Shackman Psyc210 Module20 SemesterRecapAndFinalExamReview 051215

When a scien*st doesnt know the answer to a problem, he is ignorant. When he has a hunch as to what the result is, he is uncertain. And when he is pre;y damn sure of what the result is going to be, he is s*ll in some doubtScien*c knowledge is a body of statements of varying degrees of certaintysome most unsure, some nearly sure, but none absolutely certain.

Richard Feynman (1955), Nobel Laureate

PSYC 210: Temperament and Personality Developmental Origins,

Biological Bases, and Implica6ons for Psychopathology

Dr. Alex Shackman

University of Maryland Spring 2015

Semester Recap

AJ Shackman 08 December 2014

Where Did We Begin Our Adventure?

Where Did We Begin Our Adventure?

For most of us, we started from a place of ignorance, informed by some combinaIon of Prior training and course work in psychology and biology (e.g., hazy recollecIons from Intro to Psyc)

AOtudes and ideasabout traits, personality, temperament, heritability, mental illness, and the brain that we passively absorb from our culture, from friends and family, and from the media. Folk psychology, in other words

Use Science to Dispel Ignorance

Use Science to Dispel Ignorance Leverage recent scienNc research in humans and other species in order to Understand the core dimensions of T&P

Become experts on how T&P inuence our daily lives and some of the mechanisms that link T&P to important outcomes (e.g., temptaIon and self-control, academic aXainment, divorce, dieIng, depression, drug and alcohol abuse, and death)

Develop a working knowledge of the psychological and neurobiological mechanisms that underlie T&P

Understand the strengths and limitaIons of a broad spectrum of biological, behavioral, and staIsIcal tools

Broaden the way you think about connecIons between the mind, brain, genes, and behavior

Become a more criIcal consumer of psychological and neurobiological research

Become a more thoughYul and informed paIent, tax payer, voter, and ciIzen

Use Science to Dispel Ignorance Leverage recent scienNc research in humans and other species in order to Understand the core dimensions of T&P

Know how T&P inuence our daily lives and some of the mechanisms that link T&P to important outcomes (e.g., temptaIon and self-control, academic aXainment, divorce, dieIng, depression, drug and alcohol abuse, and death)

Develop a working knowledge of the psychological and neurobiological mechanisms that underlie T&P

Understand the strengths and limitaIons of a broad spectrum of biological, behavioral, and staIsIcal tools

Broaden the way you think about connecIons between the mind, brain, genes, and behavior

Become a more criIcal consumer of psychological and neurobiological research

Become a more thoughYul and informed paIent, tax payer, voter, and ciIzen

What did we actually learn?

A ton!

Models

Models BIS/BAS (Gray) Behavioral InhibiIon (Kagan/Fox) Big 3 (Caspi) Big 5 (OCEAN; Costa & McCrae)

ScienNc Concepts

ScienNc Concepts AecIve chronometry (e.g., Ime-to-peak, recovery, etc.) AppeIIve moIvaIon Approach/Withdrawal Biomarkers, Endophenotypes & Intermediate Phenotypes EpigeneIcs and Non-genomic transmission of acquired traits Fear vs. Anxiety Garbage In/Garbage Out G * E interacIons Hedonic hotspots Heritability (common misconcepIons) IncenIve sensiIzaIon model Liking vs. WanIng Natural language hypothesis Pavlovian fear condiIoning (and the condiIoned emoIonal response/CER) ScienIc skepIcism Self-sImulaIon SensiIvity, Specicity, and Reliability Serotonin transporter (5-HTT) polymorphism

StaNsNcal Tools and Concepts

StaNsNcal Tools and Concepts CorrelaIon (vs. causaIon) Construct validity Factor analysis Meta-analysis Reliability (Internal-consistency, Test-Retest)

Brain Regions and Systems

Brain Regions and Systems Basal forebrain cholinergic system Extended amygdala (including the BNST) Lateral prefrontal cortex (PFC) Midcingulate cortex (MCC) Orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) HPA axis Medial forebrain bundle MesocorIcolimbic dopamine system Ventral striatum/Nucleus accumbens

Methods and Measures

Methods and Measures ASL MRI BART CorIsol Daily diary Deep brain sImulaIon (DBS) EDA/SCR/GSR ERP (including N2, ERN, FRN, and P3b) Eriksen anker task Excitotoxic lesions Experience sampling FDG-PET Fear-potenIated startle fMRI (task-related and resIng-state) Frontal EEG asymmetry GWAS LimitaIons of introspecIve measures and self-report (e.g., peak-end rule) NeuroSynth Pharmacological methods (e.g., benzodiazepines) Stop-signal task

Disorders

Disorders Anxiety Depression Impulse control disorders Substance abuse Parkinsons

People Famous and Not-So-Famous Pa6ents Famous and Not-So-Famous Scien6sts Ralph Adolphs; Yair Bar-Haim; David Barlow; Kent Berridge; Jenni Blackford; Jack Block; Ryan Bogdan; Turhan Canli; Avshalom Caspi; Michelle Craske; Tony and Hannah Damasio; Richie Davidson; Mike Davis; Hans and Mike Eysenck; Nathan Fox; Jerey Gray; ChrisIan Grillon; Dan Grupe; Amad Hariri; Jerry Kagan; Ken Kendler; Carl Lejuez; Joe Ledoux; Schmuel Lissek; Jerry Kagan; Ned Kalin; Ken Kendler; Roman Kotov; Seymour Gig Levine; Colin Macleod; Michael Meaney; Walt Mischel; Temi MoX; Jack Nitschke; Danny Pine; Diego Pizzagalli; Tony Rangel and Todd Hare; Terry Robinson; Kerry Ressler; Alex Shackman; Andy Tomarken; Mike Treadway; Peter Visscher; David Walker; David Watson; Paul Whalen; Tal Yarkoni; David Zald and many others

People Famous and Not-So-Famous Pa6ents B-19, EVR/Eliot, SM, and Phineas Gage Famous and Not-So-Famous Scien6sts Ralph Adolphs; Yair Bar-Haim; David Barlow; Kent Berridge; Jenni Blackford; Jack Block; Ryan Bogdan; Turhan Canli; Avshalom Caspi; Michelle Craske; Tony and Hannah Damasio; Richie Davidson; Mike Davis; Hans and Mike Eysenck; Nathan Fox; Jerey Gray; ChrisIan Grillon; Dan Grupe; Amad Hariri; Jerry Kagan; Ken Kendler; Carl Lejuez; Joe Ledoux; Schmuel Lissek; Jerry Kagan; Ned Kalin; Ken Kendler; Roman Kotov; Seymour Gig Levine; Colin Macleod; Michael Meaney; Walt Mischel; Temi MoX; Jack Nitschke; Danny Pine; Diego Pizzagalli; Tony Rangel and Todd Hare; Terry Robinson; Kerry Ressler; Alex Shackman; Andy Tomarken; Mike Treadway; Peter Visscher; David Walker; David Watson; Paul Whalen; Tal Yarkoni; David Zald and many others

New Answers to Fundamental Qs

New Answers to Fundamental Qs What is temperament? What is personality? Are temperament and personality fundamentally dierent? Is T&P emo*onal, cogni*ve, or a blend of both? Are dimensions of T&P comprised of more basic psychological or neural ingredients?

New Answers to Fundamental Qs How many dimensions or types of personality are there? Where did these dimensions come from; how were they discovered?

New Answers to Fundamental Qs What exactly does it mean to be neuro*c? What makes Woody Allen *ck? What is self-control? Where does it come from? What are the implica*ons of my niece grabbing that marshmallow? Is reward one thing? What mo*vates us to seek out pleasure and reward?

New Answers to Fundamental Qs Is The Situa*on the primary determinant of thoughts, feelings, and ac*ons? Is T&P predic*ve of meaningful outcomes? Is it impacOul or can we safely ignore individual dierencestreat them as noise or error in our equa*ons?

New Answers to Fundamental Qs How stable are trait-like individual dierences in T&P across the life span? How well can I predict your personality at age 70, knowing what you're like when you are 2 or 3 years old? My son or daughter is extremely shy and re*cent Should I hit the panic bu;on? Is s/he des*ned to develop a debilita*ng emo*onal disorder?

New Answers to Fundamental Qs How are traits related to emo*onal states? How does T&P interact with cues, challenges, and perturba*ons in the environment? Do people tend to exert control over those challenges and the feelings they evoke or are they passive recipients? Does T&P go away in the absence of challenges or is it discernible all the *me? (Is our brain ever really at rest?) Does T&P lead individuals to construct dierent environments for themselves?

New Answers to Fundamental Qs Does T&P reect nature, nurture, or both? Does T&P breed true? Does it reect a few genes or many? Are heritable traits xed and immutable or plas*c? How informa*ve is heritability is one group ALWAYS going to come out on top? If T&P is somewhat malleable, should we intervene in the case of high-risk T&P?

