SH1 and SH2.1SH1 and SH2.1(Sun & Corona, IP Transport)(Sun & Corona, IP Transport)

C. M. S. CohenC. M. S. Cohen

((CaltechCaltech))

TopicsTopics First Results from RHESSI (really!) First Results from RHESSI (really!)

The devil is in the details - new puzzlesThe devil is in the details - new puzzles Some topics never dieSome topics never die

Particle AccelerationParticle Acceleration Particle TransportParticle Transport

TGFM (Thank goodness for modellers) TGFM (Thank goodness for modellers) Future prospectsFuture prospects

93 papers total

(12 papers)

(38 papers)

(8 papers)

(21 papers)(14 papers)

What do we want to know about What do we want to know about solar energetic particles?solar energetic particles?

Where they are acceleratedWhere they are accelerated What is being acceleratedWhat is being accelerated How they are acceleratedHow they are accelerated How they reach usHow they reach us

ToolsTools ParticlesParticles

Onsets, Composition, Charge StatesOnsets, Composition, Charge States PhotonsPhotons

Images/Movies, Wavelengths, SpectraImages/Movies, Wavelengths, Spectra

Particle MeasurementsParticle Measurements SpacecraftSpacecraft

IMP8, Wind, SOHO, IMP8, Wind, SOHO, ACE, Cassini, GOES, ACE, Cassini, GOES, NOZOMI, SAMPEX, NOZOMI, SAMPEX, MITAMITA

Neutron Monitors/SNTNeutron Monitors/SNT Tibet, Mt. Chacaltaya, Tibet, Mt. Chacaltaya,

Mt. Haleakala, Mt. Mt. Haleakala, Mt. Norikura, Spaceship Norikura, Spaceship Earth, ...Earth, ...

Muon TelescopesMuon Telescopes L3+C, GRAPES, L3+C, GRAPES,

GRAND, BUST, GRAND, BUST, Andyrchy, CarpetAndyrchy, Carpet

NM

MT

Particle MeasurementsParticle Measurements

Bastille (7/14/00) eventBastille (7/14/00) event Easter/Resurrection (4/15/01) eventEaster/Resurrection (4/15/01) event

Two Main Acceleration ProcessesTwo Main Acceleration Processes

CME-driven ShockCME-driven ShockFe/O ~ 0.1Fe/O ~ 0.133He/He/44He <0.01He <0.01QQFeFe ~ 10-14 ~ 10-14

Flare-relatedFlare-relatedFe/O ~ 1Fe/O ~ 133He/He/44He ~ 0.1 - 1He ~ 0.1 - 1QQFeFe ~ 20 ~ 20

Where?Where? Timing StudiesTiming Studies

T T vsvs c/v (Mewaldt et al., Tylka c/v (Mewaldt et al., Tylka et al.)et al.)

injection/transport models with injection/transport models with NM data (Bieber et al.)NM data (Bieber et al.)

NM & electron velocity (Kahler NM & electron velocity (Kahler et al.)et al.)

Bieber et al.

(Harley)

Tylka et al.

Mewaldt et al.

Different methods agree rather well

Tylka et al.

Where?Where? Most big events pointMost big events point

to CME-shock accel.to CME-shock accel. After CME lift offAfter CME lift off After type III radioAfter type III radio After HXR emissionAfter HXR emission Association with DH & Association with DH &

metric type II radio (Cliver et al.)metric type II radio (Cliver et al.)

Mewaldt et al.

2-10 RS

Flare

Shock

Where?Where?

Injection/Release - Injection/Release -

all species/energies together? all species/energies together? Tylka et al., Posner & Kunow - yesTylka et al., Posner & Kunow - yes Kahler et al. - no (HKahler et al. - no (H++ before e before e--)) Mewaldt et al. - sometimes (heavies after eMewaldt et al. - sometimes (heavies after e--))

Mewaldt et al.

Scattering / Pitch angle distributions

Where?Where? RHESSI protons and RHESSI protons and

electron acceleration electron acceleration locations are different locations are different (Hurford et al.)(Hurford et al.)

Size of HXR region and Size of HXR region and pre-eruption motion pre-eruption motion related to SEP related to SEP characteristics characteristics

(Nitta et al.)(Nitta et al.)

Hurford et al.

Nitta et al.

What?What?

