Shaping the Market - Cisco in NGN standardisation activities · 4/25/2008 · Shaping the Market -...

© 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco ConfidentialPresentation_ID 1

Shaping the Market -Cisco in NGN standardisation activities

Rajiv Kapoor, Director, CMO SP Marketing

© 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco ConfidentialMonique Morrow 2

Shaping the Market -Cisco in NGN standardisation activities

Rajiv KapoorDirector, CMO SP Marketing


Agenda

� Benefits of standardisation

� Trends in telecommunications standardisation – the impact of technological convergence and market liberalisation

� Cisco participation in standardisation organisations

Examples: ITU-T & MPLS-TP; WiMAX


Benefits of standardisation

� Interoperability

Between different vendors equipment

For network attachment

Network interconnection

� Simulate market growth

� Benefits primarily

Users – network operators & consumers

Vendors – primarily market entrants


InvestmentInvestment

InnovationInnovation

CompetitionCompetition SecuritySecurity

Economies of Scale

Economies of Scale

QualityQuality

InteroperabilityInteroperability

The Value of Industry-led ICT Standards

IP NEXT-GENERATION

NETWORK

IP NEXT-GENERATION

NETWORK

Creation of an ICTEcosystem


Standards Drivers

IP + SecurityIP + Security

R&D, Miniaturization, Greater Spectrum Efficiency, Applications (Home, Office,

Mobile)

R&D, Miniaturization, Greater Spectrum Efficiency, Applications (Home, Office,

Mobile)

Competition, Supply Chain Management, Global MarketsCompetition, Supply Chain Management, Global Markets

Internet Protocol-Based

Platform; Multiple Access

Networks; Security

Internet Protocol-Based

Platform; Multiple Access

Networks; Security

CONVERGENCE

AND IP-BASED

NETWORKS

CONVERGENCE

AND IP-BASED

NETWORKS

TECHNOLOGY AND

APPLICATION INNOVATION

TECHNOLOGY AND

APPLICATION INNOVATION

GLOBALIZATIONGLOBALIZATION


Any Service, Any Device

Video Conferencing

Video Conferencing

Digital TV /VOD

Digital TV /VOD

VoIPVoIP High-Speed Internet /VPN

High-Speed Internet /VPN

PDA /Email

PDA /Email

Text / Instant Messaging

Text / Instant Messaging

Custom Ring Tones / MP3

Player

Custom Ring Tones / MP3

Player

Push-to-Talk /Intercom

Push-to-Talk /Intercom

VOICEVOICE DATADATAVIDEOVIDEO

ConvergenceDevice functionality is blurring....


Trends in telecommunications standardisation (1)

To early 1990’s – separation of voice & data


From early 1990’s – fragmentation of activities

Trends in telecommunications standardisation (2)


Convergence & market liberalisation

� Technological convergence

Common infrastructure for voice, data, video (IP)

Devices supporting all services

� Market liberalisation

Competition between network operators

Privatisation


Cisco participation in standardisation(examples)


”Systems” and ”Components”(examples)

Systems

� ITU-T NGN

� ETSI TISPAN NGN

� 3GPP

� PacketCable

Components

� IETF (IP, TCP, UDP, HTTP,BGP, OSPF, ENUM, MPLS, Diffserv, RSVP, SIP, Radius, Diameter...)

� IEEE (Ethernet...)

� IP/MPLS (MPLS, ATM, FR)

� ITU-T (SS7 ISUP, SIP – ISUP interworking, NSS...)

� ETSI TISPAN

� 3GPP

� Broadband Forum

Promotion

� MSF

� MEF


Cisco Approach to Carrier Standards

� IP Innovation will accelerate NGN transformation

� Balance Internet disruption with IP Interworking

� Alignment with SP business priorites

� Provide feedback mechanism for product development teams

� Establish technical leadership in key SDO’s


Marketplace Changing at Dizzying RateChallenging to Keep StraightEnormous amount of change—traditional Telco business models are turned sideways