New Answers to Fundamental Qs Is depression just being really sad? Is addic*on just an excess of approaching highs and avoiding lows? Why do we so oaen succumb to tempta*on and immediate gra*ca*on? What mechanisms are involved? Do drugs of abuse exert las*ng consequences on reward circuitry? Is dopamine a natural joy juice?

Some Broad Take Home Points

T&P Are Important, But Incompletely Understood

Individual dierences in temperament, which rst emerge early in life, can exert a profound impact on disease and wellbeing, socioeconomic status, and academic and occupaIonal aXainment

One important way in which temperament inuences

these diverse outcomes is by conferring risk for the development of psychopathology.

The challenge is to understand the psychological and biological mechanisms that link disposiIonal risk to posiIve and negaIve outcomes.



One important way in which temperament inuences these

diverse outcomes is by conferring risk for the development of psychopathology

The challenge is to understand the psychological and biological mechanisms that link stable dierences in risk and resilience to important posiIve and negaIve outcomes in the real world



One important way in which temperament inuences these

diverse outcomes is by conferring risk for the development of psychopathology

The challenge is to understand the psychological and biological mechanisms that link trait-like dierences in risk and resilience to important posiIve and negaIve outcomes in the real world

I am really proud of you guys and all that you have accomplished and

learned this semester

Be Proud of Your New Knowledge and New Ways of Thinking, But Not Too Proud

hXps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zMxatjSLngc (546 to 7:37)

Take Home QuesNon (Just 1)

Take Home QuesNon (Just 1) Complete the course evaluaNon

hXps://www.courseevalum.umd.edu/ The numeric/quanItaIve porIon of the evaluaIon directly impacts me, in terms of promoIon and retenIon (tenure) The narraIve/free-response porIon directly impacts students enrolled in future classes. I take your feedback and suggesIons very seriously and use it to revise the class. In CANVAS, submit a brief statement to the eect that I, , pledge on my honor that I have truthfully completed the Course EvaluaNon for Psychology 612

The End.

Good luck with your end of term responsibili6es and the nal examina6on

and

Have a great summer!

Exam Review

Based on fear condiIoning studies in the psychophysiology lab, we can say that children and

adults with extreme anxiety tend to show A. Amplied signs of anxiety

(startle) in response to certain threat (CS+)

B. Exaggerated anxiety to uncertain, ambiguous, unpredictable dangers (CS- , ITI; evidence of over-generalizaIon or decient safety learning)

C. Anxiety-related responses which are strictly limited to immediate danger

Amplified signs of anxiety ...

Exaggerated anxiety to u...

Anxiety-relate

d resp

onse...

0% 0%0%

Real-Ime fMRI neurofeedback studies demonstrate that

A. Subjects report that in order to increase acIvaIon, they were imagining engaging in dierent kinds of high arousal, negaIve acIviIes

B. Subjects can learn to regulate acIvaIon in the VS/NAcc, providing important mechanisIc insights into the neural circuitry underlying reward

C. Subjects who experienced the most intense posiIve aect showed the smallest increases in VS/NAcc acIvaIon

D. A and B E. B and C

Subjects report that in

or...

Subjects can learn to reg

u...

Subjects who experience...

A and B

B and C

0% 0% 0%0%0%

Family, twin, and adopNon studies (aka behavioral geneNcs) teach us

that: A. Psychiatric disorders and

T&P are not heritable B. Psychiatric disorders and

T&P aggregate in families C. Things that blood relaIves

share (e.g., SES, toxin exposure, stress, habits) are irrelevant to understanding psychopathology or T&P

D. A and C E. B and C

Psych

iatric disorders and...

Psych

iatric disorders and...

Things that bloo

d relativ..

A and C

B and C

0% 0% 0%0%0%

Many or most individuals with diagnosable major depression or an

anxiety disorder A. Fail to receive high-

quality, evidence-based treatment (under-treated)

B. Receive high-quality pharmacological or cogniIve-behavioral treatment

Fail to rece

ive high-qu

ality...

Receive high-qu

ality pha...

0%0%

T&P reect trait-like individual dierences in emoIonal and cogniIve

(and neural) biases that:

A. First emerge in mid-life B. Are xed at a relaIvely

young age C. Account for consistency

and biases in behavior, inner experience, and risk across Ime and contexts


First em

erge in m

id-life

Are fixed at a relatively y...

Account fo

r consisten

cy a..

A and B

B and C

0% 0% 0%0%0%

MechanisIc studies in animal models tell us absolutely nothing about

A. Mechanism/CausaIon, as this can only be achieved in studies of human paIents with circumscribed brain damage

B. SubjecIve experience and feelings

Mechanism

/Causation

, as...

Subjective experience and...

0%0%

Are there pleasure centers in the brain?

A. Yes! Hedonic hotspots; opioid and endocannabinoid signaling

B. No! C. Yes! Medial

forebrain bundle D. Yes! Dopamine

Yes! Hedonic hotspots; o... No

!

Yes! Me

dial foreb

rain bu...

Yes! Dopamine

0% 0%0%0%

Orbitofrontal cortex

A. Signals value, such as tasIness

B. Signals value, such as healthiness

C. Appears to be regulated by lateral prefrontal cortex (i.e., aXend to health, downweight taste)

D. All of the above

Signals v

alue, suc

h as tast...

Signals v

alue, suc

h as hea...

Appears to be regulated b...

All of the above,

0% 0%0%0%

Individuals who show increased acNvaNon in the ventral striatum/nucleus accumbens (VS/NAcc)

when looking at yummy foods in the scanner, tend to

A. Experience more intense food desires in daily life and are more likely to give in to their temptaIons to eat

B. b. Experience less intense food desires in daily life and are less likely to give in to their temptaIons to eat

Experience m

ore inten

se ...

b. Experience less

inten

se...

0%0%

fMRI signals in the ventral striatum are

A. Highly specic to parIcular kinds of rewards

B. Nonspecic C. PredicIve of reward-

moIvated behavior in real life (sex, food consumpIon)


Highly specific to particul..

Nonspecific

Predictive of re

ward-moti...

A and C

B and C

0% 0% 0%0%0%

Substance abuse disorders are associated with

A. High N/NE B. Low C/SC C. Both

High N

/NE

Low C/SC

Both

0% 0%0%

Which is the more correct statement?

A. Nearly every aspect of human behavior is somewhat heritable and reects the acIvity of the brain, suggesIng that all behaviors are biological

B. Very few aspects of human behavior are heritable; heritable behaviors are especially biological; biologically mediated behaviors are special

Nearly every asp

ect of h...

Very few

aspects of hum..

0%0%

Which is FALSE: Height is A. Among the most heritable

mammalian traits, although ospring show considerable variaIon (probabilisIc, not determinisIc)

B. A trait-like phenotype that is associated with variaIon in a small number of geneIc polymorphisms

C. Cannot be markedly aected by intervenIons (diet, nutriIon, and healthcare access), underscoring that public policy and other kinds of intervenIons can have a huge impact on highly heritable traits


Among the most heritab

..

A trait-like phenoty

pe tha...

Cannot be markedly affe...

A and B

B and C

0% 0% 0%0%0%

Substance abuse disorders reect

A. IncenIve sensiIzaIon (permanent changes) in the mesolimbic dopamine system that creates MoIvaIonal Magnets

B. Problems bringing regulatory circuits centered on the lateral prefrontal cortex on-line (inhibitory failure); acIvity in this braking system predicts real life impulse control problems (e.g., giving in to food temptaIons)

C. Both Incentive sensitization (...

Problems bringing regula...

Both

0% 0%0%

Which statement is MORE scienIcally TRUE, based on the latest evidence (through 2015) discussed in class?

A. Today few neuroscienIstsassertthat dopamine causes pleasureFor example Wisewas recently quoted [as saying], I no longer believe that the amount of pleasure felt is proporIonal to the amount of dopamine oaIng around in the brain, and pleasure is not a necessary correlate of dopamine elevaIons

B. Today most neuroscienIstsassertthat dopamine causes pleasureFor example Wisewas recently quoted [as saying], the dopamine juncIons represent a synapIc way staIon . . . where sensory inputs are translated into the hedonic messages we experience as pleasure, euphoria or yumminess T

oday few neuro

scientis...

Today m

ost neuro

scient...

