Sharks and Rays of Australia - Semantic Scholar...176 SHARKS AND RAYS OF AUSTRALIA WHITE SHARK...
Transcript of Sharks and Rays of Australia - Semantic Scholar...176 SHARKS AND RAYS OF AUSTRALIA WHITE SHARK...
Sharks and Rays of Australia
Peter R. Last and John D. Stevens
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S H A R K S A N D R A Y S O F A U S T R A L I A118
CRESTED HORNSHARKHeterodontus galeatus (Günther, 1870)
16.1
ALTERNATIVE NAMESCrested Bullhead Shark, Crested Port Jackson Shark.
FIELD CHARACTERSA hornshark with a large, blunt head, high supra-orbital crests
terminating abruptly behind the eyes, dorsal-fin spines, an anal
fin, and with broad, dark bars, and saddles that do not form a
harness-like pattern.
DISTINCTIVE FEATURESBody stocky. Head large and blunt; high supra-orbital crests with
nearly vertical posterior edges; nostrils connected to mouth by
grooves; gill slits moderately large; mouth small, almost
terminal. Teeth similar in both jaws; anteriors small, pointed,
multicuspid in juveniles; posteriors molar-like with medial
ridges. Skin rough, denticles enlarged. First dorsal-fin origin
over pectoral-fin bases. Both dorsal fins preceded by spines.
Dorsal fins very high and with rounded tips in juveniles,
relatively lower in adults. Pectoral fins very broad, tips broadly
rounded. Anal fin present; caudal fin with distinct ventral and
subterminal lobe.
COLOURMostly yellowish brown; interorbital region and back anterior to
first dorsal fin dark; broad dark bars on cheek and below first
dorsal fin; dark saddles between dorsal fins and behind insertion
of second dorsal fin; lacking a harness-like pattern.
SIZEYoung hatch at about 22 cm and adults thought to attain 130 cm
or more. Males mature at about 60 cm and females at about
70 cm.
REMARKSEgg-cases are spirally flanged and have long tendrils at their
apices. About 10–16 are laid annually during July or August in
20–30 m depth amongst seaweed or sponges. The eggs hatch anterior tooth of upper jaw posterior tooth of upper jaw
30°
20°
40°
140° 150°
?
DISTRIBUTIONCape Moreton (southern Queensland) to Batemans Bay (New
South Wales), possibly also Cape York. Continental shelf from
close inshore to about 90 m depth.
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Last, P.R. and Stevens, J.D. (2009). Sharks and Rays of Australia. Second Edition. CSIRO PUBLISHING, Melbourne, 656 pp.
© CSIRO 2009 http://www.publish.csiro.au
H O R N S H A R K S 119
undersurface of head
below the first dorsal fin, and with a few oblique stripes
posteriorly (markings often pale in large adults).
SIZE
Hatches at about 23 cm and reported to attain 165 cm (normally
much smaller). Males mature at about 75 cm and females
between 80 and 95 cm.
REMARKS
Research has shown that this species segregates by sex and
maturity stage. Sharks observed on sublittoral reefs in New
South Wales are mainly adult females. They forage at night,
returning to particular caves and rocky gutters during the day;
these resting sites may be reused in the future. On the central
New South Wales coast, breeding occurs in late winter and
spring, when females lay 10–16 eggs in rock fissures on inshore
reefs (usually in less than 5 m depth). The eggs are about 15 cm
long, 8 cm wide and have spiral flanges (which help retain them
in the rock fissures) but lack tendrils. The young hatch after
about 12 months and grow to maturity in 8–10 years (males) and
11–14 years (females), attaining ages of at least 28 years for males
and 35 years for females. Adult females migrate south in summer,
some as far as 800 km to Tasmania, returning north in winter.
They feed mainly on benthic invertebrates (echinoderms and
PORT JACKSON SHARKHeterodontus portusjacksoni (Meyer, 1793)
16.2
ALTERNATIVE NAMESBullhead, Oyster Crusher, Tabbigaw.
FIELD CHARACTERSA distinctive hornshark with a large, blunt head, supra-orbital
crests that slope away gradually behind the eyes, dorsal-fin
spines, an anal fin, and dark markings on the body in the shape
of a harness.
