shannon and Weaver Communication Model

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COMMUNICATION SKILLS COMMUNICATION SKILLS MODELS OF COMMUNICATION MODELS OF COMMUNICATION Prince J. K Wasajja Prince J. K Wasajja 2010 2010 KAMPALA UNIVERSITY KAMPALA UNIVERSITY GRADUATE SCHOOL GRADUATE SCHOOL

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Topic 2: Models of communication

Transcript of shannon and Weaver Communication Model

Page 1: shannon and Weaver Communication Model

COMMUNICATION SKILLSCOMMUNICATION SKILLS

MODELS OF MODELS OF COMMUNICATIONCOMMUNICATION

Prince J. K WasajjaPrince J. K Wasajja20102010

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SCHOOLSCHOOL

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Communication ModelCommunication Model

It describes what It describes what is necessary for is necessary for an act of communication to take an act of communication to take place.place.

A model represents the A model represents the major major features and eliminates the features and eliminates the unnecessary details of unnecessary details of communication.communication.

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Functions of Communication Functions of Communication

ModelsModels To To clarifyclarify the scope of human the scope of human

interaction showing it to be a circular, interaction showing it to be a circular, complex, continuous dynamic, or a complex, continuous dynamic, or a coding process.coding process.

To To point outpoint out where to book and under where to book and under what conditions to analyze different what conditions to analyze different responses.responses.

To To showshow the variables in human the variables in human communication.communication.

UsedUsed as a frame work in researches. as a frame work in researches.

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The Shannon and Weaver ModelThe Shannon and Weaver Model

ClaudeClaude

ShannonShannon WarrenWarren

WeaverWeaver

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BIOGRAPHYBIOGRAPHY

Claude Shannon and Warren Weaver were Claude Shannon and Warren Weaver were engineers working for Bell Telephone Labs engineers working for Bell Telephone Labs in the United States. in the United States.

Their goal was to ensure the maximum Their goal was to ensure the maximum efficiency of telephone cables and radio efficiency of telephone cables and radio waves. waves.

They developed a model of They developed a model of communication which was intended to communication which was intended to assist in developing a mathematical theory assist in developing a mathematical theory of communication. of communication.

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The Transmission ModelThe Transmission Model

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Elements of the ModelElements of the Model

An An information sourceinformation source, which produces a , which produces a message. message.

A A transmittertransmitter, which encodes the , which encodes the message into signals message into signals

A A channelchannel, to which signals are adapted , to which signals are adapted for transmission for transmission

A A receiverreceiver, which 'decodes' (reconstructs) , which 'decodes' (reconstructs) the message from the signal. the message from the signal.

A A destinationdestination, where the message , where the message arrives. arrives.

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dysfunctional factordysfunctional factor

A sixth element, A sixth element, noise noise is a dysfunctional is a dysfunctional factor: any factor: any interference with the interference with the message travelling message travelling along the channel along the channel which may lead to the which may lead to the signal received being signal received being different from that different from that sent. sent.

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ExamplesExamples For the telephone; For the telephone; the channel is a wire, the channel is a wire, the signal is an electrical current in it, and the signal is an electrical current in it, and the transmitter and receiver are the the transmitter and receiver are the

telephone handsets. telephone handsets. Noise would include crackling from the wire. Noise would include crackling from the wire. In conversation, my mouth is the In conversation, my mouth is the transmittertransmitter, ,

the the signal signal is the sound waves, and your ear is is the sound waves, and your ear is the the receiverreceiver. . NoiseNoise would include any would include any distraction you might experience as I speak. distraction you might experience as I speak.

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Advantages of Shannon and Weaver's Advantages of Shannon and Weaver's modelmodel

simplicity, simplicity, generality, and generality, and quantifiability quantifiability

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Weaknesses of the transmission model Weaknesses of the transmission model of communicationof communication

LinearityLinearity The transmission model fixes and separates The transmission model fixes and separates

the roles of 'sender' and 'receiver'. the roles of 'sender' and 'receiver'. But communication between two people But communication between two people

involves involves simultaneous simultaneous 'sending' and 'sending' and 'receiving' (not only talking, but also 'body 'receiving' (not only talking, but also 'body language' and so on). language' and so on).