Consolidation in wireless space towards LTE and Wimax

Convergence towards MPLS and Ethernet as common transport technologies

Consolidation of stds for IPTV

Consumer IP Traffic to Surpass 18 Exabytes/Month by 2011

European Telco Operators Look to IPTV to Offset Declining Revenues

Allianz Signs 4-Year Managed Services Pact with AT&T

T-Systems Wins 2007 SAP Partner Award for Outsourcing-Hosting

Comcast Plans to Offer a Huge Menu of Films

RIM, Yahoo, JetBlue to Offer In-flight Wi-Fi

Mexico Regulator: TelmexMust Interconnect with Telefonica

Yahoo Makes a New Play for Ads on Mobile Phones

Apple Might Launch Online Movie Rentals

Google Sees Surge in iPhone Traffic

State of the industry

sk1

sk1 Action Item for Rajiv's team:

Please update this headline slide to highligh the Standards focusSeema Kapur, 4/25/2008


Value Chain

Non-Traditional Competitors Vying for Market Share

Device Services

Facilities-Based Players

“Over the Top”Players

Content Providers

All Are Service Providers!


Market View: Service Provider Valuation

Source: Reuters, Yahoo Finance, January 05, 2007Note: Size of the circle denotes market cap

90

80

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0

P/E

(T

TM

) R

atio

DT

FT

SKM

DoCoMo

AT&T

Shaw

Rogers

Disney

Yahoo!

Viacom

Google

eBay

Verizon


Scope of Standards Efforts

� Routing & Switching Infrastructure: IETF, ITU-T, ITU-R, ITU-D, Industry Forums

� Cable/IPTV/Video/CH:DLNA, MOCA, ITU SG 9

� Mobility: 3GPP, 3GPP2, Wimax Forum


Impact of std bodies & our efforts ..� Accomplishments for the last 12 months

Replace TMPLS with MPLS transport Profile

Standardization of converged IP infrastructure

Incorporated AIMS vision in 3GPP& 3GPP2

Defined key elements of HRPD/LTE interworking

Contributions to Wimax to promote profile C

Aligned/conslidated IPTV stds in ITU-T, ATIS

DVB/ETSI in line with Cisco IPTV product requirements

� What has changed in the last 12 months:

Closer coordination with SPs/MSOs on IPTV stds

Established as “trusted partner” with Cablelabs

Mobility stds focused on all IP IETF based stds

Interworking is key in Mobility

3GPPs/CDMA evolution is not progressing

� Standards/ Regulatory/ Industry Impact examples:

IETF Korea Mtg (T-MPLS)

Verizon is using AIMS (Release 8) as a converged architecture

3G PP2 Customer & Tech leadership

Cisco leads in WSIS (World Standards for Information Society (WSIS) and other policy/regulatory bodies


SP Standards Priorities

� IP Video: ATIS-IIF, ITU SG-9, ETSI-DVB, ISMA, IPTV GSI

� IP Mobility: 3GPP2, NGMN and 3GPP, WiMax Forum, ITU-SG19, Femto Forum

� Carrier Ethernet: IEEE, MEF, ITU-SG 13 and 15, TISPAN

� Cable Solutions: Docsis 3, Cable IPTV, SG-9

� NGN Interworking: ITU SGs 2, 4, 11, 13,19

� Security: IETF, ITU SG-17, 11, ATIS

� MPLS: IETF, MFA, ITU- SG-13

� VoIP: IETF, ITU-SG 11

� Connected Home: DLNA, MOCA, UPnP

� Green/Climate Change: ATIS, ITU FG

sk3

sk3 Action Item for Rajiv's team:

Please cross-check and update this list to accurately represent the LATSET / most current prioritiesSeema Kapur, 4/25/2008


Cisco Standards vision for the next 12 months

� Mobile

Focus on Wimax/3GPP All-IP, 3GPP2/Wimax/3GPP interworking, Wireless Security, Converged Wirleline/Wireless Architecture, Femtocell, Verizon ODI, Open Source Initiatives, i.e. Android)

� Cable (Docsis 3, Cable IPTV, SDV, Adv STBs, ..)