DISTINCTIVE FEATURESBody stocky. Head large and blunt; supra-orbital crests with
gradually sloping posterior edges; nostrils connected to mouth
by grooves; gill slits large; mouth small, almost terminal. Teeth
similar in both jaws; anteriors small, pointed, multicuspid in
juveniles, unicuspid in adults; posteriors large, flat, molar-like
and without medial ridges. Skin rough, denticles enlarged. First
dorsal-fin origin over pectoral-fin bases. Both dorsal fins
preceded by spines. Dorsal fins high with narrowly pointed tips
in juveniles, relatively lower and with rounded tips in adults.
Pectoral fins very broad, tips rather pointed. Anal fin present;
caudal fin with distinct ventral and subterminal lobe.
COLOURMostly greyish (sometimes brownish) with a dark bar between
the eyes extending down the cheeks; dark harness-like bars
after about 8 months. One individual, kept in an aquarium, grew
at about 5 cm per year, and laid eggs at 11 years of age when it
was 70 cm long. The diet consists of invertebrates, including
echinoids, crustaceans and molluscs, as well as small fishes. Not
utilised commercially in Australia.
LOCAL SYNONYMYMolochophrys galeatus (Günther, 1870).
REFERENCEMcLaughlin and O’Gower (1971).
FISH CODE: 37 007003
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Last, P.R. and Stevens, J.D. (2009). Sharks and Rays of Australia. Second Edition. CSIRO PUBLISHING, Melbourne, 656 pp.
© CSIRO 2009 http://www.publish.csiro.au
S H A R K S A N D R A Y S O F A U S T R A L I A176
WHITE SHARKCarcharodon carcharias (Linnaeus, 1758)
30.1
ALTERNATIVE NAMESWhite Pointer, Great White Shark, White Death.
FIELD CHARACTERSA mackerel shark with large, serrated triangular teeth, a crescent-
shaped caudal fin, and minute second dorsal and anal fins.
DISTINCTIVE FEATURESBody fusiform, moderately stout; caudal peduncle with distinct
keel. Snout relatively short and bluntly conical. Teeth large, erect,
triangular and serrated; relatively more slender in lower jaw;
juveniles less than 200 cm with more slender teeth (sometimes
with lateral cusplets and lacking serrations on some cutting
edges). First dorsal-fin origin over pectoral-fin inner margins.
Second dorsal-fin origin in advance of anal-fin origin; second
dorsal and anal fins minute. Caudal fin crescent-shaped, without
a secondary keel below extension of caudal peduncle keel. Tooth
count [23–28/21–25]. Total vertebrae [170–187]; pre-caudal
[100–108].
COLOURDorsal surface blue-grey to grey-brown, often bronzy; white
ventrally; boundary between these tones is mostly abrupt.
Ventral tips of pectoral fins dusky; a dark spot may be present at
the pectoral-fin axil.
SIZEBorn at about 130 cm and attains 600 cm. Males mature at about
360 cm and females at about 450 cm.
REMARKSWhite Sharks appear to be scarce compared to most other widely
distributed shark species, being most frequently reported from
South Africa, the Great Australian Bight, northern California
and the northeastern United States. Like other mackerel sharks,
they have a heat-exchanging circulatory system enabling them
to maintain body temperatures higher than that of the
surrounding seawater. Oophagous with litters of 2–17; the
gestation period may be 18 months with a 3-year reproductive
cycle. Age at maturity is 7–9 years for males and 12–17 years for
females. Satellite tracking has shown that some South Australian
sharks migrate seasonally up the east and west coasts to southern
0°
0°30°60°90°120°150°180°150°120°90°60°30°
30°
60°
30°
60°
30°
DISTRIBUTIONCosmopolitan but mostly antitropical in temperate seas. Probably
throughout Australian waters, but more common in the south,
from southern Queensland to North West Cape (Western
Australia). Normally found over the continental shelf and often
close inshore but also occurs in the open ocean; recorded from
the surface down to 1280 m.
undersurface of headsecond teeth from symphysis
(upper and lower jaw)
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Last, P.R. and Stevens, J.D. (2009). Sharks and Rays of Australia. Second Edition. CSIRO PUBLISHING, Melbourne, 656 pp.
