Shanghai, 1909
description
Transcript of Shanghai, 1909
Drug Trafficking and Abuse- Impediments to development -
Akira FujinoUnited Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC)
Shanghai, 1909
Early days1920s-30s
Century of Drug Control
BACKGROUND19th century: Opium epidemic in Asia, notably China; morphine abuse problem in USA; emergence of heroin1880-1906: Massive increases in coca leaf exports from the Andean region (later from Java); emerging cocaine epidemic in the USA
RESPONSE1909: Shanghai Conference – International Opium Commission1912: The Hague: First International Opium Convention 1920-1945: International Drug Control under auspices of League of Nations 3 drug conventions (1925, 1931, 1936)1946 + International Drug Control under auspices of United Nations1948: Protocol (synthetic opioids)1953: Opium Protocol 1961: Single Convention (amended by Protocol in 1972)1971: Convention on Psychotropic Substances1988: UN Convention against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances 1998: UNGASS: Political Declaration and Guiding Principles on Demand Reduction
Economic and Social Council
(ECOSOC)
Commission on Narcotic Drugs
(CND)
International Narcotics Control Board
(INCB)
Commission on Crime Prevention and Criminal
Justice
(CCPCJ)
The United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime
(UNODC)
Related UN Agencies
Opium
Morphine
Heroin
Opiates
CANNABIS
Cannabis
Coca/Cocaine
Amphetamine-Type Stimulants (ATS)
• Methamphetamine• Amphetamine• Ecstacy
Precursor chemicals
Opiates
GoldenGolden TriangleTriangle
Myanmar – Thailand border
Global opium production, 1990-2010
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
9000
10000
Other
South-East Asia
Afghanistan
Global heroin flows of Asian origins
Heroin trafficking from Afghanistan
Balkan Route and Northern Route
Source: UNODC, 2010 World Drug Report, June 2010.
Cocaine
Coca in the Andean region
Coca cultivation, 2008 (167,600 ha)
Potential cocaine production, 2008 (845 tons)
81,000 ha-18%
56,100 ha+4%
30,500 ha+6%
Source: UNODC, 2010 World Drug Report, June 2010.
Major trans-regional cocaine flows, 1998 and 2008
Amphetamine-type Stimulants (ATS)
Sources: UNODC, Annual Reports Questionnaire Data, UNODC, Individual Drug Seizure Database, other government sources.
Locations of amphetamines manufacture and main trafficking routes
Major methamphetamine trafficking routes out of Myanmar
Illicit methamphetamine laboratory Fiji 2004
Chimneys
ChemicalStorage
Area
Main Road
Gates
UndercoverAgents live
here for 6 months
Factory
Barracks
BreakArea
FactoryOffice
Prayer andBreak Area
N
Illicit methamphetamine laboratory
Indonesia - 2005
New Trends in West Africa: MethamphetamineNew Trends in West Africa: Methamphetamine
Precursor chemicals
Preventing diversion of precursor chemicals into illicit drug manufacture
Ephedrine and Pseudoephedrine Ephedrine and Pseudoephedrine P - 2 - P and 3,4 - MDP - 2 - PP - 2 - P and 3,4 - MDP - 2 - P
UNITEDUNITEDKINGDOMKINGDOM
CANADACANADA
UNITED STATESUNITED STATESOF AMERICAOF AMERICA
MEXICOMEXICO
GUATEMALAGUATEMALA
RUSSIAN FEDERATIONRUSSIAN FEDERATION
GERMANYGERMANY
YUGOSLAVIAYUGOSLAVIA
ALBANIAALBANIA
NETHERLANDSNETHERLANDS
CHIINACHIINA
INDIAINDIA
MYANMARMYANMARHONG KONGHONG KONGSAR OF ChinaSAR OF China
INDONESIAINDONESIA
AUSTRALIAAUSTRALIA
Early cases of precursors used in illicit Early cases of precursors used in illicit manufacture of amphetamine-type stimulantsmanufacture of amphetamine-type stimulants
Acetic Anhydride: Diversity of trade flow
Acetic anhydride
Seizures of precursor chemicals
Way forward
Cultivation of opium poppy Insurgency in the South of the country
2008 Major activities of the Taliban
Cultivation and Insurgency
Sustainable Alternative Development
0.00
50,000.00
100,000.00
150,000.00
200,000.00
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
Acetic Anhydride Seizures 2001-2007(Source: Form D)
Problem drug use reflected in treatment demand by region: Problem drug use reflected in treatment demand by region: latelate 1990s and 20081990s and 2008
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