In Shannon and Weaver's model the source In Shannon and Weaver's model the source is seen as the active decision-maker who is seen as the active decision-maker who determines the meaning of the message; determines the meaning of the message; the destination is the passive target. the destination is the passive target.

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LinearityLinearity

It is a linear, one-way model, ascribing It is a linear, one-way model, ascribing a a secondary secondary role to the 'receiver', who role to the 'receiver', who is seen as absorbing information. is seen as absorbing information.

communication is not a one-way street. communication is not a one-way street. Even when we are simply listening to Even when we are simply listening to the radio, reading a book or watching the radio, reading a book or watching TV we are far more interpretively active TV we are far more interpretively active than we normally realize. than we normally realize.

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FeedbackFeedback

There was no provision in the original There was no provision in the original model for model for feedback feedback (reaction from (reaction from the receiver). the receiver).

Feedback enables speakers to adjust Feedback enables speakers to adjust their performance to the needs and their performance to the needs and responses of their audience. responses of their audience.

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Content and meaningContent and meaning transmission models tend to equate transmission models tend to equate

content and content and meaningmeaning, whereas there , whereas there may be varying degrees of may be varying degrees of divergence between the 'intended divergence between the 'intended meaning' and the meanings meaning' and the meanings generated by interpreters generated by interpreters

It is widely assumed that meaning is It is widely assumed that meaning is contained in the 'message' rather contained in the 'message' rather than in its interpretation.. than in its interpretation..

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Meaning Meaning But there is no single, fixed meaning But there is no single, fixed meaning

in any message. We bring varying in any message. We bring varying attitudes, expectations and attitudes, expectations and understandings to communicative understandings to communicative situations. situations.

We bring varying attitudes, We bring varying attitudes, expectations and understandings to expectations and understandings to communicative situations. communicative situations.

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AmbiguityAmbiguity Even if the receiver sees or hears Even if the receiver sees or hears

exactly the same message which the exactly the same message which the sender sent, the sense which the sender sent, the sense which the receiver makes of it may be quite receiver makes of it may be quite different from the sender's intention. different from the sender's intention.

The same 'message' may represent The same 'message' may represent multiple meanings. multiple meanings.

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Encoding Vs DecodingEncoding Vs Decoding

Transmission models treat decoding Transmission models treat decoding as a mirror image of encoding, as a mirror image of encoding, allowing no room for the receiver's allowing no room for the receiver's interpretative frames of reference. interpretative frames of reference.

Where the message is recorded in Where the message is recorded in some form 'senders' may well have some form 'senders' may well have little idea of who the 'receivers' may little idea of who the 'receivers' may be (particularly, of course, in relation be (particularly, of course, in relation to mass communication). to mass communication).

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Intentional MessageIntentional Message The transmission model is anThe transmission model is an

instrumental instrumental model in that it treats model in that it treats communication as a means to a communication as a means to a predetermined end. predetermined end.

However, not all communication is However, not all communication is intentional: people unintentionally intentional: people unintentionally communicate a great deal about communicate a great deal about their attitudes simply through body their attitudes simply through body language. language.

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ContextContext Nor is there any mention in the Nor is there any mention in the

transmission model of the transmission model of the importance of importance of contextcontext institutional, institutional, political, cultural, historical. : political, cultural, historical. : situational, social, Meaning cannot situational, social, Meaning cannot be independent of such contexts. be independent of such contexts.

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Relationships and purposesRelationships and purposes

In the transmission model the In the transmission model the participants are treated as isolated participants are treated as isolated individuals. individuals.

Transmission models of Transmission models of communication reduce human communication reduce human communication to the transmission communication to the transmission of messages, whereas, as the of messages, whereas, as the linguists tell us, there is more to linguists tell us, there is more to communication than this. communication than this.

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ConclusionConclusion the transmissive model reductive influence the transmissive model reductive influence

has implications not only for the has implications not only for the commonsense understanding of commonsense understanding of communication in general, but also for communication in general, but also for specific forms of communication such as specific forms of communication such as speaking and listening, writing and reading, speaking and listening, writing and reading, watching television and so on. watching television and so on.

it reflects the naive 'realist' notion that it reflects the naive 'realist' notion that meanings exist in the world awaiting only meanings exist in the world awaiting only decoding by the passive spectator. decoding by the passive spectator.

The model underestimates the creativity of The model underestimates the creativity of the act of interpretation. the act of interpretation.

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