© CSIRO 2009 http://www.publish.csiro.au
M A C K E R E L S H A R K S 177
Queensland and the North West Cape, respectively. A shark
tagged off South Africa travelled to northwestern Australia in 99
days and returned to its tagging location in just under 9 months.
Californian sharks migrate well offshore, as far as Hawaii, and
spend considerable time in the open ocean diving to at least
1000 m. Diets of specimens smaller than about 300 cm consist
mainly of a variety of teleost and elasmobranch fishes. Marine
mammals comprise an important part of the diet of larger sharks.
More attacks on humans, many of them fatal, have been
attributed to the White Shark than to any other marine animal.
Occasionally used commercially for its meat, fins, hide and oil.
White Sharks are now protected in several countries.
LOCAL SYNONYMYCarcharodon albimors Whitley, 1939.
REFERENCESWhitley (1939b); Sibley (1985); Boustany et al. (2002); Bonfil et al. (2005); Bruce et al. (2006).
FISH CODE: 37 010003
SIZEBorn at 60–70 cm and attains at least 394 cm. Males mature at
about 195 cm and females at 280 cm.
REMARKSSeldom found in water below 16°C, although one vagrant was
recorded from Wilkesland, Antarctica, at 64°S. The Shortfin
Mako, like other lamnids, has a heat-exchanging circulatory
system. This enables it to maintain body temperatures higher
than that of the surrounding seawater permitting a higher level
of activity. It is probably the fastest of all sharks, capable of
spectacular jumps clear of the water when hooked. Reproduction
is oophagous (embryos feed on eggs continuously ovulated by
the female). Average litter size is 12 with up to 16 (possibly 25)
recorded; pups are born off New South Wales around November.
The gestation period is probably 15–18 months with a 3 year
reproductive cycle. Age at maturity is about 8 years for males
and 18 years for females. The diet consists mainly of teleost fish
and cephalopods. Individuals over 3 m may take larger prey such
as billfish and small cetaceans. It is potentially dangerous,
sometimes attacking boats. Commercially important for its fins
and good-quality flesh, also used for its oil, fins, hide and teeth
(for curios). Targeted in some areas but mainly a large bycatch of
pelagic longline fisheries for tuna and billfish. An important
recreational angling species; large numbers are caught by sport
fishermen in Australia.
LOCAL SYNONYMYIsurus mako Whitley, 1929.
SHORTFIN MAKOIsurus oxyrinchus Rafinesque, 1810
30.2
ALTERNATIVE NAMESMako Shark, Blue Pointer, Mackerel Shark, Snapper Shark.
FIELD CHARACTERSA mackerel shark with long, slender, pointed teeth that protrude
noticeably from the mouth, short pectoral fins, minute second
dorsal and anal fins, a crescent-shaped caudal fin, and indigo-
blue dorsal surfaces and white undersides.
DISTINCTIVE FEATURESBody fusiform, moderately slender; caudal peduncle with a
distinct keel. Snout relatively long, acutely conical. Eyes relatively
small. Teeth smooth-edged, similar in both jaws; anterior teeth
long, slender and pointed with reflexed tips; first upper anteriors
with incomplete cutting edges, lateral teeth progressively shorter
and more triangular. First dorsal-fin origin over or behind rear
tips of pectoral fins; first dorsal fin high, with a pointed apex in
adults; relatively short with a rounded apex in juveniles. Second
dorsal-fin origin well in front of anal-fin origin; second dorsal
and anal fins minute. Pectoral fins relatively narrow-tipped,
considerably shorter than head length. Caudal fin crescent-
shaped; no secondary keel below extension of caudal peduncle
keel. Tooth count 24–26/22–28 [24–26/24–29]. Total vertebrae
186–193 [182–196]; precaudal 109–111 [107–112].
COLOURDorsal surfaces indigo-blue, merging abruptly from lighter blue
on the flanks to white ventrally; undersurface of snout white.
