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Digital files available at http://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/3316/

Suggested citation: Hare, T.M., Hayward, R.K., Blue, J.S., Archinal, B.A., Robinson, M.S., Speyerer, E.J., Wagner, R.V., Smith, D.E., Zuber, M.T., Neumann, G.A., and Mazarico, E., 2015, Image mosaic and topographic map of the moon: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map 3316, 2 sheets, http://dx.doi.org/10.3133/sim3316.

Printed on recycled paper

ISSN 2329-1311 (print)ISSN 2329-132X (online)http://dx.doi.org/10.3133/sim3316

Image Map of the MoonBy

Trent M. Hare,1 Rosalyn K. Hayward,1 Jennifer S. Blue,1 Brent A. Archinal,1 Mark S. Robinson,2 Emerson J. Speyerer,2 Robert V. Wagner,2 David E. Smith,3 Maria T. Zuber,3 Gregory A. Neumann,4 and Erwan Mazarico4

2015

1U.S. Geological Survey;2Arizona State University;3Massachusetts Institute of Technology;4NASA Goddard Space Flight Center

Prepared for theNational Aeronautics and Space Administration

U.S. Department of the InteriorU.S. Geological Survey

Scientific Investigations Map 3316Sheet 1 of 2

MAP DESCRIPTIONThis image mosaic is based on data from the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter Wide Angle

Camera (WAC; Robinson and others, 2010), an instrument on the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter (LRO) spacecraft (Tooley and others, 2010). The WAC is a seven band (321 nanometers [nm], 360 nm, 415 nm, 566 nm, 604 nm, 643 nm, and 689 nm) push frame imager with a 90° field of view in monochrome mode, and 60° field of view in color mode. From the nominal 50-kilometer (km) polar orbit, the WAC acquires images with a 57-km swath-width and a typical length of 105 km. At nadir, the pixel scale for the visible filters (415–689 nm) is 75 meters (Speyerer and others, 2011). Each month, the WAC provided almost complete coverage of the Moon.

PROJECTIONThe Mercator projection is used between latitudes ±57°, with a central meridian at 0°

longitude and latitude equal to the nominal scale at 0°. The Polar Stereographic projection is used for the regions north of the +55° parallel and south of the –55° parallel, with a central meridian set for both at 0° and a latitude of true scale at +90° and -90°, respectively. The adopted spherical radius used to define the maps scale is 1737.4 km (Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter Project Lunar Geodesy and Cartography Working Group, 2008; Archinal and others, 2011). In projection, the pixels are 100 meters at the equator.

COORDINATE SYSTEMThe Wide Angle Camera images were referenced to an internally consistent inertial coordi-

nate system, derived from tracking of the LRO spacecraft and crossover-adjusted Lunar Orbiter Laser Altimeter (LOLA) data that were used together to determine the orbit of LRO in inertial space (Smith and others, 2011). By adopting appropriate values for the orientation of the Moon, as defined by the International Astronomical Union (IAU; Archinal and others, 2011), the images were orthorectified into the planet-fixed coordinates (longitude and latitude) used on this map. The coordinate system defined for this product is the mean Earth/polar axis (ME) system, sometimes called the mean Earth/rotation axis system. The ME system is the method most often used for cartographic products of the past (Davies and Colvin, 2000). Values for the orientation of the Moon were derived from the Jet Propulsion Laboratory Developmental Ephemeris (DE) 421 planetary ephemeris (Williams and others, 2008; Folkner and others, 2008; 2009) and rotated into the ME system. The LOLA-derived crossover-corrected ephemeris (Mazarico and others, 2012) and an updated camera pointing provide an average accuracy of ~1 km in the horizontal position (Scholten and others, 2012).

Longitude increases to the east and latitude is planetocentric, as allowed in accordance with current NASA and U.S. Geological Survey standards (Archinal and others, 2011). The intersec-tion of the lunar equator and prime meridian occurs at what can be called the Moon’s “mean sub-Earth point.” The concept of a lunar “sub-Earth point” derives from the fact that the Moon’s rotation is tidally locked to the Earth. The actual sub-Earth point on the Moon varies slightly due to orbital eccentricity, inclination, and other factors. So a “mean sub-Earth point” is used to define the point on the lunar surface where longitude equals 0°. This point does not coincide with any prominent crater or other lunar surface feature (Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter Project Lunar Geodesy and Cartography Working Group, 2008; Archinal and others, 2011).

MAPPING TECHNIQUES The WAC global mosaic shown here is a monochrome product with a normalized reflec-

tance at 643 nm wavelength, and consists of more than 15,000 images acquired between Novem-ber 2009 and February 2011 (Sato and others, 2014) using revised camera pointing (Wagner and others, 2015). The solar incidence angle at the Equator changes ~28° from the beginning to the end of each month. To reduce these incidence angle variations, data for the equatorial mosaic were collected over three periods (January 20, 2010 to January 28, 2010, May 30, 2010 to June 6, 2010, and July 24, 2010 to July 31, 2010). The South Pole mosaic images were acquired from August 10, 2010 to September 19, 2010, and the North Pole images were acquired from April 22, 2010 to May 19, 2010. Remaining gaps were filled with images acquired at other times with similar lighting conditions (Robinson and others, 2012). There is a brightness difference where the polar mosaics meet the equatorial mosaics because the polar images were acquired in a different season than the equatorial images, and the lunar photometric function is not perfectly known (Sato and others, 2014).