0%0%

Amygdala damage/lesions is associated with

A. a. AXenuated (but not abolished) signs of fear/anxiety in the presence of learned threats (CS+) and unlearned threats (snakes, spiders), suggesIng a causal role in N/NE

B. b. A profound increase in fear/anxiety elicited by naturalisIc threat (haunted houses, armed muggers, scary lm clips), suggesIng a causal role in N/NE

C. c. Elevated levels of self-reported N/NE and trait anxiety

D. d. All of the above E. e. None of the above

a. Atten

uated

(but not ab...

b. A p

rofound incre

ase in...

c. Elevate

d levels of self-...

d. All of the above

e. None of the above

0% 0% 0%0%0%

Some Parkinsons paIents on the dopamine augmenIng agent Pramipexol

A. Display impulse control disorders (e.g., hypersexuality, compulsive shopping)

B. This appears to reect problems turning dopamine o in the ventral striatum

C. Both, suggesIng that the mesolimbic dopamine system can play a causal role in impulse disorders such as substance abuse

Display imp

ulse control d...

This a

ppears to reflect p...

Both, suggesting that the

...

0% 0%0%

Recent meta-analyses demonstrate that

A. A variety of anxiety disorders, much like N/NE, are associated with heightened amygdala acIvaIon to potenIal threat

B. Depression, much like N/NE, is associated with increased amygdala reacIvity to aversive cues

C. Both A and B, providing evidence for a common or overlapping biological substrate

D. Neither A nor B, suggesIng dissociable substrates

A variety

of anxiety disor...

Depre

ssion, much like N/...

Both A a

nd B, providing e...

Neither A n

or B, suggesti..

0% 0%0%0%

Which is more TRUE: AddicIon involves

A. The development of long-lasIng changes in the brain

B. FleeIng processes that rapidly subside a}er a transient period of acute withdrawal

The develo

pment of lo

ng-...

Fleeting process

es tha

t ra...

0%0%

Deep brain sNmulaNon (DBS) provides important mechanisNc (causal) clues about the neurobiology of E/PE. In parNcular, DBS of the human ventral striatum (VS) / nucleus

accumbens A. a. AXenuates the VS response

during reward anIcipaIon B. b. Ameliorates depression

and increases behavioral engagement, suggesIng a causal role in behavioral approach and reward responsiveness

C. c. Increases resIng metabolic acIvity in the VS

D. d. A & B E. e. B & C

a. Atten

uates the VS res...

b. Am

eliora

tes depre

ssio...

c. Increases resting m

e...

d. A &

B

e. B &

C

0% 0% 0%0%0%

Are there pleasure centers in the brain

A. Yes B. No

Yes No

0%0%

Which is more TRUE: Reward, addicIon, fear, anxiety and other key emoIonal features of T&P

emerge from A. The acIvity of

isolated brain regions

B. The coordinated acIvity of widely distributed brain circuits

The activity of isola

ted bra..

The coordinated

activity ..

0%0%

Is the neurotransmiXer dopamine the source of pleasure and reward?

A. Yes B. No

Yes No

0%0%

Which is FALSE: The amygdala: A. Helps to orchestrate states of

fear and anxiety via connecIons to brainstem and subcorIcal regions

B. Is a fear hotspot in the brain and is uniquely and specically associated with fear

C. Shows enhanced acIvaIon in response to drug-related cues in addicts, consistent with the idea that it helps to prioriIze the processing of emoIonally and moIvaIonally salient cues in the environment

Helps to orchestrate stat..

Is a fear hotspot in the

br...

Show

s enhanced

activatio...

0% 0%0%

In rodents, increasing dopamine transmission or signaling in a circuit centered on the nucleus accumbens

A. Increases liking (oro-facial expressions of pleasure)

B. Increases wanIng (e.g., bar pressing)

C. Both A and B D. Neither A nor B

Increa

ses liking

(oro-fac

i..

Increa

ses wanting (e.g

., ...

Both A a

nd B

Neither A n

or B

0% 0%0%0%

Is Reward

A. One thing B. A set of processes

that normally work together to support adapIve behavior (e.g., foraging for food) One t

hing

A set of pro

cesse

s that n...

0%0%

Self-control in the face of temptaIon reects interacIons between

A. A wanIng/approach/go circuit centered on the amygdala

B. Inhibitory/stop circuitry encompassing the right posterior parietal cortex

C. Regions of the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) that are sensiIve to overall value and preferences and that integrate informaIon about long-term health and short-term reward

D. Regions of the lateral prefrontal cortex that help to represent impulsive preferences (yummy!)

E. All of the above

A wanting/a

pproa

ch/g

o...

Inhibitory/

stop circuitr...

Regio

ns of the

orbitofront..

Regio

ns of the

lateral pre

...

All of the above

0% 0% 0%0%0%

Is the neurotransmiXer dopamine the source of pleasure and reward?

A. Yes B. No

Yes No

0%0%

Is Reward

A. One thing B. A set of processes

that normally work together to support adapIve behavior (e.g., foraging for food) One t

hing

A set of pro

cesse

s that n...

0%0%

Deep brain sImulaIon of the ventral striatum / nucleus accumbens

A. Ameliorates depression B. Increases metabolic

acIvity in the VS C. PotenIates the VS

response during reward anIcipaIon

D. All of the above, suggesIng a causal role for this system in the wanIng component of E/PE/BAS as well as depression

Ameliora

tes depre

ssion

Increa

ses meta

bolic activit...

Poten

tiates the VS resp

o...

All of the above, su

ggesti..

0% 0%0%0%

Which is more true of liking and wanIng?

A. They represent the same underlying construct

B. They are dicult to tease apart with self-report and behavioral (reacIon Ime) assays

They repre

sent th

e sam

e...

They are difficult to tease...

0%0%

In humans, pharmacological manipulaIons that increase dopamine transmission in the ventral striatum

A. Increase willingness to work for reward

B. Decrease willingness to work for reward

Increa

se willingness

to wo..

Decre

ase willingness to ...

0%0%

Depression is associated with blunted acNvaNon in the ventral striatum/nucleus accumbens. ManipulaNons (ketamine, deep brain sNmulaNon) that

increase VS/Nacc acNvaNon ameliorate depression. CollecNvely, these observaNons are consistent with the idea that

A. Major depression reects sensiIzaIon of the psychological funcIon of this circuit (e.g. wanIng)

B. Blunted VS/NAcc acIvaIon in the face of reward is a proximal cause of depression

Major depre

ssion reflects...

Blunte

d VS/N

Acc activatio...

0%0%

In humans, nucleus accumbens / ventral striatum acIvaIon is

A. Is trait-like B. Associated with N/

NE C. Both D. Neither

Is trait-like

Associated

with N/NE Bo

th

Neither

0% 0%0%0%

Sensory pleasure appears to reect the acIon of

A. So called hedonic hotspots in the medial shell of the nucleus accumbens and other brain regions; sImulaIon increases liking facial expressions

B. Hedonic hotspots that rely on dopamine

C. Hedonic hotspots that rely on opioids (opium) and endocannabinoids (marijuana)

D. A and B E. A and C

So called hedonic h

otspot...

Hedonic hotspots that re..

Hedonic hotspots that rel...

A and B

A and C

0% 0% 0%0%0%

Which is FALSE? Reduced reward responsiveness

A. Shows good test-retest stability; is trait-like

B. Is a candidate endophenotype for depression

C. Is not heritable D. ProspecIvely predicts

symptoms & treatment response

E. Avoids the limitaIons of self-report (mnemonic distorIons, biases, lying)

Shows good test-retest st...

Is a candidate endophen...

Is not heritable

Prospe

ctively pre

dicts sy...

Avoids the lim

itations of s...

0% 0% 0%0%0%

Increasing dopamine levels in the circuit centered on the nucleus accumbens

A. Increases liking (facial expressions)


C. Both

Increa

ses liking

(facial ex...

Increa

ses wanting (e.g

., ... Bo

th

0% 0%0%

Michael Meaneys group has provided evidence that the impact of experimenter handling on rodent

temperament (N/NE or stress reacIvity) is A. Reects decreased expression

of benzodiazepine receptors in the amygdala

B. Proximally mediated by a maternal behavior, underscoring the importance of early nurture for adult T&P and highlighIng the fact that parents can regulate the development of their osprings brains

C. Mediated by genes that increase maternal LG-ABN and decrease ospring reacIvity (i.e., a common geneIc cause)

Reflects decrease

d expres...

Proxim

ally m

ediated by ...

Mediated

by genes that i...

0% 0%0%

Dopamine is

A. Necessary for experiencing sensory pleasure

B. Sucient for experiencing sensory pleasure

C. Neither Necessa

ry for experiencin...

Suffic

ient fo

r experiencin...

Neither

0% 0%0%

Which is TRUE: Behavioral AcIvaIon therapy for depression:

A. Focus on cogniIve and emoIonal change; aXempt to directly regulate thoughts and feelings

B. Is an evidence-based treatment for depression with a large eect size

C. Provides mechanisIc evidence that high levels of behavioral acIvaIon and increased engagement with reward serve to maintain pathological depression


Focus on cognitive and e...

Is an evidence-based

tre...

Provides me

chanistic e

vi...