� Connected Home Networking (DLNA Promoter, QOS v 2, MOCA Phy)

� Infrastructure (IPoDWDM, REP2, IPv6)

� NGN (PBB-TE, MPLS TP)

� Green/Climate Change: ATIS, ITU-T FG

sk2

sk2 Action Item for Rajiv's team to provide input/ content for this slide on the mentioned topics.Seema Kapur, 4/25/2008


Standards & Thought Leadership Priorities

AIMSVQE, DLNA

IPTV, ISDP

REP, Carrier Ethernet

MPLS Transport Profile

IPv6

IPoDWDM

Other 3GPP groups (PMIP)

Femto

Identity

ITU-R

ITU-T SG19

Security (Authentication / Authorization)

PacketCable2/IPCableCom

PCMM

T-MPLS

PBT

Data Retention

SP Security

3GPP SA2

3GPP2 TSG-X

WiMaX Forum

Connected Home

DOCSIS 3

Freq & Time Synch

Lawful Intercept

GMPLS

Climate Change

MobilityCable IPTV Video CH

Routing & Switching


Standards Successes by Cisco

Past

BICC, H.323 and SIP-T Standardization

IP (SIP) ��BIC�� H.323 ��

PSTN I/W

ITU-T SG16: Leadership on development of H.323

ITU-T SG2/ENUM: Liaison between IETF and ITU-TSG2

ATM over MPLS Encapsulation Format

FR over MPLS Encapsulation Format

TDM over MPLS Encapsulation Format

Ethernet over MPLS Encapsulation Format

ATM over MPLS OAM

RSVP-TE Standardization

ITU-T SG15: IP on the SONET/SDH DCC

Generic Transparency Detector

Recent

TMPLS Replaced by MPLS Transport Profile

IMS and AIMS standardization

Unified IPTV Arch Stds in ITU-T & ATIS IIF

Standardization of key AIMS capabilities in 3GPP & 3GPP2

HRPD & LTE interworkingdirections defined

Cable IPTV Recommendation J.700

DLNA Promoter Member for CH standardization

sk5

sk5 Action item for Rajiv's team:

Please cross-check and update with our latest (last 12 months) successesSeema Kapur, 4/25/2008


ITU Membership & Organisation

Membership

� 191 member states

� About 600 sector members

� About 140 associates

Organisation

� ITU-R Radiocommunication

Technical characteristics and operational procedures for wireless services

Radio-frequency spectrum management (Radio Regulations)

� ITU-T Telecommunication Standardization

Technical and operating standards (ITU-T Recommendations)

Tariff and accounting principles

� ITU-D Telecommunication Development

Promote investment in telecommunication infrastructure throughout the world


ITU-T Study Groups

� SG2 - Operational aspects of service provision, networks and performance

� SG3 - Tariff and accounting principles including related telecommunication economic and policy issues

� SG4 - Telecommunication management

� SG5 - Protection against electromagnetic environment effects

� SG6 - Outside plant and related indoor installations

� SG9 - Integrated broadband cable networks and television and sound transmission

� SG11 - Signalling requirements and protocols

� SG12 - Performance and quality of service

� SG13 - Next Generation Networks

� SG15 - Optical and other transport network infrastructures

� SG16 - Multimedia terminals, systems and applications

� SG17 - Security, languages and telecommunication software

� SG19 - Mobile telecommunication networks

� Study Group

Questions (Rapporteurs)


ITU-R Study Groups

� SG1 - Spectrum management

� SG3 - Radiowave propagation

� SG4 - Fixed-satellite service

� SG5 - Terrestrial Services

� SG6 - Broadcasting services

� SG7 - Science services

� CCV - Coordination Committee for Vocabulary

� CPM - Conference Preparatory Meeting (CPM)

� SC - Special Committee


ITU-D

� SG1 – Telecommunication development strategies and policies

Interconnection

Universal access/service

Impact of the convergence of telecommunication, broadcasting and information technologies

Tariff policies, tariff models and methods of determining the costs of national telecommunication services, including spectrum aspects

Satellite regulation in developing countries

Domestic enforcement of laws, rules and regulations on telecommunications by national telecommunication regulatory authorities

Implementation of IP telephony in developing countries

� SG2 – Development and management of telecommunication services and networks

Identification of study topics in the ITU-T and ITU-R study groups which are of particular interest to developing countries

Communications for rural and remote areas

Examination of digital broadcasting technologies and systems, including cost/benefit analyses, interoperability of digital terrestrial systems with existing analogue networks, and methods of migration from analogue terrestrial techniques to digital techniques

Examination of broadband communications over traditional copper wires, taking into account certain aspects of technologies, systems and applications

Application of telecommunications in health care

Progress on activities for e-services/applications in the world (excluding e-health)