Dorsal surfaces becoming dark grey after preservation.
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Last, P.R. and Stevens, J.D. (2009). Sharks and Rays of Australia. Second Edition. CSIRO PUBLISHING, Melbourne, 656 pp.
© CSIRO 2009 http://www.publish.csiro.au
C A T S H A R K S 205
MARBLED CATSHARK
REFERENCESWhitley (1939b); Grant (1978); Springer (1979).
FISH CODE: 37 015028
Atelomycterus macleayi Whitley, 1939
31.18
ALTERNATIVE NAMEAustralian Marbled Catshark.
FIELD CHARACTERSA slender catshark with very large anterior nasal flaps that partly
overlap the mouth, long labial furrows (more than 4 times the
spiracle diameter), and 7 dark, predorsal saddles and numerous,
large black spots (saddles sometimes indistinct when spots are
dense).
DISTINCTIVE FEATURESBody slender, subcylindrical; snout very short, rounded. Anterior
nasal flaps very large, subrectangular, extending posteriorly to
overlap the mouth. Upper labial furrows long, level with upper
jaw symphysis; lower furrows almost joined. Teeth small, similar
in both jaws; tricuspid, with greatly enlarged central cusp. Skin
velvety; denticles minute, dense, feebly tricuspidate or with a
single cusp; no ridge of enlarged denticles along the dorsal
caudal-fin margin. First dorsal-fin origin over or slightly behind
pelvic-fin insertion; second dorsal-fin origin over or just anterior
to midbase of anal fin. Dorsal fins about equal in size, rather tall
and upright, posterior margins concave. Anal fin much smaller
than second dorsal fin, its base longer than first dorsal-fin base.
Pectoral fins small with broadly rounded apices. Caudal fin
short, weakly developed (with a terminal lobe and long, low
ventral lobe, ventral length of caudal fin longer than head).
Claspers of adult males short and very stout. Tooth count 70/70*.
Total vertebrae 167–183*; precaudal 112–132*.
COLOURUpper surface medium brown; with about 7 dark greyish,
predorsal, saddle markings and numerous large, black spots and
lines (saddles sometimes indistinct); spots extending well down
sides to at least eye level and frequently onto ventral surface of
tail; all fins normally spotted, including the ventral surfaces of the
pectoral fins. Remainder of belly and undersurface of head pale.
SIZEHatches at about 10 cm and attains at least 60 cm. Males are
mature at 48 cm and females at 51 cm.
REMARKSMost abundant inshore along the Northern Territory coast.
Occurs on both sandy and rocky bottoms, often in only a few
metres depth. Little else is known of its biology other than that it
is oviparous.
20°
30°
40°
120° 130° 140° 150°
DISTRIBUTIONConfined to tropical Australia, off northwestern Australia,
between Port Hedland (Western Australia) and Melville Island
(Northern Territory), to a depth of at least 60 m. Records from
Queensland require confirmation.
undersurface of head
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Last, P.R. and Stevens, J.D. (2009). Sharks and Rays of Australia. Second Edition. CSIRO PUBLISHING, Melbourne, 656 pp.
© CSIRO 2009 http://www.publish.csiro.au
S H A R K S A N D R A Y S O F A U S T R A L I A356
BOREAL SKATE
COLOURUpper surface greyish brown with large, widely spaced, dusky
blotches; snout tip dark; tail with about 6 black saddles.
Undersurface mostly dark greyish brown (rarely uniformly
white); mouth, gill membranes, cloaca and snout frequently pale.
Dorsal fins and claspers uniformly dark.
SIZEAttains at least 107 cm; males mature at about 94 cm. Free-
swimming by 16 cm.
Amblyraja hyperborea (Collett, 1879)
45.1
FIELD CHARACTERSA large skate with a quadrangular disc, a broad snout with a firm
rostral cartilage, no malar thorns, enlarged thorns around the
orbit, along the mid-disc and in the scapular region, a uniformly
smooth undersurface, and a very short tail. The upper disc is
greyish brown with darker blotches.