A and B

B and C

0% 0% 0%0%0%

Blockade or disrupIon of the mesolimbic dopamine system

A. Disrupts liking (facial expressions)

B. Disrupts wanIng (e.g., bar pressing)

C. Both

Disrup

ts liking (fa

cial exp...

Disrup

ts wanting (e.g., ba...

Both

0% 0%0%

Increasing dopamine levels in the circuit centered on the nucleus accumbens

A. Increases liking (facial expressions)


C. Both

Increa

ses liking

(facial ex...

Increa

ses wanting (e.g

., ... Bo

th

0% 0%0%

Dopamine is

A. Necessary for experiencing sensory pleasure

B. Sucient for experiencing sensory pleasure

C. Neither Necessa

ry for experiencin...

Suffic

ient fo

r experiencin...

Neither

0% 0%0%

Rats, chimps, and humans

A. Show similar emoIonal facial expressions in response to liked and disliked food and drink

B. These oro-facial expressions provide a direct behavioral read-out of liking

C. Both

Show sim

ilar emo

tional f...

These

oro-facial expre

ssio.. Bo

th

0% 0%0%

The mesolimbic dopamine system

A. Is acIvated by natural rewards and all major drugs of abuse

B. When blocked (pharmacologically, lesions, geneIc engineering), radically amplies reward-moIvated behavior (e.g., bar pressing for cocaine)

Is activated

by natural re...

When blocked (pharm

aco...

0%0%

AfenNonal biases to threat: A. AXenIonal bias modicaIon

is not clinically eecIve, according to the meta-analyses reviewed in class

B. Retraining the aXenIonal bias produces a lasIng diminuIon in anxiety in the lab (e.g. in a public speaking task), suggesIng that it is an "acIve ingredient" in the development of extreme anxiety.


Atten

tional bias modifica...

Retraining the attentiona...

Both A and B

Neither A n

or B

0% 0%0%0%

Which is true of depressed individuals?

A. They express blunted liking of rewards and posiIve sImuli in the lab

B. They under-invest in meh (low-reward) acIviIes in daily life

C. They are more willing to work for reward


They expre

ss blunte

d liki..

They under-in

vest in me..

They are m

ore willing to...

A and B

B and C

0% 0% 0%0%0%

The mesolimbic dopamine system

A. Underlies hedonic pleasure and consummatory reward

B. Supports wanIng and appeIIve behaviors aimed at geOng rewards

Underlie

s hedonic p

leasu..

Supports w

anting and ap...

0%0%

AcIvaIon of the medial forebrain bundle

A. Supports robust, frequent self-sImulaIon in rodents and humans

B. AcIvates pleasure centers in the brain

Support

s robust

, frequent...

Activate

s plea

sure cente

rs ..

0%0%

T&P predicts: A. MoIvated behavior:

Approach or avoidance in the absence of trait-relevant challenges

B. EmoIon regulaIon & recovery following challenges

C. AnIcipatory thoughts and feelings (e.g., worry) before challenges

D. All of the above (A-C) E. None of the above

Motivated behavior: App...

Emotion regulation & rec...

Anticipatory thoughts and...

All of the above (A-C)

None of the above

0% 0% 0%0%0%

Which is FALSE: Over Ime, the repeated experience of social failure among individuals with high levels

of BI may A. Train them to interpret

ambiguous social situaIons as threatening

B. Cause them to believe that poor social outcomes are their fault

C. Promote excessive anxiety about social situaIons and public performance

D. Reduce the risk of developing depression and substance abuse

Train the

m to interp

ret ...

Cause them to believe th..

Promo

te excessive anxiet...

Reduce the

risk of develo...

0% 0%0%0%

FILL IN THE BLANKS: ______s (or their absence) do not hard-wire people for certain behaviors. There is no _____ for understanding calculus [or

extraversion or neuroIcism or self-control] Specic behaviors are [not biologically] hard-wired. M.I.T. math majors arent born doing calculus Its not

just ______s make brain make behavior. You have ___________ too.

A. Experience; Experience; Experience; Gene

B. Gene; Gene; Gene; Experience

Experience; Experience; ...

Gene; Gene; Gene; Exper...

0%0%

Individuals with elevated N/NE are: A. Less likely to be exposed to

daily conicts in their relaIonships

B. More likely to de-escalate negaIve aect during conict

C. More likely to express toxic social behaviors (criIcism, contempt, defensiveness, & stonewalling), perhaps contribuIng to increased marital dissaIsfacIon and higher rates of divorce among highly neuroIc individuals

D. All of the above E. None of the above

Less likely to be exposed

..

More likely to de-escala..

More likely to expre

ss to...

All of the above

None of the above

0% 0% 0%0%0%

Rewards are liked (hedonic pleasure during consumpIon) and wanted. Liking and wanIng

A. Are challenging to tease apart

B. Reect dissociable neural substrates

C. Are dierenIally related to substance abuse, according to rodent models (Berridge & Robinson)

D. All of the above

Are challenging to tease

...

Reflect dissociable

neura

...

Are d

ifferen

tially related ..

All of the above

0% 0%0%0%

Reduced reward responsiveness. Which is false?

A. Is a candidate endophenotype for depression

B. ProspecIvely predicts symptoms & treatment response

C. Not heritable Is a

candida

te endophen...

Prospe

ctively pre

dicts sy...

Not heritab

le

0% 0%0%

Depressed individuals

A. Show blunted liking of posiIve sImuli and rewards

B. Are less willing to invest eort in obtaining rewards and overinvest in low-reward acIviIes

C. Are more responsive to rewards in the lab and in daily life

D. A & B E. B & C

Show blunted liking of po...

Are less willing to invest e...

Are m

ore respo

nsive to ... A &

BB &

C

0% 0% 0%0%0%

(Tomarken:) Measures of T&P need to:

A. Exhibit adequate construct validity (sensiIvity and specicity)

B. Show adequate internal-consistency reliability

C. Display sucient test-retest stability (trait-like)

D. All of the above (A-C) E. None of the above (A-C) Exhib

it adequate

constru..

Show adequate intern

al-...

Display sufficie

nt test-rete

..

All of the above (A-C)

None of the above (A-C)

0% 0% 0%0%0%

In humans, nucleus accumbens / ventral striatum (VS)

A. AcIvaIon during reward anIcipaIon is trait-like

B. AcIvaIon is associated with trait-like individual dierences in E/PE and BAS


Activation during reward

...

Activation is associated w...

Both A and B

Neither A nor B

0% 0%0%0%

Electrical signals generated in the midcingulate cortex and measured on the scalp are trait-like and predict

A. Greater cauIon and inhibiIon following negaIve feedback or errors

B. Enhanced avoidance of cues associated with punishment, loss, and negaIve feedback

C. Both, suggesIng that this circuit accounts for anxious individuals excessively risk- and threat-avoidant prole of choices and behaviors

Greater caution and inhib...

Enhanced avoid

ance of c...

Both, suggesting that this...

0% 0%0%

When cumulated over many individuals or experiences (e.g. job interviews of a minority candidate), Iny or weak staIsIcal eects (e.g.

small correlaIons) A. Are never of any

pracIcal importance B. Can be of substanIal

pracIcal importance when cumulated over many individuals or experiences; they may also provide key clues about important therapeuIc targets for drug development (as in the cholesterol example)

Are n

ever of any practica...

Can b

e of substantial pra

...

0%0%

The AdapIve Control Hypothesis claims that

A. Anxiety and cogniIon engage a common territory in the MCC

B. MCC uses punishment related informaIon to bias behavior in the face of uncertainty

C. These signals are enhanced in anxious, inhibiIon individuals

D. All of the above Anxiety and cognition en...

MCC uses punishment re...

These

signals a

re enhanc..

All of the above

0% 0%0%0%

The mesolimbic dopamine system A. Underlies hedonic

pleasure and consummatory reward ("neural joy juice")

B. Supports wanIng and appeIIve behaviors aimed at geOng rewards

C. Is acIvated by natural rewards (food, sex) and all major drugs of abuse

D. A & B E. B & C

Underlies hedonic p

leasu..

Supports wanting and ap...

Is activated

by natural r... A &

BB &

C

0% 0% 0%0%0%

Pete & Paul: With regard to anxiety, cogniIve and behavioral avoidance is

A. An adapIve coping mechanism that reduces short-term distress and arousal

B. MaladapIve because it prevents exposure that might contradict inated negaIve expectaIons (i.e., lost opportunity for exIncIon)

An adaptive coping mech...

Maladaptive because it ...

0%0%

Which is FALSE? A. Individual common

geneIc polymorphisms (the SNPs measured by SNP chips) generally have strong eects on brain funcIon, behavior, and T&P (e.g., 50+%)

B. Such big eects are easy to reliably detect in small, inexpensive samples


Individual comm

on genet..