Strategy for migration of mobile networks to IMT-2000 and beyond

Strategy for migration from circuit-switched networks to packet-switched networks

Examination of access technologies for broadband communications

Calculation of frequency fees


Cisco in the ITU

� ITU Council & Plenipotentiary

� ITU-D

Rapporteur/ associate rapporteurs for questions on IP Telephony, Interconnection & Cybersecurity

� ITU-R

� ITU-T

Rapporteurs in SGs 4, 11, 13, 16 + Editors

NGN & IPTV Focus Group Leaders


Cisco at the ITU - Promoting Infrastructure Development

� Cisco sponsored multiple ITU-T NGN Workshops, including one with the IETF leadership

� Cisco experts have made presentations at several ITU seminars for example in Bahrain, Tanzania, Las Vegas and Mendoza

� Sponsored special event at 2007 ITU Global Symposium for Regulators

� Cisco co-sponsored 2007 World Information Society Day

� Cisco speakers at the ITU-T Workshops on “Bridging the Standardization Gap” in Argentina and Rwanda

� Cisco provided the on-site ICT core infrastructure for the October Connect Africa Summit in Rwanda


NGN Standardisation Activities

ITU-T

� SG13 Joint Rapporteurs Group 2003 - 2004

� NGN Focus Group 2004 – 2005

� NGN GSI (Global Standards Initiative) 2005 –

� NGN Joint Coordination Activity 2005 -

ETSI

� TISPAN (Telecoms & Internet converged Services & Protocols for Advanced Networks) 2003 -

ATIS

� NGN Technical report


Resource and Admission

Control Functionality

RACS

Based on

3GPP IMS

IP Connectivity

Access Network

And related functionality

Network Attachment

Functionality

NASS

Other Multimedia

Components …

Streaming Services

(RTSP based)

Applications

Core transport

Network

3GPP IP-CAN

Access Transport

Network

3GPP Terminals

NGN

Terminals

Customer

Networks

User

Profiles

Oth

er N

etw

ork

s

Legacy

Terminals

GW

PSTN / ISDN Emulation

(SIP-I based)

IP Multimedia

Component (Core IMS)

(SIP based)

ITU-T NGN Architecture


Cisco in the IETF (1)

� Internet Architecture Board (IAB)

� Area Directors

Internet

Real-time Applications and Infrastructure

Routing

� Working group chairs


� Calendaring and Scheduling Standards Simplification (calsify)

� Access Node Control Protocol (ancp)

� Dynamic Host Configuration (dhc)

� Host Identity Protocol (hip)

� Layer Two Tunneling Protocol Extensions (l2tpext)

� Multicast & Anycast Group Membership (magma)

� Mobility for IPv6 (mip6)

� Point-to-Point Protocol Extensions (pppext)

� Pseudo Wire Emulation Edge-to-Edge (pwe3)

� Softwires (softwire)

� IPv6 Operations (v6ops)

� Emergency Context Resolution with Internet Technologies (ecrit)

� Telephone Number Mapping (enum)

� IP Telephony (iptel)

� Speech Services Control (speechsc)

� Session PEERing for Multimedia INTerconnect(speermint)

� Bidirectional Forwarding Detection (bfd)

� IS-IS for IP Internets (isis)

� Multiprotocol Label Switching (mpls)

� Open Shortest Path First IGP (ospf)

� Path Computation Element (pce)

� Protocol Independent Multicast (pim)

� Routing Protocol Security Requirements (rpsec)

� EAP Method Update (emu)

� Network Endpoint Assessment (nea)

� Security Issues in Network Event Logging (syslog)

� Behavior Engineering for Hindrance Avoidance (behave)

� Middlebox Communication (midcom)

� Transport Area Working Group (tsvwg)

Cisco in the IETF (2)

Working group chairs:


Cisco in industry forums (examples)

� MSF

BOD

Cisco participates in interworking events

� MEF

Co-chair of Technical Committee

� IP/MPLSF

Director and Marketing Chair

� IPsphere

Vice President

� OIF

Vice President


Connecting Customers with Services, Services with Networks,

and Networks with Each Other

VPNs Internet Voice and VideoTransportContent

IP Next-Generation Network

ConsumerSmall/Medium

Business EnterpriseSP

Wholesale

Mobility

Cisco Service Provider Vision


IP NGN JourneyRequires Multiple Layers of Convergence

Mobile

PSTN

BroadbandServices

Optical

High-SpeedInternet

FR / ATM

IP Next-Generation

Network

Common Subscriber

Management

Mobile, WLAN

DSL, Cable,FTTH

Content

Application Convergence

Integration of New Innovative IP D/V/V Services over Broadband forIncreased Revenue

