(1Я) EIGHTEENTH EDITION

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CHERYL GLENN The Pennsylvania State University

LORETTA GRAY Central Washington University

* WADSWORTH * * CENGAGE Learning'

Australia • Brazil • Japan • Korea • Mexico • Singapore • Spain • United Kingdom • United States

Contents

Preface

PART 1 GRAMMAR

CHAPTER 1

l a l b 1С

l e If l g l h l i

Sentence Essentials 2 se Parts of speech 2 Subjects and predicates 11 Complements 13 Basic sentence patterns 17 Phrases 20 Clauses 28 Conjunctions and conjunctive adverbs 34 Sentence forms 38 Sentence functions 41

CHAPTER 2 2a 2b 2c

Sentence Fragments 45 frag Recognizing sentence fragments 45 Phrases as sentence fragments 47 Dependent clauses as sentence fragments 50

Comma Splices and Fused Sentences 52 cs/fs

3a Punctuating sentences with two independent clauses 52

3b Recognizing comma splices and fused sentences 54

3c Revising comma splices and fused sentences 57

3d Divided quotations 60

VI Contents

CHAPTER 4

4a

4b

4c

CHAPTER 5

5a 5b

5c

CHAPTER 6

6a

6b

Adjectives and Adverbs 62

Recognizing modifiers 62

Comparatives and superlatives 66

Double negatives 69

Pronouns and Case 70

Recognizing pronouns 70 Pronoun case 76 Use of first-person and second-person pronouns 80

Agreement 82

Subject-verb agreement 82

Pronoun-antecedent agreement 89

ad

pro

ER 7

7a 7b 7c 7d

Verbs 93 Verb forms 93 Verb tenses 101 Voice 102 Mood 105

PART 2 M E C H A N I C S

CHAPTER 8

8a

8b

8c

CHAPTER 9

9a

9b

9c

9d

9e

Document Design 110 des

Visual documents and the rhetorical situation 110

The design principles of visual rhetoric 113

Combining visual and verbal elements 116

Capitals 123 cap

Proper names 123 Titles and subtitles 129 Beginning a sentence 130 Computer keys, menu items, and icon names 133 Unnecessary capitals 133

Contents vii

Italics 135 ital Titles of works published or produced separately 136 Foreign words 138 Legal cases 139 Names of ships, submarines, aircraft, spacecraft, and satellites 139 Words, letters, or numerals referred to as such and letters used in mathematical expressions 140 Words receiving emphasis 140

Abbreviations, Acronyms, and Numbers 142 ab/ac/n Abbreviations with names 143 Addresses in correspondence 144 Abbreviations in source documentation 144 Acceptable abbreviations in academic and professional writing 146 Acronyms 148 General uses of numbers 150 Special uses of numbers 151

p PART3

1 CHAPTER 12

12a

12b

12c

12d 12e

12f

PUNCTUATION

The Comma 156 , Before a coordinating conjunction linking independent clauses 156 After introductory clauses, phrases, or words 158 Separating elements in a series or coordinate adjectives 161 With nonessential elements 163 With geographical names and items in dates and addresses 168 With direct quotations 169

CHAPTER 10 10a

10b 10c lOd

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CHAPTER 11

11a l i b l i e l i d

l i e l l f l l g

Contents

Unnecessary or Misplaced Commas 171

13a No comma between a subject and its verb or a verb and its object 171

13b No comma following a coordinating conjunction 172

13c No comma separating elements in a compound predicate 172

13d No comma setting off essential words, phrases, and clauses 172

13e No comma preceding the first item of a series or following the last 173

6

The Semicolon 174 ; 14a Connecting independent clauses 174 14b Separating elements that contain

commas 175 14c Revising common semicolon errors 176

The Apostrophe 178 v 15a Indicating ownership and other

relationships 178 15b Marking omissions of letters or

numbers 185 15c Forming certain plurals 185

Quotation Marks 187 16a Direct quotations 187 16b Titles of short works 190 16c For ironic tone or unusual usage 191 16d With other punctuation marks 192

The Period and Other Punctuation Marks 195

17a The period 196 17b The question mark 197 ? 17c The exclamation point 198 !

Contents

17d The colon 199 17e The dash 202 17f Parentheses 204 17g Square brackets 205 17h Ellipsis points 206 17i The slash 209

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PART 4 SPELLING and DICTION

CHAPTER 18

18a 18b 18c 18d 18e 18f

CHAPTER 19 19a 19b 19c 19d 19e

Spelling, the Spell Checker, and Hyphenation 212 Spell checker 212 Spelling and pronunciation 213 Words that sound alike 215 Prefixes and suffixes 216 Confusion of el and /e 219 Hyphens 220

sp

Good Usage 223 Clear style 223 Appropriate word choice Inclusive language 225 Dictionaries 230 Thesauruses 234

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224

CHAPTER 20 20a 20b 20c 20d

Exactness 235 Accurate and precise word choice Cliches and euphemisms 238 Idioms and collocations 240 Clear definitions 241

ex 235

CHAPTER 21 21a

21b

Conciseness 243 Eliminating redundancy and wordiness 243 Using elliptical constructions

con

246

Contents

CHAPTER 22

22a 22b 22c

Clarity and Completeness 248 Including necessary words 248 Completing comparisons 249 Completing intensifiers 250

cl/com

PART 5 EFFECTIVE SENTENCES

CHAPTER 23

23a 23b 23c 23d

CHAPTER 24

24a 24b 24c

Sentence Unity 253 su Choosing and arranging details 253 Revising mixed metaphors 254 Revising mixed constructions 255 Relating sentence parts 256