The equatorial WAC images were orthorectified onto the Global Lunar Digital Terrain Mosaic (GLD100, WAC-derived 100 m/pixel digital elevation model; Scholten and others, 2012) while the polar images were orthorectified onto the lunar LOLA polar digital elevation models (Neumann and others, 2010).

To create the final base image, the original WAC mosaic that was produced by the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter Camera team in a Simple Cylindrical projection with a resolution of 100m/pixel was projected into the Mercator and Polar Stereographic pieces. The images were then scaled to 1: 10,000,000 for the Mercator part and 1:6,078,683 for the two Polar Stereo-graphic parts with a resolution of 300 pixels per inch. The two projections have a common scale at ±56° latitude.

NOMENCLATURE Feature names on this sheet are approved by the IAU. All features greater than 85 km in

diameter or length were included unless they were not visible on the map due to the small scale

used for printing. However, some selected well-known features less that 85 km in diameter or length were included. For a complete list of the IAU-approved nomenclature for the Moon, see the Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature at http://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov. For lunar mission names, only successful landers are shown, not impactors or expended orbiters.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTSThis map was made possible with thanks to NASA, the LRO mission, and the Lunar Recon-

naissance Orbiter Camera team. The map was funded by NASA's Planetary Geology and Geophys-ics Cartography Program.

REFERENCESArchinal, B.A. (Chair), A’Hearn, M.F., Bowell, E., Conrad, A., Consolmagno, G.J., Courtin, R.,

Fukushim, T., Hestroffer, D., Hilton, J.L., Krasinsky, G.A., Neumann, G.A., Oberst, J., Seidelmann, P.K., Stooke, P., Tholen, D.J., Thomas, P.C., and Williams, I.P., 2011, Report of the IAU Working Group on cartographic coordinates and rotational elements—2009: Celestial Mechanics and Dynamical Astronomy, v. 109, no. 2, p. 101–135, doi:10.1007/s10569-010-9320-4.

Davies, M.E., and Colvin, T.R., 2000, Lunar coordinates in the regions of the Apollo landers: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 105, no. E8, p. 20,277–20,280.

Folkner, W.M., Williams, J.G., and Boggs, D.H., 2008, The planetary and lunar ephemeris DE 421: Jet Propulsion Laboratory Memorandum IOM 343R-08-003, 31 p., at ftp://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/pub/eph/planets/ioms/de421.iom.v1.pdf.

Folkner, W.M., Williams, J.G., and Boggs, D.H., 2009, The planetary and lunar ephemeris DE 421: Interplanetary Network Progress Report 42-178, 34 p., at http://ipnpr.jpl.nasa.gov/progress_report/42-178/178C.pdf.

Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter Project Lunar Geodesy and Cartography Working Group, 2008, A standardized lunar coordinate system for the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter and lunar datas-ets: Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter Project and Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter Project Lunar Geodesy and Cartography Working Group White Paper, v. 5, at http://lunar.gsfc.nasa.gov/library/LunCoordWhitePaper-10-08.pdf.

Mazarico, E., Rowlands, D.D., Neumann, G.A., Smith, D.E., Torrence, M.H., Lemoine, F.G., and Zuber, M.T., 2012, Orbit determination of the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter: Journal of Geodesy, v. 86, no. 3, p. 193–207.

Neumann, G.A., 2011, Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter Lunar Orbiter Laser Altimeter reduced data record and derived products software interface specification, version 2.42, LRO-L-LOLA-4-GDR-V1.0, NASA Planetary Data System (PDS), at http://imbrium.mit.edu/DOCUMENT/RDRSIS.PDF

Robinson, M.S., Brylow, S.M., Tschimmel, M., Humm, D., Lawrence, S.J., Thomas, P.C., Denevi, B.W., Bowman-Cisneros, E., Zerr, J., Ravine, M.A., Caplinger, M.A., Ghaemi, F.T., Schaff-ner, J.A., Malin, M.C., Mahanti, P., Bartels, A., Anderson, J., Tran, T.N., Eliason, E.M., McEwen, A.S., Turtle, E., Jolliff, B.L., and Hiesinger, H., 2010, Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter Camera (LROC) instrument overview: Space Science Reviews, v. 150, no. 1-4, p. 81–124, doi:10.1007/s11214-010-9634-2.

Robinson, M.S., Speyerer, E.J., Boyd, A., Waller, D., Wagner, R., and Burns, K., 2012, Exploring the Moon with the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter Camera: International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, v. XXXIX-B4, XXII International Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing Congress, Melbourne, Australia.