Service Continuity across Access forCustomer Loyaltyand Stickiness

ServiceConvergence

Network Convergence

Eliminate Layers in the Network forIncreased OpEx/ CapEx Efficiencies


Intelligent Networking

Opera

tion

al L

aye

r IP NGN ArchitectureAchieving a Whole Greater Than the Sum of the Parts

Cisco ISRLinksys

Scientific AtlantaCisco CRS-1

Cisco Aironet

Cisco Catalyst

Cisco UBR / MGX

Cisco ONS 15454/153XX/15600

Integrated Policy ControlCisco Service Control

Cisco BB Policy Manager

VideoVideo & Multicast CAC

Content Delivery System

Mobile IPCisco Mobile Exchange

Cisco 10000

Cisco 12000

Cisco 7x00

Tele-Presence

CollaborationPresence-

Based Telephony

Web Services Mobile AppsIP

Contact Center

Broadband AggregationB-RAS/ISG

10000 / 7x00 / uBR

Session/Call ControlBTS / PGW / SBC

MGX 8880 Media Gateway

Security ServicesCisco DDoS ProtectionCNS Access Registrar

Parley/BEEP/Jain

Resource Manager

Serv

ice

Laye

rN

etw

ork

Laye

rA

pplic

ation

Laye

r


Cisco Service Provider StrategyThe Most Complete Partner for Experience Provider Success

Provide domain expertise to

support business and network transitions

and improve operational efficiencies

Accelerate demand by connecting consumers, SMBs and

enterprises to SP services

Intelligent, extensible, and efficient packet

infrastructures for lower TCO

Layer existing and new services for revenue and

profit growth, faster time to market

Optimize Business

Accelerate Demand

Deploy Services

Build Networks


0%

4%

8%

12%

16%

20%

CQ3 ’05 CQ4 ’05 CQ1 '06 CQ2 '06

Intel

Microsoft

IBM

Dell

Cisco

Cisco R&D CommitmentR

&D

as %

of

Reve

nue

$4B R&D Spend *

*Total four quarters ending 7/29/06

Source: Yahoo Finance, Company Financial Statements

$1.44B Cisco Service Provider R&D Spend (40% of Total)


MPLS-TPAn example of Cisco leadership in standards


Trends in Infrastructure

All TDM

Packet TDM

TDM

Packet

Yesterday

Packet Core

Today

All Packet

Tomorrow

Growth of Internet and hence IP traffic

Ethernet cost points dropEffective technology to carry IP

Revenue shifts from voice to data

Video accelerates the problemIP Traffic doubles every yearDrives infrastructure migration from TDM to Packet


A New Initiative:The Transport Profile for MPLS (MPLS-TP)

� ITU-T and IETF form new joint working team (JWT) to deliver MPLS-TP

� MPLS-TP uses existing standards based MPLS forwarding / data plane architecture to perform the new transport functionality

MPLS is a proven technology that can encapsulate not only IP, but Ethernet, ATM, FR

Simple enhancements will enable it to be managed by transport departments

� The JWT has been segmented into groups looking at:

Forwarding Plane

OAM

Protection

Control Plane

Network Management

� Work on T-MPLS has ceased. T-MPLS is no longer a viable approach.


What is Transport Profile for MPLS (MPLS-TP)?