Such big effects are easy

t...

Both A a

nd B

Neither A n

or B

0% 0%0%0%

Clinically eecIve anI-anxiety drugs

A. SelecIvely decrease fear elicited by clear and imminent danger

B. SelecIvely aXenuate anxiety elicited by uncertain threat

Selectively

decre

ase fear e...

Selectively

atten

uate anxie..

0%0%

Substance use disorder has been linked to which of the following core

dimensions of T&P A. Elevated E/PE B. AXenuated C/SC;

indeed, low levels of self-reported ConscienIousness/Self-Control is among the strongest prospecIve risk factors

C. Amplied N/NE D. A and B E. B and C E

levate

d E/PE

Atten

uated

C/SC; indeed,...

Amplified N

/NE

A and B

B and C

0% 0% 0%0%0%

Uncertainty, unpredictability, and ambiguity

A. Increase anxiety, indexed by fear-potenIated startle or raIngs

B. Decrease anxiety, indexed by fear-potenIated startle or raIngs

Increa

se anxiety, indexed...

Decre

ase an

xiety, indexe...

0%0%

Unpredictable, neutral tones are sucient to

A. Increase amygdala acIvaIon in the rat

B. Decrease behavioral manifestaIons of anxiety in the rat

C. Amplify amygdala reacIvity in humans

D. A & C E. B & C

Increa

se amygdala activa...

Decrease

behavioral mani...

Amplify amygdala reactivi..

A & C

B & C

0% 0% 0%0%0%

Which is true?

A. Anxiety and cogniIon (aXenIon, inhibiIon, memory) are completely separable and dierent in kind

B. Anxiety and cogniIon are deeply and inImately connected

Anxiety and cognitive con...

0%

Orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) A. Is sensiIve to

preferences and value, such as tasIness and healthiness

B. Appears to be regulated by lateral prefrontal cortex

C. Damage o}en leads to anhedonia

D. A & B E. B & C

Is sensitive to preferen

ce...

Appears to be regulated ..

Damage often

leads to a... A &

B B &

C

0% 0% 0%0%0%

Which is correct? My friend, Dr. X, comes from a family of alcoholics

A. Alcoholism is not heritable

B. Dr. X is more likely to develop a substance use disorder (e.g. alcoholism)

C. Dr. X can choose to abstain from alcohol and eliminate the risk

D. Both A and B E. Both B and C

Alcoholism is not heritable

Dr. X is more likely to dev...

Dr. X can choose to abstai...

Both A and B

Both B and C

0% 0% 0%0%0%

In parIcularly tempIng moments, subjects with low acIvaIon in the inferior frontal gyrus (IFG; as indexed using fMRI during the performance of simple go/no-go

task) are A. less likely to give in to a food

desire and actually eat than subjects with High IFG acIvaIon, suggesIng that this region of the lateral PFC serves as an "accelerator" in situaIons demanding self-control

B. more likely to give in to a food desire and actually eat than subjects with High IFG acIvaIon, suggesIng that this region of the lateral PFC serves as a "brake" in situaIons demanding self-control

less likely to give in to a ...

more likely to give in to a...

0%0%

Which is true? A. The error related negaIvity

(ERN) is an event-related potenIal (ERP) generated in the mid-cingulate cortex (MCC); bigger in individuals with an anxious T&P

B. The ERN is increased by clinically eecIve anI-anxiety drugs (anxiolyIcs) eg benzodiazepines

C. Errors (endogenous negaIve feedback ) are aversive and are associated with potenIaIon of the startle reex

D. A & C E. B & C

The error related

negativi..

The ERN is increased by cl...

Errors (endogenous negati..

A & C

B & C

0% 0% 0%0%0%

NegaIve life events & psychological pathogens such as stress tend to:

A. Cause individuals to cross the diagnosIc boundary and experience a depressive episode

B. Increase the risk of developing a diagnosable anxiety disorder

C. Decrease N/NE D. A and B E. B and C

Cause individuals to cross...

Increa

se the

risk of devel...

Decrease

N/NE

A and B

B and C

0% 0% 0%0%0%

Individuals with elevated N/NE and frank anxiety disorders tend to show

A. Heightened avoidance of potenIal threat (I cross the street to avoid someone I know)

B. Abnormally infrequent aXempts to control or avoid distress by worrying

Heighten

ed avoidance of...

Abnormally in

frequent a...

0%0%

Heightened anxiety in response to uncertain, ambiguous, unpredictable dangers (CS- , ITI/context

paired with shocks) A. Is observed in teens with a

childhood history of stable, extreme behavioral inhibiIon (Fox lab) , suggesIng that it confers increased risk and may contribute to disease eIology

B. RetrospecIvely predicts the rst onset of a depressive disorder (i.e., who will get sick) [Craske lab] and is observed in many paIents with bipolar disorder [Lissek lab]

C. Appears to reect alteraIons in the posterior parietal cortex

D. Is selecIvely amplied by clinically-eecIve medicaIons for anxiety, such as the benzodiazepines, as well as low doses of ethyl alcohol

E. All of the above

Is obse

rved in teens with ...

Retrospectively pre

dicts t..

Appears to reflect altera

t...

Is selectively amplified by ...

All of the above

0% 0% 0%0%0%

Amygdala damage/lesions is associated with

A. pathologically reduced trust and paranoia

B. increased social approach (i.e. reduced social distancing), underscoring that the amygdala does much more than just orchestrate states of fear and anxiety


patho

logically reduced

tr...

increa

sed social approa

ch ...

Both A a

nd B

Neither A n

or B

0% 0%0%0%

Individuals with high levels of N/NE are characterized by

A. Inated esImates of threat likelihood

B. Abnormally low esImates of threat intensity

Inflated estim

ates of th

rea...

Abnormally lo

w estimate

s...

0%0%

Anxious individuals tend to show

A. Heightened anxiety (startle) in response to clear and imminent threat (CS+)

B. Excess anxiety to uncertain and ambiguous danger (CS- , ITI)

Heighten

ed an

xiety (startl..

Exces

s anxiety to u

ncerta..

0%0%

About 10-20% of paIents treated for Parkinsons disorder with Pramipexol exhibit severe impulse control problems (e.g., pathological gambling, hypersexuality, compulsive shopping, and binge eaIng). Recent research using PET indicates that these paIents show (i) reduced expression of the dopamine transporter in the ventral striatum/VS (i.e., they are hypersensiIve to Pramipexol-induced increases in VS dopamine signalling) as well as (ii) increased VS acIvaIon and enhanced dopamine release in the VS in response to reward cues. Behaviorally, their impulse control problems rapidly decline as soon as they stop taking the drug. CollecIvely, these pharmacological, clinical, and brain imaging ndings provide unique and compelling evidence that

A. Low C/SC and impulse control disorders likely reect, at least in part, decreased magnitude and duraIon of DA transmission in the VS

B. Low C/SC and impulse control disorders likely reect, at least in part, increased magnitude and duraIon of DA transmission in the VS

C. Low C/SC and impulse control disorders is unrelated to striatal dopamine transmission

Low C/SC and impulse co...

Low C/SC and impulse co...

Low C/SC and impulse c...

0% 0%0%

Anxious individuals aXenIonal bias to threat can be re-trained using

computerized tasks. Which is the best answer?

A. This is clinically eecIve, albeit weakly

B. Retraining the bias produces a lasIng diminuIon in anxiety (e.g. in a public speaking task)

C. Furthermore, CBT targeIng excess anxiety reduces the aXenIonal bias (reverse eect)

D. CollecIvely, these mechanisIc ndings indicate a causal role This

is clinically effective, ...

Retraining the bias produ...

Furtherm

ore, CBT targeti..

Collectively, these

mech

a...

0% 0%0%0%

Anxious individuals tend to

A. Allocate excess aXenIon to threat

B. Are faster to respond to the dot-probe when it occurs at the same locaIon as a negaIve word

C. Both Allocate

exces

s attention ..

Are faster to respond to ... Bo

th

0% 0%0%

Amygdala reacIvity to threat-related cues

A. predicts N/NE and anxious temperament in humans and monkeys

B. is increased in a dose-dependent manner by drugs, such as benzodiazepines, suggesIng that it does not play a mechanisIc (causal) role in N/NE

C. retrospecIvely predicts the development of PTSD symptoms in individuals who lived through the Boston Marathon bombingAll of the above

D. None of the above

predicts N/NE and anxio..

is increa

sed in a d

ose-d

e...

retros

pectively pre

dicts t..

None of the above

0% 0%0%0%

Hypervigilance may reect A. The direct inuence of the

amygdala on sensory cortex

B. Robust projecIons from the amygdala to the visual cortex

C. An indirect inuence of the amygdala, mediated by acetylcholine neurons siOng in the basal forebrain (nucleus basalis of Meynert); wake up!