Reames 1995Reames 1995 CME-shocks accelerate CME-shocks accelerate

Solar WindSolar Wind

Desai et al. 2003Desai et al. 2003 composition at shocks composition at shocks

(1 AU) is not solar wind-(1 AU) is not solar wind-likelike

composition most like composition most like upstream materialupstream material

Upstream material = mix of flare and solar wind-like(on average 30% & 70%)

Flare Material Flare Material (remnant? concurrent?)(remnant? concurrent?) 33He/He/44He in SEPs larger He in SEPs larger

than solar wind values than solar wind values (Laivola et al.)(Laivola et al.)

Laivola et al.

What?What?

Flare Material Flare Material (remnant? concurrent?)(remnant? concurrent?) 33He/He/44He in SEPs larger He in SEPs larger

than solar wind values than solar wind values (Laivola et al.)(Laivola et al.)

QQFeFe correlates with Fe/O correlates with Fe/O in SEPs (Labrador et al., in SEPs (Labrador et al., Tylka et al.)Tylka et al.)

Labrador et al.

Tylka et al.

What?What?

Solar Wind

Shock events have Qs like solar Shock events have Qs like solar

wind (Klecker et al.)wind (Klecker et al.)

Flare Material Flare Material (remnant? concurrent?)(remnant? concurrent?) 33He/He/44He in SEPs larger He in SEPs larger

than solar wind values than solar wind values (Laivola et al.)(Laivola et al.)

QQFeFe correlates with Fe/O correlates with Fe/O in SEPs (Labrador et al., in SEPs (Labrador et al., Tylka et al.)Tylka et al.)

QQFeFe distributions can have distributions can have high-Q tail (Popecki et al.)high-Q tail (Popecki et al.)

But...But... Maybe not enough Maybe not enough

material (Mewaldt et al.)material (Mewaldt et al.)

What?What?

00/096

00/159

Popecki et al.

Möbius et al.

Flare-related?

Suprthermal material may have solar wind-like Qs

Tanuma & Shibata

Naito

How?How? Modelling flaresModelling flares

Shocks in reconnection jet (Tanuma & Shibata)

Shocks in flares and orientation (Naito)

Shocks in giant arcades (Shiota et al.)

Modelling CME shocks Modelling CME shocks (Kota et al.)(Kota et al.)

Kota et al.

Extended InjectionExtended Injection NM (Bieber et al.,NM (Bieber et al.,

Duldig et al.)Duldig et al.) >100 MeV H>100 MeV H+ +

(Struminsky et al.)(Struminsky et al.)

Transport or Transport or acceleration?acceleration? Delay is getting to Delay is getting to

connected field lineconnected field line 2 acceleration 2 acceleration

mechanisms mechanisms (Vashenyuk et al.)(Vashenyuk et al.)

How?How?7/14/00

Duldig et al.

Bieber et al.4/15/01

Vashenyuk et al.

7/14/00

Prompt - hard, narrow

Delayed - soft, broad

Field line connection Field line connection (Chuychai et al.)(Chuychai et al.)

Particle diffusion Particle diffusion (Zhang et al.)(Zhang et al.)

TransportTransport

Significant cross field diffusion

Chuychai et al.

McKibben et al. 2001

Mazur et al. 2000

Zhang et al.

40-90 MeV H+

New SNTNew SNT Mt. Sierra Negra - 19N Mt. Sierra Negra - 19N

(Valdes-Galicia et al.)(Valdes-Galicia et al.) Super SNT (Sako et al.)Super SNT (Sako et al.)

ImprovementsImprovements Mt. Aragats (Muraki et al.), Mt. Aragats (Muraki et al.),

ADAMO (Bonechi et al.)ADAMO (Bonechi et al.) Mobile NM (Moraal et al.), Mobile NM (Moraal et al.),

RECORD (Ksenotontov et RECORD (Ksenotontov et al.)al.)

Spacecraft InstrumentsSpacecraft Instruments ResursDK1/PAMELA - 2005 ResursDK1/PAMELA - 2005

(Casolino et al.)(Casolino et al.) SELENE/PS - 2004 SELENE/PS - 2004

(Takashima et al.)(Takashima et al.)

The FutureThe FutureCasolino et al.

Energy (MeV)

Sako et al.

Takashima et al.

SELENE/PS

3-400 MeV/nHeavies