Shao-peng Li [email protected] · Community phylogenetics and species invasion:...
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Community phylogenetics and species invasion:
deconstructing Darwin’s naturalization conundrum
Shao-peng Li
[email protected] of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, USA
2016 ESA Annual Meeting, Fort Lauderdale, Florida
August 11, 2016
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One big question in invasion ecology:
Why some, but not all, introduced species successfully establish in
their recipient ecosystems, and even fewer of these species become
problematic?
Jiang et al. 2011. Biodivers Conserv.
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Invasion is a fight between invaders and the resident species in the
invaded community, and invasion succession depends on the ecological
similarities between invaders and residents.
Invaders versus Residents
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Darwin’s naturalization hypothesis
‘‘As species of the same genus have usually … some similarity in habits and constitution, and always in structure, the struggle will be more severe between species of the same genus, when they come into contact with each other...’’
----Darwin. 1859. The Origin of Species
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Darwin’s naturalization hypothesis
Resident community
Daehler 2001. Am. Nat.
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Darwin’s naturalization hypothesis
Resident community
Daehler 2001. Am. Nat.
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Darwin’s naturalization hypothesis
Resident community
Competitive interactions
Daehler 2001. Am. Nat.
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“It might have been expected that the plants which have succeeded in becoming
naturalized in any land would generally have been closely allied to the indigenes; for
these are commonly looked at as specially created and adapted for their own country.”
Darwin. 1859. The Origin of Species
Pre-adaptation hypothesis
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Resident community
Pre-adaptation hypothesis
Ricciardi & Mottiar 2006. Biol. Inv.
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Resident community
Pre-adaptation hypothesis
Ricciardi & Mottiar 2006. Biol. Inv.
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Resident community
Environmental filtering
Pre-adaptation hypothesis
Ricciardi & Mottiar 2006. Biol. Inv.
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Darwin’s naturalization conundrum
Diez et al. 2008. Ecol. Lett.
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Recent studies produced mixed results…
Jones et al. 2011. PNAS
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The validity of Darwin’s hypothesis is invasion stage dependent.
Levine et al. 2004. Ecol. Lett.
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Species pool
Invasive species
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Experimental design
Species richness
114 plots 81 plots 81 plots 63 plots
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Phylogenetic relatedness on Invader Density
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Phylogenetic distance
Inva
der e
stab
lishm
ent
Phylogenetic relatedness on Invader DensityPre-adaptation hypothesis
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Phylogenetic relatedness on Invader Individual Size
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Phylogenetic distance
Inva
der s
ize
Phylogenetic relatedness on Invader Individual SizeDarwin’s naturalization hypothesis
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The validity of Darwin’s hypothesis is invasion stage dependent.
Li et al. 2015. J. Appl. Ecol.
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The validity of Darwin’s hypothesis is spatial scale dependent.
Proches et al. 2008. Global Ecol. Biogeogr.
Spatial scale
Environmental filtering
Competitive interaction
Small Large
Pre-adaptation hypothesis
Darwin’s naturalization hypothesis
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A meta-analysis of 87 data entries
Chao et al. 2016. Proc. Biol. Sci. (under review)
-1.2 -0.8 -0.4 0.0 0.4
(52)
(0)
Plant
Animal
(0)
Terrestrial
Aquatic
Mean effect size
(4)Observational
(9) Experimental
(7)(22)
(0)(30)
(6) Microorganism
(7) (39)
(13) (6)
Regional
DNH PAH
Local
Local scale studies
Regional scale studies
Pre-adaptation hypothesisDarwin’s naturalization hypothesis
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1. Darwin’s naturalization conundrum is stage and
scale dependent.
2. Most studies only comprised large-scale
observations at a single snapshot in time, and
therefore obscure mechanisms.
3. Native communities are not static, which could be
shaped by invading species. The phylogenetic
patterns before and after invasion could be different.
4. All studies ignore native species that have been
displaced by the exotics during invasion.
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Non-random displacement of natives could reverse the pattern.
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The Buell-Small Succession Study
Murray Buell, Helen Buell and John Small
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The Buell-Small Succession Study
1st Year 5th Year
10th Year28th Year
1. Plots started in 1958.
2. Youngest plots 45 years old.
3. Sampled every second year.
4. 10 fields with 48 plots per
field (480 plots).
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The Buell-Small Succession Study
1. Plots started in 1958.
2. Youngest plots 45 years old.
3. Sampled every second year.
4. 10 fields with 48 plots per
field (480 plots).
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The Buell-Small Succession Study
1. Plots started in 1958.
2. Youngest plots 45 years old.
3. Sampled every second year.
4. 10 fields with 48 plots per
field (480 plots).
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Static samples show complex patterns
Year 2009
The exotic species more closely related to native species were still more likely to enter and establish, but less likely to dominate.
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Static samples show complex patterns
Year 2009
Darwin’s naturalization hypothesisPre-adaptation hypothesis
The exotic species more closely related to native species were still more likely to enter and establish, but less likely to dominate.
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Historical samples show consistent patterns
Year 1989-2009
Successful exotics were more closely related to natives than unsuccessful ones. This pattern becomes stronger at later stage.
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Historical samples show consistent patterns
Year 1989-2009
Successful exotics were more closely related to natives than unsuccessful ones. This pattern becomes stronger at later stage.
Pre-adaptation hypothesis!
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Static vs. dynamic patterns?
Invaders versus Residents
1. Single-year observation underestimate the negative effects
of exotic–native phylogenetic distances on invasion success.
2. Native species displacement should be incorporated into
Darwin’s phylogenetic framework.
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1. Single-year observation underestimate the negative effects
of exotic–native phylogenetic distances on invasion success.
2. Native species displacement should be incorporated into
Darwin’s phylogenetic framework.
Static vs. dynamic patterns?
Invaders versus Residents
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Native species displacementNative residents more closely related to successful exotics were more likely to go extinct. This pattern becomes stronger at each stage.
Year 1989-2009
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A new framework of Darwin’s naturalization conundrum
Li et al. 2015. Ecol. Lett.
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Summary
• Darwin’s naturalization conundrum is stage and scale dependent.
• The strong competition among close relatives may not necessarily
repel invaders, but instead may result in the loss of native species.
• It is only possible to reconcile Darwin’s conundrum by incorporating
native species displacement into Darwin's framework.
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Acknowledgements
Marc CadotteUniversity of Toronto-Scarborough
Scott MeinersEastern Illinois University
Lin Jiang蒋林
Georgia Institute of Technology
Wen-sheng Shu束文圣
Sun Yat-sen University