Subordination and Coordination 260 sub/coor Using subordination effectively 260 Using coordination effectively 262 Avoiding faulty or excessive subordination and coordination 263

CHAPTER 25

25a 25b 25c

Misplaced Modifiers 267 Placement of modifiers 267 Dangling modifiers 269 Nouns as modifiers 271

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CHAPTER 26

26a 26b

26c

Parallelism 273 Creating parallelism 273 Linking parallel forms with correlative conjunctions 275 Using parallelism to provide clarity and emphasis 276

/ /

CHAPTER 27

27a 27b 27c

Consistency Verb tense Point of view Tone 282

278 278

282

est

Contents

CHAPTER 28

28a

28b 28c 28d

Pronoun Reference 286 ref Ambiguous or unclear pronoun references 286 Remote or awkward references 287 Broad or implied references 287 The use of It without an antecedent 288

CHAPTER 29

29a 29b

29c

29d 29e 29f

Emphasis 290 emp Placing words for emphasis 290 Using cumulative and periodic sentences 291 Ordering ideas from least to most important 292 Repeating important words 292 Inverting word order 293 Using an occasional short sentence 294

CHAPTER 30

30a 30b 30c

Variety 295 Revising sentence length and form Varying sentence openings 298 Using questions, exclamations, and commands 299

var 296

PART 6 WRITING

CHAPTER 31

31a

31b

31c 31d 31e

Reading, Writing, and the Rhetorical Situation 304 rhet Understanding the rhetorical situation 304 Responding to a rhetorical opportunity 307 Determining a specific purpose 308 Considering audience 313 Writing and reading a message within a context 317

XII Contents

CHAPTER 32

32a 32b

32c 32d 32e 32f 32g

Planning and Drafting Essays 319 pln/dft Selecting a subject 321 Focusing a subject into a specific topic 324 Conveying a clearly stated thesis 326 Arranging or outlining ideas 330 Getting ideas into a first draft 332 Drafting well-developed paragraphs 332 Employing rhetorical methods of development 335

CHAPTER 33

33a 33b

33c

33d

33e 33f 33g 33h

Revising and Editing Essays 345 rev/ed The essentials of revision 346 Guiding readers with the introduction and the conclusion 348 Revising for unified and coherent paragraphs 355 Transitions within and between paragraphs 363 Peer review 367 Editing for clarity 378 Proofreading for an error-free essay 380 The final process-analysis essay 381

CHAPTER 34

34a

34b 34c

34d 34e

34f

Writing Arguments 394 arg Determining the purpose of an argument 395 Considering differing viewpoints 396 Distinguishing between fact and opinion 398 Taking a position or making a claim 400 Providing evidence for an effective argument 403 Using the rhetorical appeals to ground an argument 408

Contents xiii

34g Arranging an effective argument 412 34h Reasoning effectively and ethically 414 34i Avoiding rhetorical fallacies 416 34j An argument essay 422

Online Writing 430 online 35a Assessing the online rhetorical

situation 430 35b Participating in online discussion

communities 433 35c Netiquette and online writing 435 35d Composing in an online environment 438 35e Visual elements and rhetorical purpose 447

PART 7 RESEARCH and DOCUMENTATION

CHAPTER 36

36a

36b

36c

36d

36e

Finding Sources Online, in Print, and in the Field 454 Research and the rhetorical situation Finding online sources 458 Finding books 462 Finding articles 465 Field research 468

find 454

CHAPTER 37

37a 37b 37c 37d

Evaluating Print and Online Sources 472 eval Credibility of authors 472 Credibility of publishers 474 Evaluation of online sources 475 Relevance and timeliness of sources 476

Integrating Sources and Avoiding Plagiarism 479 src

38a The rhetorical situation and the research paper 479

38b Taking and organizing notes 481

XIV Contents

38c

38d

38e

38f 38g

CHAPTER 39 39a 39b 39c

CHAPTER 40 40a 40b 40c

CHAPTER 41 41a 41b

41c 41d 41e 41f

CHAPTER 42 42a

42b 42c 42d 42e

Working bibliography and annotated bibliography 484 Quoting, paraphrasing, and summarizing sources 485 Analyzing and responding to sources 493 Synthesizing sources 496 Avoiding plagiarism 498

MLA Documentation 502 mla MLA-style in-text citations 502 MLA list of works cited 514 MLA-style research paper 554

APA Documentation 570 ара APA-style in-text citations 570 APA-style reference list 577 APA-style research paper 600

Writing about Literature 613 lit Literature and its genres 613 Rhetorical reading and literary interpretation 614 Vocabulary for discussing literature Approaches to interpreting literature Conventions for writing about literature Literary interpretation of a short story

Writing in Business 638 Conventions of language and organization 638 Business letters 640 Business memos and e-mails Resumes 646 Letters of application 649

617 622 626 629

bus

643

Contents

42f Oral presentations with PowerPoint 42g Business reports 656

651

PART 8 ADVICE for MULTILINGUAL WRITERS

CHAPTER 43

43a 43b 43c 43d 43e

Determiners, Nouns, and Adjectives 674 det/n/adj Determiners and proper nouns 674 Determiners and count nouns 675 Determiners and noncount nouns 677 Determiners and adjectives 680 Shifting from nonspecific to specific references 682

Verbs and Verb Forms 683 v/vf 44a Verb tenses 683 44b Auxiliary verbs 694 44c Prepositional verbs and phrasal verbs 697 44d Participles used as adjectives 699

П - т а Т Т У Word Order 700 wo 45a Ordering adjectives 700 45b Placing adverbs of frequency 701 45c Placing adverbs and direct objects 701 45d Ordering words within clauses 701

Glossary of Usage Glossary of Terms Credits 739 Index 749

705 725

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