No modification to MPLS forwarding / data plane architecture

Solution based on standards-based pseudowires (PWE3) and label switched path (LSP) construct

Ability to statically configure LSPs and PWEs via the management plane

Bi-directional and congruent point-to-point LSPs

Support of transport OAM capabilities for both LSPs and PWEs: Full transport FCAPS—AIS, RDI, connection verification, loss of connectivity…

Ability for LSPs and PWEs to be able to be managed at the different nested levels seamlessly (path, segment, multiple segments)

Multicast is point-to-multipoint only—No multipoint-to-multipoint connectivity support at this stage

Interoperability with existing MPLS and PWE control and forwarding plane


Benefits of MPLS-TP� Unlike T-MPLS and PBT, MPLS-TP interoperates with existing deployed

MPLS networks

� Can support more complex topologies in future

� Provides visibility at the application, IP, and MPLS level

� IP/MPLS Platforms can use either provisioned pseudowires or IP whenever necessary (e.g. optimal multicast support for video)

� MPLS Fast re-route (FRR) as well as 1:1 and 1+1 protection switching for multiple failure scenarios

� Full FCAPS and performance monitoring (PM) support

� Provides a manually provisioned solution that can support integrated control plane provisioning whenever necessary, now or in the future

Statically ProvisionedMPLS-TP

Tunnel w/PWE

No Interoperability with Existing IP/MPLS Networks

Dynamically ProvisionedMPLS Tunnel w/PWE

Dynamically ProvisionedMPLS Tunnel w/PWE

Statically ProvisionedT-MPLS or PBT Tunnel w/PWE

Completely Interoperable Solution

PBT or T-MPLS

MPLS MPLS-TP MPLS


MPLS-TP Summary

New applications like video are driving the need for an all packet transport network

MPLS Is a proven and mature technology with global adoption and deployment

MPLS-TP Provides a standards-based approach for transport groups within service providers to build next-generation packet transport networks

T-MPLS Is dead and PBT has been rejected by tier 1 / tier 2 service providers

Lack of support for corporate multiservice VPNs and content distributionLack of support for multicast applicationsLack of standardizationHuge existing investment in existing IP / MPLS networks


WiMAX


What is WiMAX?

� Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access is based on 802.16d/e (fixed/mobile)

� It competes directly against:

Twisted Pair (DSL) and Cable for Fixed Access, and

GSM (3GPP) and CDMA (3GPP2) for Mobile Access

� It also complements WiFi’s (802.11) predominantly indoor access and competes for outdoor access.

� It is IP-based all the way to the radio base station.

� It will operate in both unlicensed and licensed bands.

� It is an alternative last mile for mobile broadband access and hopefully less encumbered by IPR


WiMAX Value

� WiMAX value proposition is for operators to make money out of delivering services on the new Internet model

� WiMAX is free from the legacy wire line-cellular because it’s roots are derived from the Internet

� WiMAX will match speeds of LTE (current proposal of 20 MHz now part of 1.5 Release.)

� WiMAX will have a cellular-based flavor of multicasting available via HSPA called Multimedia Broadcast Multicast Service or MBMS

� WiMAX embraces QoS controls and tools which allow operators to embrace multi-tier service pricing and level marketing.

� WiMAX is excellent where countries – locations have no existing infrastructure


Summary


Summary – Cisco is the technology leader

� Technology state: standardization, maturity, deployment experience, future roadmap

� Network Intelligence: Integrated Control Plane or Proprietary NMS Control Plane

� Transport dependency: Is selected technology agnostic of transport protocols so that it allows you to migrate smoothly?

� Multiservice support: Can all required services be offered by the Technology or basic services require workarounds?

� Interoperability: Is technology multi-vendor and interoperable

� Last but not the least, cost: combined capital and operational cost; converged or separate networks

Cisco provides all the above

Key Points to Consider Before Selecting Technology for Building your Next Generation Network


Observations on Cisco Standards Leadership

Source: Cisco interview in Hong Kong, 2006

Houlin ZhaoDeputy Secretary

General of ITUDec 2006

“…Cisco has become one of the most active vendor members [in the ITU] and reached a new status, showing leadership. With the strong support from members such as Cisco, the ITU will be able to react better to the market more efficiently in the future.”

sk8

sk8 Question for Rajiv's team:

This is a great quote..we'd still want to use this.

But, it will be great to get another slide (if possible) with other similar quotes highlighting Cisco's Standards thought leadership

(for example KDDI and 3GPP2)Seema Kapur, 4/25/2008


Country Transformation in Emerging Markets

sk9

sk9 Action Item for Dawn:

This is a great photo

(but we had used this for last year's event as well...could you please dig to see if we can get another similar photo??....if not, we will

stay with this)Seema Kapur, 4/25/2008

Shaping the Market - Cisco in NGN standardisation activities · 4/25/2008 · Shaping the Market -...

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