Sato, H., Robinson, M.S., Hapke, B., Denevi, B.W., and Boyd, A.K., 2014, Resolved Hapke parameter maps of the Moon: Journal of Geophysical Research, Planets, v. 119, p. 1775-1805, doi: 10.1002/2013JE004580.

Scholten, F., Oberst, J., Matz, K.-D., Roatsch, T., Wählisch, M., Speyerer, E.J., and Robinson, M.S., 2012, GLD100 - The near-global lunar 100 m raster DTM from LROC WAC stereo image data: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 117, no. E12, doi:10.1029/2011JE003926.

Smith, D.E., Zuber, M.T., Neumann, G.A., Mazarico, E., Head, J.W., III, Torrence, M.H., and the LOLA Science Team, 2011, Results from the Lunar Orbiter Laser Altimeter (LOLA)—global, high-resolution topographic mapping of the Moon [abs.]: Lunar Planetary Science Conference XLII, Woodlands, Tex., Abstract 2350.

Speyerer, E.J., Robinson, M.S., Denevi, B.W., and the LROC Science Team, 2011, Lunar Recon-naissance Orbiter Camera global morphological map of the Moon [abs.]: Lunar Planetary Science Conference XLII, Woodlands, Tex., Abstract 2387.

Tooley, C.R., Houghton, M.B., Saylor, R.S., Peddie, C., Everett, D.F., Baker, C.L., and Safdie, K.N., 2010, Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter mission and spacecraft design: Space Science Reviews, v. 150, no. 1, p. 23–62, doi:10.1007/s11214-009-9624-4.

Wagner, R.V., Speyerer, E.J., Robinson, M.S., and the LROC Science Team, 2015, New mosaicked data products from the LROC Team [abs.]: Lunar Planetary Science Conference XLVI, Woodlands, Tex., Abstract 1473.

Williams, J.G., Boggs, D.H., and Folkner, W.M., 2008, DE421 Lunar orbit, physical librations, and surface coordinates: Jet Propulsion Laboratory Interoffice Memorandum IOM 335-JW,DB,WF-20080314-001, at ftp://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/pub/eph/planets/ioms/de421_moon_coord_iom.pdf.

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Surveyor 3(April 20, 1967)

Surveyor 5(Sep. 11, 1967)Surveyor 6

(Nov. 10, 1967)

Surveyor 7(Jan. 10, 1968)

Luna 9Feb. 3, 1966)

Luna 21Jan. 15, 1973)

Apo llo 11(July 20, 1969)

Apo llo 12(Nov. 19, 1969)

Apo llo 14(Feb. 5, 1971)

Apo llo 15(July 30, 1971)

Apo llo 16(Apri l 21, 1972)

Apo llo 17Dec. 11, 1972)

Luna 16(Sep. 20, 1970)

Luna 20(Feb. 21, 1972)

Luna 24(Aug. 18, 1976)

Luna 13(Dec. 24, 1966)

Luna 17(Nov. 17, 1970)

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Alexander

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Fra Mauro

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Gilbert

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Hipparchus Hirayama

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Icarus

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Jo lio t

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Parenago

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Perrine

Petavius

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Richardson

Riemann

Robertson

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Schickard

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Schlesinger

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Spencer Jones

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Theophilus

Thomson

Tsander

Tsiolkovskiy

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Van derWaals

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Vende linus

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Vernadskiy

Vestine

Vetchinkin

Vie ta

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Wegener

Wey l

Wiener

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Wurzelbauer

Wyld

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Von Kármán

Ptolemaeus

Purbach

Regiomontanus

Walther

A p o l l o

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H e r t z s p r u n g

K o r o l e v

L o r e n t z

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Le ibnitz

Leeuwenhoek

Lipskiy

Larmor

Daeda lus

P o i n c a r éP l a n c k

B i r k h o f f

Catena Sumner

Chaplygin

Vertregt

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Le ibnitz

Daeda lus

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Proclus

Amundsen

Shackleton

Antoniadi

Ashbrook

Zeeman

Berlage

Blancanus

Boguslawsky

Boussingault

Cabeus

C l a v i u s

Casatus

Crommelin

Curtius

Demonax

Dryga lski

Fizeau

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Hausen

Helmho ltz

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Le Gentil

Lemaître

Manzinus

Minkowski

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Pingré

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Scheiner

Schomberger

Scott

Sikorsky

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B a i l l y

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Babbage

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Birmingham

Brianchon

Cremona

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Gamow

Gärtner

Hermite

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Karpinskiy

M e t o n

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Roberts

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Descriptions of nomenclature used on map are listed athttp://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/

Prepared on behalf of the Planetary Geology and Geophysics Program, Solar System Exploration Division, Office of Space Science, National Aeronautics and Space AdministrationEdited by Kate Jacques; digital cartography by Vivian NguyenManuscript approved for publication October 28, 2014