontro
lled w
arm
conde
nsatio
n to
the te
st s
urfa
ce. In
a
QC
T, w
etn
ess c
an b
e a
n in
vis
ible
dew
or a
contin
uo
us, h
igh-te
mpera
ture
ru
nnin
g c
onde
nsate
. It can a
lso b
e p
rogra
mm
ed fo
r cyclic
dry
-off to
relie
ve
the o
sm
otic
pre
ssure
. The Q
CT
accele
rate
s m
ois
ture
atta
ck b
y in
cre
asin
g
the c
onde
nsatio
n te
mpera
ture
. It is e
specia
lly u
sefu
l for c
onductin
g fa
st,
yet re
alis
tic, b
liste
r tests
.
•C
limatic
test c
ham
ber (1
)T
he b
eha
vio
r of v
ario
us m
ate
rials
in ra
pid
ly c
hangin
g c
onditio
ns c
an b
e
stu
die
d w
ith th
e c
limatic
test c
ham
ber. T
he c
hange
s in
the te
mpera
ture
and th
e h
um
idity
of th
e c
limatic
cham
ber c
an b
e c
ycle
d a
ccord
ing to
test
specific
atio
ns, te
mpera
ture
range is
betw
ee
n -8
0 +
100 °C
and th
e re
lativ
e
hum
idity
of a
ir betw
ee
n 1
0 -
95 %
.
•F
reezers
(2) a
nd
ag
ing
oven
s (2
)In
additio
n to
clim
atic
test c
ham
ber, c
old
tests
can b
e p
erfo
rmed in
a d
eep
chille
r or in
a fre
ezer. In
tem
pera
ture
cabin
ets
mate
rials
can b
e a
ged in
tem
pera
ture
s u
p to
250 °C
.
SC
AB
= S
imu
late
d C
orro
siv
e A
tmo
sp
he
ric
Bre
akd
ow
n
Ou
tdo
or te
sts
with
extra
co
rrosio
n e
ffect
co
rrosio
n re
su
lts o
bta
ine
d fa
ste
r tha
n w
ith
no
rma
l ou
tdo
or te
stin
g.
Sa
mp
les a
re s
pra
ye
d tw
ice
a w
ee
k w
ith
Ou
tdo
or
Te
stin
g–
SC
AB
14
w w
w . h
a m
k . f i / o
hu
tlevykesku
s
30
g/l N
aC
l so
lutio
n to
faste
n th
e
co
rrosio
n.
Co
rrosio
nre
sis
tance
of
zin
cco
ate
dscre
ws
used
inste
el
roo
fsa
rete
ste
dto
find
ou
tif
the
scre
ws
suita
ble
for
co
rrosiv
eco
nd
itions
C3
or
hig
he
r.
-co
rrosio
nre
sis
tan
ce
will
be
teste
db
ya
pro
he
sio
nte
st
-scre
ws
are
drille
dto
racks
whic
hsim
ula
tero
ofs
with
diffe
ren
tslo
pe
sa
nd
ma
teria
ls-
UV
-resis
tan
ce
of
org
anic
coa
tings
and
se
ala
nts
will
be
teste
d
Co
rros
ion
res
ista
nc
eo
f sc
rew
s
15
w w
w . h
a m
k . f i / o
hu
tlevykesku
s
teste
d
Go
od
co
rrosio
nre
sis
tan
ce
can
be
achie
ved
by
asuita
ble
co
mb
inatio
no
fzin
cco
atin
ga
nd
pa
intin
g.
•T
wo
sid
ed
zin
cco
atin
g:
the
influ
en
ce
of
zin
ccoa
ting
thic
kn
ess
on
the
hu
mid
ityre
sis
tance
of
ba
ckin
gco
ato
fco
ilco
atin
gs
•T
he
influ
ence
of
pH
on
the
co
rrosio
no
fZ
nM
gA
lco
ate
dste
el
Cu
rren
t res
ea
rch
ac
tivitie
s re
late
d to
m
eta
llic a
nd
org
an
ic c
oa
ting
s
16
w w
w . h
a m
k . f i / o
hu
tlevykesku
s
•D
evelo
pm
en
to
fa
scra
tch
an
da
bra
sio
nte
ste
r
•R
oun
dro
bin
testin
gb
etw
ee
nla
bo
rato
ries
wh
om
ake
co
rrosio
nan
dw
ea
therin
gte
stin
g.
Th
eaim
of
the
com
pa
riso
nte
sts
isto
imp
rove
the
un
iform
ityo
fte
stre
su
ltsb
etw
ee
nla
bo
rato
ries.
Co
ld-fo
rme
d th
in-w
alle
d s
tee
l
stru
ctu
res
•E
xp
erim
en
tal re
se
arc
h a
nd
testin
g
•R
ese
arc
h o
f co
ld-fo
rme
d s
tee
l stru
ctu
res
•R
ece
nt p
roje
cts
w w
w . h
a m
k . f i
Lo
ad
ing
Fra
me
•S
yste
m is
su
itab
le fo
r sta
tica
nd
dyn
am
ic(fa
tiqu
e)
loa
din
gs
•C
ylin
de
rs a
re o
f the
late
st te
ch
no
log
y u
se
d e
.g. in
au
tom
otiv
e in
du
stry
2 x
25
0 k
N+
1 x
25
kN
•P
ositio
n o
f the
cylin
de
rs c
an
be
ch
an
ge
d
18
w w
w . h
a m
k . f i / o
hu
tlevykesku
s
•P
ositio
n o
f the
cylin
de
rs c
an
be
ch
an
ge
d
co
ntin
uo
usly
from
ve
rtica
l to h
oriz
on
tal
•C
om
pu
ter c
on
trolle
d: lo
ad
ing
an
d d
isp
lace
me
nt
sp
ee
do
f the
cylin
de
rca
nb
ep
re-p
rog
ram
me
d a
nd
ad
juste
db
ase
do
n th
e m
ea
su
red
va
lue
s
•In
ad
ditio
nto
the
ne
w s
yste
m, th
e o
lde
r syste
m
with
mu
ltiple
cylin
de
rs c
an
still b
e u
se
d, if
ne
ce
ssa
ry
Te
stin
g o
f co
ld-fo
rme
d s
tee
l stru
ctu
res
•S
tiffne
ss a
nd
resis
tan
ce
of lo
ad
-
be
arin
g m
em
be
rs a
nd
sh
ee
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me
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w w
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20
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Pro
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21
w w
w . h
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hu
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po
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d e
lem
en
ts
22
w w
w . h
a m
k . f i / o
hu
tlevykesku
s
bu
ildin
g c
om
po
ne
nts
an
d e
lem
en
ts
(Tris
co
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