DISTINCTIVE FEATURESDisc quadrangular, much broader than long; pectoral-fin apex
rather angular; anterior margin of disc double concave (more so
in mature males). Snout moderately elongate and pointed (orbit
about 5–6* in preorbital snout in mature males), supported by a
firm medial cartilage; orbit rather small, 2.15–2.7* in interorbital
space in mature males (larger in juveniles); interorbital space
very broad. Mouth very broad; internasal flap narrow-lobed,
with a dermal fringe. Tail very short (0.65–0.7 times precloacal
length), semi-spherical, broad-based, tapering rapidly; lateral
skin folds feeble anteriorly. Dorsal surfaces of disc and tail, and
pelvic fins, uniformly covered with fine granulations (ventral
surface mostly smooth). Median row of thorns along disc and
tail commencing in nuchal area; thorns broad-based, sharp,
upright, widely spaced (more prominent in juveniles); 2 orbital
thorns, 1 interspiracular thorn; 3 enlarged scapular thorns (about
1–2 eye diameters from midline) on each side; juveniles with
additional smaller thorns in malar and prepelvic regions; alar
thorns retractable; no malar thorns in mature males. Ventral
surface of disc and tail uniformly smooth. Pelvic fins large;
anterior lobe short, about 1.25–1.5 in posterior lobe. Dorsal fins
moderate, raked backward, equal in height, situated close
together or connected; base of upper lobe of caudal fin much
shorter than first dorsal-fin base, usually connected to second
dorsal fin; lower lobe of caudal fin small. Claspers extremely
robust, broad, very depressed.
60°
0°
30°
30°
60°
120° 150° 180° 150° 120° 90° 60° 30° 0° 30°
?
DISTRIBUTIONAntitropical in temperate parts of the Atlantic, Pacific and
possibly also the central eastern Pacific and Indian Oceans.
Moderately common on the lower continental slope off southern
Australia (Tasmania and Victoria) and New Zealand, in 980–
2000 m; elsewhere, recorded to depths of 2500 m.
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Last, P.R. and Stevens, J.D. (2009). Sharks and Rays of Australia. Second Edition. CSIRO PUBLISHING, Melbourne, 656 pp.
© CSIRO 2009 http://www.publish.csiro.au
S K A T E S 357
REMARKSThis robust deepwater skate is thought to occur worldwide.
However, variable colour forms across its distribution suggest that
more than a single species may be involved. Hence, the identification
of Australian populations as A. hyperborea should be treated as
provisional as the name is based on a North Atlantic species.
LOCAL SYNONYMYAs Raja hyperborea: Last & Stevens, 1994.
FISH CODE: 37 031041
two midlateral rows in females; up to 6 orbital thorns, mostly
small. Dorsal surface of disc lacking granulations in juveniles,
denticles present along anterior margin of disc and on snout in
mature males (frequently sparse, widespread over disc in mature
females); alar thorns retractable; malar thorns small, in small
patch beside eye. Ventral surface of disc and tail entirely smooth.
Pelvic fins large; anterior lobe short, about 1.45–1.65 in posterior
lobe. Dorsal fins moderately large, broadly rounded, first slightly
larger than second, usually slightly separated; upper lobe of
caudal fin minute, connected to second dorsal fin; lower lobe of
caudal fin rudimentary. Claspers short, rather bulbous. Tooth
rows in lower jaw 32–38. Pectoral-fin radials 70–74. Trunk centra
26–29, predorsal centra 62–67.
COLOURUpper surface pale yellowish brown, covered with dense pattern
of fine white spots (sometimes plain); lacking well-developed
reticulations and fine black spots (except sometimes in
interorbital area). Ventral surface whitish; snout tip distinctly
greyish or black; pores lacking dark borders. Dorsal fins and
claspers similar to body colour.
SIZETo about 33 cm; males mature at about 29 cm.
PYGMY THORNBACK SKATEDentiraja flindersi Last & Gledhill, 2008
45.2
ALTERNATIVE NAMEThornback Skate.