D. All of the above The direct influence of th

...

Robust pro

jections fro

m ...

An indirect influence of t..

All of the above

0% 0%0%0%

Anxious individuals tend to

A. Overgeneralize anxiety to cues that resemble genuine dangers (e.g., Lisseks parametric rings)

B. Show anxiety that is strictly limited to threat

Overg

enera

lize anxiety to...

Show

anxiety tha

t is strictl...

0%0%

Individuals with anxiety disorders A. Have diculIes tuning

their anxiety and learning what is safe (safety learning decit)

B. This promotes to chronic, pervasive anxiety, arousal, and stress; they dont know when its safe to relax

C. And predicts who will develop an anxiety disorder

D. All of the above Have difficulties tu

ning t...

This p

romote

s to chro

nic,...

And pred

icts w

ho will de...

All of the above

0% 0%0%0%

Individuals with a childhood history of extreme BI, a facet of N/NE, show

A. Hypervigilance on the dot-probe task

B. Elevated startle during periods of objecIve safety

C. Both

Hypervigilance on the do...

Elevated

startle during p... Bo

th

0% 0%0%

Exam Review:

Material Covered During the Middle Third of Course

The (fear-potenIated or emoIon-modulated) startle reex is

A. Is potenIated (increased) during periods of stress, fear, and anxiety

B. Can be measured using similar techniques in rodents, monkeys, and humans

C. Is a widely used, valence-sensiIve measure of condiIoned and uncondiIoned fear

D. All of the above

Is pote

ntiate

d (increa

sed...

Can b

e measured

using si...

Is a wide

ly used, valence-...

All of the above

0% 0%0%0%

ConvenIonal funcIonal MRI (fMRI) pulse sequences measure

A. Blood oxygenaIon (the hemodynamic BOLD signal); fMRI is an indirect measure of neuronal ring

B. Neuronal ring C. The release of

neurotransmiXer-lled vesicles into the synapse (synpapIc cle})

D. FDG metabolism E. Electrical acIvity generated

by ensembles of neurons, providing exquisite temporal resoluIon

Blood oxygenation (th

e...

Neuro

nal firing

The release

of neuro

tran...

FDG m

etabolism

Electrical activity genera

t..

0% 0% 0%0%0%

Which is true?

A. There is one anxiety disorder

B. There is a whole family of anxiety disorders

There

is one anxiety diso...

There

is a w

hole fam

ily o...

0%0%

The most common family of psychiatric disorders is

A. Anxiety B. Depression C. Schizophrenia D. Somatoform

Anxiety

Depre

ssion

Schizophren

ia

Somatoform

0% 0%0%0%

Anxiety disorders tend to onset

A. Late in life B. Mid life C. Early in life

Late in life

Mid life

Early in life

0% 0%0%

Depression tends to onset

A. Early in life B. Mid life C. Late in life

Early in life

Mid life

Late in life

0% 0%0%

The most burdensome disorder (disability, illnes, death) in the US is

A. Depression B. Heart Disease C. COPD D. Cancer E. Alzheimers

Depression

Heart Disease

COPD

Cancer

Alzheimers

0% 0% 0%0%0%

Elevated N/NE is a risk factor for

A. Anxiety disorders B. Depressive

disorders C. Both

Anxiety disord

ers

Depre

ssive disorde

rsBoth

0% 0%0%

Anxiety and depression symptoms

A. Form a coherent, factor (internalizing)

B. Are categorically disInct

C. Should be thought of as natural kinds, discrete enIIes that exist in nature waiIng to be discovered Form

a cohere

nt, facto

r (...

Are cate

gorically distinct

Should be thought of as ...

0% 0%0%

Anxiety and depression

A. Are highly co-morbid

B. Rarely co-occur in the same individual

Are highly co-morb

id

Rarely co-o

ccur in

the s...

0%0%

Treatments targeIng one emoIonal disorder

A. Ameliorate (decrease) the symptoms of other emoIonal disorders

B. Decrease raIngs of N/NE

C. Both, suggesIng a common cause

Ameliora

te (de

crease

) the...

Decrease

ratings of N/NE

Both, suggesting a comm

..

0% 0%0%

NegaIve life events & psychological pathogens such as stress tend to

A. Cause individuals to cross the diagnosIc boundary and experience a frank depressive disorder

B. Increase the risk of developing a diagnosable anxiety disorder

C. Increase N/NE D. All of the above

Cause individuals to cross...

Increa

se the

risk of devel...

Increa

se N/NE

All of the above

0% 0%0%0%

Anxiety disorders, depression, and N/NE

A. Reect completely separate genes

B. Are inherited together (shared inheritance), suggesIng a common geneIc underpinning

Reflect comp

letely separ...

Are inherited

togethe

r (...

0%0%

Recent meta-analyses demonstrate that

A. A variety of anxiety disorders, like N/NE, are associated with heightened amygdala acIvaIon to potenIal threat

B. Depression, like N/NE, is associated with increased amygdala reacIvity to aversive cues

C. Both, providing evidence for a common biology

A variety

of anxiety disor...

Depre

ssion, like N/

NE, is ...

Both, providing evide

nce ...

0% 0%0%

Barlow argues that the development of a parIcular Dx (diagnosIc

specicity) reects A. N/NE and a

disorder-specic learned vulnerability (e.g., fear dogs)

B. N/NE and an innate vulnerability

C. N/NE and other non-specic risk factors

N/NE and a disorde

r-speci...

N/NE and an innate

vuln...

N/NE and o

ther non-speci...

0% 0%0%

N/NE is a

A. Cause of emoIonal disorders

B. Symptom of emoIonal disorders

C. IdenIcal to or synonymous with the emoIonal disorders

D. A symptom of too much anxiety

Cause o

f emo

tional disor...

Symp

tom of em

otional d...

Identical to or synonymo

..

A sympto

m of too

much ...

0% 0%0%0%

When confronted by potenIal threat (robot, intruder), children with high levels of behavioral inhibiIon (BI)

A. Exhibit heightened avoidance and freezing

B. Cease playing C. Become quiet D. Withdraw to the

proximity of their caregiver

E. All of the above Exhibit heightened avoid...

Cease playing

Become quiet

Withd

raw to the proximit...

All of the above

0% 0% 0%0%0%

Jenni Blackfords group uses a quesIonnaire to retrospecIvely assess

childhood BI. This is A. Much more pracIcal

than starIng a new longitudinal study (waiIng 20 years)

B. Subject to the usual concerns about mnemonic biases

C. Both Mu

ch more

practical tha

n...

Subject to the

usual co

nc... Bo

th

0% 0%0%

BI in toddlers A. Parallels anxious

temperament (AT) in young monkeys

B. Echoes theoreIcal descripIons of the BIS (Jerey Gray)

C. Is associated with R > L frontal EEG asymmetry, as in studies of monkeys and human adults

D. Is considered a facet of N/NE E. Is somewhat stable (test-

retest) F. Is heritable (inherited) G. All of the above

Parallels anxious tem

pe...

Echoes theore

tical descri...

Is associated

with R > L f...

Is considere

d a facet of ...

Is som

ewhat stab

le (test-...

Is heritab

le (inherited)

All of the above

0% 0% 0% 0%0%0%0%

Most preschoolers with high levels of BI __________

A. SIck with it B. Grow out of it C. Are likely to develop

an anxiety disorder D. Just have an age-

appropriate fear of separaIon or strangers

E. A and C F. B and D

Stick with it

Grow out of it

Are likely to develop an ...

Just have an age-ap

propr...

A and C

B and D

0% 0% 0%0%0%0%

Kids with _____ & ______ are at risk for developing ___________

A. Consistent, high levels of BI, substance and emoIonal disorders

B. Stable, high levels of BI, schizophrenia and personality disorders

Consistent, h

igh levels o

f ...

Stable

, high

levels o

f BI, ...

0%0%

Social anxiety disorder can be characterized by

A. Heightened anxiety about people and performance

B. Pervasive worries about being judged

C. Avoidance D. Hyper-arousal E. A disconnect between

what paIents know to be raIonal vs what they feel

F. All of the above Heighten

ed anxiety abou...

Pervasive w

orries about ...

Avoidance

Hyper-arou

sal

A disconnect between w

...

All of the above

0% 0% 0%0%0%0%

BI is associated with A. Less eecIve ways of

interacIng with others B. Worse social outcomes C. Lower quality peer

relaIons D. A loss of opportunity to

acquire criIcal social skills E. Challenges forging strong

relaIons with new peers and schoolmates

F. All of the above

Less effective ways of int...

Worse social outcomes

Lower quality peer relations

A loss of opportunity to ...

Challenges forg

ing stron

g...