FIELD CHARACTERSA very small skate with a circular to heart-shaped disc, a short
snout with a firm rostral cartilage, a very wide interorbital space
(2.15–2.6 in preorbital snout), small malar thorns, nuchal thorns
(usually), no denticles on the ventral surface, and a very short,
broad and extremely depressed tail. The undersurface is mostly
pale with a prominent dark snout tip and no dark-edged pores.
DISTINCTIVE FEATURESDisc subcircular to broadly heart-shaped, broader than long;
pectoral-fin apex broadly rounded; anterior margin of disc slightly
concave (weakly double concave in mature males). Snout short
(orbit 2.95–4.05 in preorbital snout), bluntly pointed, supported
by a firm medial cartilage; orbit rather small, 1.30–1.85 in
interorbital space. Mouth very broad; internasal flap narrow-
lobed with dermal fringe. Tail very short (0.75–0.9 times
precloacal length), very broad and depressed; lateral skin folds
very well developed. Up to 4 nuchal thorns (occasionally absent);
median thorns mostly minute and blunt; median row variable,
rarely beginning in advance of cloaca, but extending onto tail; tail
with additional lateral rows in mature males, often additional
region of nostrils and mouth
tooth of upper jaw
nostrils
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Last, P.R. and Stevens, J.D. (2009). Sharks and Rays of Australia. Second Edition. CSIRO PUBLISHING, Melbourne, 656 pp.
© CSIRO 2009 http://www.publish.csiro.au
S T I N G A R E E S 403
YELLOW SHOVELNOSE STINGAREETrygonoptera galba Last & Yearsley, 2008
49.1
FIELD CHARACTERSA small to medium-sized, yellowish brown stingaree with a
relatively acute snout, moderate spiracles, broad lobes on the
posterolateral border of the nostrils, a skirt-shaped internasal
flap, usually more than 8 papillae on the floor of the mouth, and
no dorsal fin or tail folds.
DISTINCTIVE FEATURESDisc not especially broad, subcircular to rhomboidal, wider than
long; broadest about an eye diameter behind level of spiracles;
anterior profile obtuse. Snout fleshy, tip not extended. Eye of
moderate size (24–26% preocular snout length), anterior edge of
spiracular cavity beside mid-eye. Posterior margin of spiracle
usually angular. Mouth small; 9–10 papillae on floor; lower jaw
papillate. Internasal flap skirt-shaped, posterior angle not
extended into distinct lobe; fringe prominent. Posterolateral
border of nostril forming a broad, flattened, fleshy lobe. Disc
upper surface smooth. Tail slightly depressed to rounded in
cross-section; of moderate length (71–87% disc length); no
lateral cutaneous tail folds or dorsal fin; caudal fin lanceolate.
COLOURDorsal surface uniform yellowish brown. Caudal fin pale greyish
to greyish brown in adults. Ventral surface white or pale
yellowish brown; sometimes with slightly darker greyish brown
lateral margins on disc.
SIZEProbably born at about 16 cm and reaches at least 39 cm. Males
mature at about 33–36 cm.
REMARKSA common ray found on sandy substrates on the mid and outer
continental shelf off Perth may be this species. It is closely related
to two other forms referred to here as shovelnose stingarees.
40°
30°
20°
110° 120° 130°
?
DISTRIBUTIONContinental shelf from off Shark Bay to the Abrolhos Islands
(Western Australia), but probably south to at least Perth, in
100–210 m.
teeth from near symphysis(upper and lower jaw) region of nostrils and mouth
nostrils
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Last, P.R. and Stevens, J.D. (2009). Sharks and Rays of Australia. Second Edition. CSIRO PUBLISHING, Melbourne, 656 pp.
© CSIRO 2009 http://www.publish.csiro.au
594
Plate 41 – Other Sharks
35.22 Galeocerdo cuvier (Tiger Shark) male; 32.1 Pseudotriakis microdon (False Catshark) female; 15.2 Squatina australis (Australian
Angelshark) female.
35.22
32.1
15.2
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Last, P.R. and Stevens, J.D. (2009). Sharks and Rays of Australia. Second Edition. CSIRO PUBLISHING, Melbourne, 656 pp.
© CSIRO 2009 http://www.publish.csiro.au