All of the above

0% 0% 0%0%0%0%

Over Ime, the repeated experience of social failure among individuals with

high levels of BI may A. Train them to interpret

ambiguous social situaIons as threatening

B. Cause them to believe that poor social outcomes are their fault

C. Promote excessive anxiety about social situaIons and public performance

D. All of the above Tra

in the

m to interp

ret ...

Cause them to believe th..

Promo

te excessive anxiet...

All of the above

0% 0%0%0%

BI is a strong (candidate) _________ for ______________; but we sIll need

to establish ______ . A. Intermediate

phenotype, dysthmia, causaIon

B. Endophenotype, social anx disorder, causaIon

C. Biomarker, emoIonal disorders, heritability

D. Marker, overacIve insula, heritability

Interm

ediate phenotyp

e,...

Endophenoty

pe, so

cial a..

Biomarke

r, emo

tional dis...

Marke

r, overactive insula...

0% 0%0%0%

T&P reect

A. Nature B. Nurture C. Both

Nature

Nurture

Both

0% 0%0%

Genes (nature) can inuence

A. Environments and experience

B. Neither. Nature and nurture are disInct and independent forces

Environments and experi...

Neither. Na

ture and nurtu..

0%0%

Nature (heritability) is

A. Fixed and immutable

B. PlasIc and can change in response to growing autonomy or due to cumulaIve impact

Fixed and imm

utable

Plastic and can change in...

0%0%

Heritability is

A. The proporIon of variaIon in a trait, such as C/SC, that is accounted for by the pedigree (family tree)

B. GV / Total PV = GV / GV + EV

C. A and B The prop

ortion

of variati..

GV / T

otal PV = GV

/ GV..

A and B

0% 0%0%

EsImates of heritability A. Are xed B. Can be inuenced by

social and environmental inuences (e.g., living in a conservaIve religious community) that increase or decrease the amount of variaIon in the trait (e.g., disinhibiIon, partying, smoking) Are

fixed

Can b

e influenced by soci..

0%0%

Heritability

A. Is the % of variaIon in a trait, such as E/PE, that is passed down from your parents

B. Reects the inheritance of genes, not phenotypes or traits

Is the % of va

riation in a

t...

Reflects the inheritan

ce o...

0%0%

Heritability describes A. The % of my trait that

is inherited (nature) vs. environmental (nurture)

B. The % of phenotypic variaIon across a group of individuals that is inuenced by geneIc factors

C. Individuals within a populaIon (e.g., Alex)

The %

of my trait th

at is ...

The %

of phenoty

pic vari...

Individuals within a popu...

0% 0%0%

Highly heritable traits, such as height

A. Are our desIny B. Can potenIally be

powerfully inuenced by intervenIons (environment)

Are our destiny

Can pote

ntially be powerf...

0%0%

Ryan Bogdan: The neurogeneIc strategy

A. Involves correlaIng variaIon in geneIc polymorphisms (SNPs) with variaIon in intermediate phenotypes, such as dierences in amygdala acIvaIon

B. Promises to address WHY individuals dier in brain acIvaIon (e.g., why do individuals high in N/NE show heightened amygdala reacIvity)

C. Opens the door to discovering testable mechanisms for geneIc inuence on behavior

D. All of the above Involves correlating varia...

Promises to addre

ss WH

...

Opens the door to discov...

All of the above

0% 0%0%0%

Which is false about the serotonin transporter geneIc polymorphism

A. Amygdala reacIvity is correlated with variaIon in the serotonin-transporter linked polymorphic region (5-HTTLPR) on the SLC6A4 gene

B. The L allele is bad: Individuals with the more transcripIonally-ecient long allele (more transporter proteins available to clear serotonin from the synapse) show heightened threat-related amygdala reacIvity relaIve to individuals with the short allele

C. Meta-analyses suggest that this allele accounts for 20-50% of the variance in amygdala reacIvity

D. B and C

Amygdala rea

ctivity is cor...

The L allele is b

ad: Ind...

Meta-analyses suggest th..

B and C

0% 0%0%0%

Which is false? A. Some have suggested that the neurogeneIcs

strategy can address the molecular mechanisms linking genes to brain to traits, such as N/NE

B. Some have suggested that if we measure a geneIc polymorphism with a known funcIon (e.g., serotonin transporter) and we are willing to make some assumpIons, then we can use SNPs as a proxy for individual dierences in brain chemistry (serotonin in the amygdala). Which is awesome because we usually cannot measure neurochemistry in living human brains.

C. In relaIon to the serotonin transporter allele, a key assumpIon of this strategy is that dierences in the allele are actually associated with dierences in the expression of the serotonin transporter in the brain

D. Several groups (e.g., Kalin) have used PET to show that there is in fact an associaIon between the allele transporter expression in the amygdala, conrming this key assumpIon

Some

have suggested tha...

Some

have suggested that...

In relation to the sero

toni...

Several groups (e.g., Ka

lin...

0% 0%0%0%

Which is true A. The HPA axis is involved in

the release of corIsol, epinephrine/adrenaline, and norepinephrine/noradrenaline in response to physical and psychological stress, which increases the availability of energy for the brain as well as defensive behaviors (ght/ight)

B. HPA = hippocampal, pituitary, amygdala

The H

PA axis is in

volved i...

HPA = hippocampal, pitui...

0%0%

Which is false A. Remarkable life-long changes

happen to stress-reacIvity when neonatal rats are exposed to experimenter handling, providing a nonhuman animal model of early experience & temperament

B. Handling leads to Ighter, more precise regulaIon of corIsol

C. Handling leads to increased expression of the glucocorIsoid receptor in the hippocampus in adulthood

D. As adults, rats who were handled as pups are less exploratory, more fearful, and more stress reacIve (N/NE)

Remarka

ble life-long cha...

Handling leads to tighte

r...

Handling leads to increa

...

As adults, rats who were

...

0% 0%0%0%

Which is false: Michael Meaneys group has provided evidence that the impact of handling on

temperament (N/NE or stress reacIvity) is

A. Related to increased expression of benzodiazepine receptors in the amygdala

B. Mediated by a social factor, namely, maternal style (LG-ABN: licking, grooming, and arched-back nursing)

C. Mediated by genes that increase maternal LG-ABN and decrease ospring reacIvity

D. Not geneIcally transmiXed (i.e., moms can alter adopted/cross-fostered pups)

Related to increase

d expr...

Mediated

by a social facto..

Mediated

by genes that i...

Not genetically transm

itte...

0% 0%0%0%

Which is false about epigeneIcs A. Refers to trait-like alteraIons in the

transcripIonal (protein-making) potenIal of a cell (such as a neuron) that are not due to changes in the genome (DNA); turning certain genes on/o, without changing the genes themselves

B. O}en reects methylaIon or histone modicaIon of the DNA

C. Explains cell dierenIaIon (liver vs brain cell) & developmentally appropriate changes in the brain and body

D. Can never be heritable (transmiXed to subsequent generaIons)

E. Can be heritable, violaIng a key tenet of modern biology (inherited traits, such as T&P, reect the intergeneraIonal transmission of DNA)

Refers to trait-like alterat...

Often

reflects meth

ylatio...

Expla

ins cell diffe

rentiatio...

Can n

ever be he

ritable (...

Can b

e heritab

le, violatin...

0% 0% 0%0%0%

Which is false: How does maternal behavior produce lasIng changes in

(rodent) temperament (N/NE) A. Meaneys team showed that

maternal behavior (LG-ABN) produces epigeneIc changes

B. EpigeneIc changes lead to increased expression of glucocorIcoid receptors in the hippocampus, supporIng enduring changes in stress reacIvity

C. EpigeneIc changes induced by maternal behavior only persist during the neonatal period

Meaneys team showed t...

Epigenetic changes lead t...

Epigenetic changes in

duc..

0% 0%0%

Can paternal experience be transmiXed to ospring without a behavioral/social intermediary? Can we benet (or suer) from our parents experience without them teaching (or grooming) us? Can acquired characterisIcs be inherited, as Lamarck posited in the 18th century? A. Yes! B. No! C. Ressler and others have

provided tantalizing evidence suggesIng that this is possible, but much remains unclear (e.g., how fear learning in the brain inuences epigeneIcs in the sperm/gametes)

Yes! No

!

Ressler and othe

rs have ...

0% 0%0%

Which is false: Trait-like dierences in T&P reect the brain. Dierences in brain structure and funcIon

reect the inuence of A. Genome/DNA B. Epigenome C. Experience/

Environment D. Experience

interacIng with the genome and epigenome

E. None of the above Genome/D

NA

Epigenome

Experience/Environment

Experience interacting w

i..

None of the above

0% 0% 0%0%0%

Which is false: Trait-like dierences in T&P reect the brain. Nature (genome/DNA, epigenome) and nurture (experience)

interact to change

A. Protein expression B. DNA methylaIon C. Neurochemical

receptor expression and binding

D. Hippocampal structure and funcIon

E. Histone status F. None of the above

Protein expression

DNA m

ethylation

Neuro

chemical recepto

r ...

Hippocam

pal structure a..

Histon

e status

None of the above

0% 0% 0%0%0%0%

How does early experience (abuse, stress, caregiver behavior) get into

the brain A. Changes in the

geneIc code B. Changes in the

epigenome that alter the expression of genes, leading to changes in protein synthesis and, ulImately, acIvity

Changes in

the genetic code

Changes in

the epigeno..

0%0%

GWAS pretends that

A. Alleles (i.e., geneIc variants) do not interact with or inuence one another (only independent eects are considered)

B. Alleles do interact with one another

Alleles (i.e., genetic varia...

Alleles do inte

ract w

ith o..

0%0%

* Taylors ques6on in class

GWAS genome-wide associaIon study

A. Brute force approach to idenIfying correlaIons between alleles and phenotypes, such as N/NE

B. O}en relies on SNP chips C. Suers from low staIsIcal

sensiIvity, because of the very large number of tests performed

D. Opens the door to discovering new and potenIally important molecular pathways

E. All of the above

Brute force appro

ach to ...

Often

relies on SNP chips

Suffers from low

statistica...

Opens the door to discov...

All of the above

0% 0% 0%0%0%

Showing that a trait, such as E/PE, is heritable indicates

A. A single, coherent or unied biological cause

B. Nothing whatsoever with regard to the number or kind of substrates

A single, coheren

t or unif...

Nothing whatso

ever with...

0%0%

Kagans model of BI A. Shows a number of

parallels with N/NE and Grays BIS, reinforcing the idea that childhood temperament and adult personality are closely related

B. Shows a number of important dierences from N/NE and Grays BIS, reinforcing the idea that childhood temperament and adult personality are disInct kinds

Shows a number of paralle..

Shows a number of impo...

0%0%

An allele is

A. A geneIc polymorphism

B. A geneIc variant C. The thing; that gives

rise to geneIcally-determined individual dierences in trait-like phenotypes

D. All of the above A g

enetic polymo

rphism

A genetic variant

The thing; th

at gives rise...

All of the above

0% 0%0%0%

Family, twin, and adopIon studies (aka behavioral geneIcs) are

A. CorrelaIonal B. MechanisIc C. Provide a tool for

discovering the molecular substrates of T&P

Correlation

al

Mechanistic

Provide a tool for disco

ve...

0% 0%0%

Family, twin, and adopIon studies (aka behavioral geneIcs) teach us

that A. Psychiatric disorders,

like T&P, aggregate in families

B. Are heritable C. Things that blood

relaIves share (e.g., SES, toxin exposure, stress, habits) are important determinants of psychopathology

Psych

iatric disor

ders, like...

Are h

eritab

le

Things that bloo

d relative...

0% 0%0%

Which is true A. In humans, DNA is organized

into 23 pairs of chromosomes, one descended from Mom and one from Dad

B. Chromosomes are organized into genes, regions of DNA corresponding to the instrucIons for a protein

C. These proteins form neurons, axons, the myelin sheath covering axons, neurochemicals, synapses and every other component of our brains, the wetware that gives rise to our T&P

D. All of the above

In humans, DNA is org

ani...

Chrom

osom

es are

organiz..

These

prote

ins form neu...

All of the above

0% 0%0%0%

Developing a mechanisNc understanding of the molecular neurobiology of T&P and associated psychiatric disorders promises to

A. Redene diagnosIc categories and T&P traits in terms of quanIable eIology (root causes)

B. Accelerate the development of novel treatments or prevenIon eorts targeIng links in the eIological chain

C. IdenIfy at-risk individuals early (e.g., carriers of a parIcular polymorphism)

D. Predict treatment response or more quickly pick the best treatment (e.g., carriers of a parIcular polymorphism)

E. Enhance prognosis: You have 3 months to live

F. Provide a novel discovery tool for addressing some of the most fundamental quesIon about the nature of T&P

G. All of the above

Redefine diagnostic cate

...

Accelera

te the

develop

me..

Identify at-risk individual...

Predict treatment resp

o...

Enhance p

rognosis: You...

Provide a no

vel discover...

All of the above

0% 0% 0% 0%0%0%0%

Children with elevated behavioral inhibiIon (BI)

A. Are more likely to develop anxiety, mood, and co-morbid substance abuse disorders later in life

B. Are more likely to develop psychopathology if they show stable, high levels of BI across development

C. Are shy and reIcent in the face of novelty and potenIal threat (e.g., scary robot, human intruder)

D. May show elevated levels of the stress hormone corIsol

E. Show a R > L paXern of frontal EEG F. Show heightened amygdala

reacIvity to novel faces in adulthood

G. All of the above Are m

ore likely to devel..

Are m

ore likely to develo...

Are shy and reticen

t in th...

May show elevated levels...

Show a R > L p

attern

of f...

Show heighten

ed am

ygda..

All of the above

0% 0% 0% 0%0%0%0%

If a trait is highly heritable, this means that group dierences at one point in

history will always be that way A. Yes B. No

Yes No

0%0%

What are the long-term prospects for linking genes to intermediate neural phenotypes to traits, such as C/SC?

A. Awesome! B. Terrible! What a waste of

taxpayer money! C. It depends on the nature

of the linkages, which we do not yet know

D. Current evidence suggests somewhere in between awesome and terrible, but we do not yet know

E. C and D Awesome!

Terrible! W

hat a waste of...

It depends on the natu

re ..

Current evidence sugges..

C and D

0% 0% 0%0%0%

Which is true A. Common geneIc polymorphisms

(the SNPs measured by SNP chips) have, at most, weak eects on brain funcIon and behavior (e.g., 2-5%)

B. Such small eects are small and hard to reliably detect without using very large and expensive samples

C. Such small eects have led to many non-replicaIons

D. Such small eects have led many to wonder whether this research strategy is worth the money

E. All of the above

Comm

on genetic polym

o...

Such sm

all effects are

sma..

Such sm

all effects have le...

Such sm

all effects have l..

All of the above

0% 0% 0%0%0%

Which is true

A. Hannah is a 6 y.o. boy

B. Micah is an 18 m.o. girl

C. Both of Dr. Ss kids are cute as all get out

D. All of the above Hannah is a 6 y.o. boy

Micah is an 18 m

.o. girl

Both of Dr. Ss kids are cu..

All of the above

0% 0%0%0%

The Big 3 superfactors are about

A. 10% heritable B. 45% heritable C. 90% heritable

10% heritable

45% heritable

90% heritable

0% 0%0%

In class, we discussed several arguments for why even these small eects are potenIally important

A. Small is mis-leading; a limited number (on the order of a few tens) of SNPs, each accounIng for a small % of the variance, can add up to meaningful dierences (as in the height example)

B. The expense to date of this research is modest compared to military expenditures or even large-scale physics projects (colliders)

C. The discoveries are truly novel, opening the door to models and treatments that we probably never would have predicted or developed based on our exisIng knowledge and intuiIons

Small is mis-leadin

g; a lim...

The expense to date of th..

The discoveries are

truly ...

0% 0%0%

Which is inherited (heritable)?

A. Genes B. Trait-like

phenotypes, such as E/PE

C. All of the above

Genes

Trait-like ph

enoty

pes, s

...

All of the above

0% 0%0%

Heritability reects

A. The % of between-individual variaIon predictable from pedigree

B. The % of a trait within an individual (you!) that is inherited from your forebears

The %

of be

tween-individ...

The %

of a trait w

ithin an...

0%0%

A wide variety of environmental factors can

A. Trigger geneIc predisposiIons (e.g., to high levels of N/NE)

B. Compensate for or regulate the expression of geneIc predisposiIons

C. Enhance or accentuate geneIc predisposiIons

D. All of the above

Trigger genetic predispos...

Comp

ensate for or regula..

Enhance or acce

ntuate

g...

All of the above

0% 0%0%0%

Heritability A. Is probabilisIc and

predicIve of average outcomes

B. Is determinisIc if you know the parents, you know exactly what to expect of the ospring regardless of environment or experience

Is prob

abilistic and p

redic...

Is dete

rministic if you ...

0%0%

Anxiety disorders, such as GAD, and major depression are

A. Categorically dierent

B. O}en co-morbid and show a number of other similariIes, in terms of therapeuIc response, heritability, and do on, suggesIng that they are closely related to one another and form a spectrum Categ

orically different

Often

co-morb

id and sho...

0%0%

Treatments targeIng anxiety disorders

A. Tend to inuence N/NE as well as depression

B. SelecIvely inuence the targeted disorder

C. Only help some paIents


Tend to influence N/NE a...

Selectively influence the ...

Only help some patients

A and C

B and C

Shackman Psyc210 Module20 SemesterRecapAndFinalExamReview 051215

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