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ProceedingsVolume 1

Mineral resources in a sustainable world

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Mineral Resourcesin a Sustainable World

13th Biennial SGA Meeting24-27 August 2015, NANCY, FRANCE

Proceedings Volume

 

1 

Edited by 

Anne‐Sylvie André‐Mayer, Michel Cathelineau, Philippe Muchez, Eric Pirard and Sven Sindern 

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The 13th SGA biennial meeting is organized by the CNRS, and a group of French,Belgian and German universities (Nancy, Liège, Aachen and Louvain).

The theme for this 13th edition is “Mineral Resources in a Sustainable World”.

The SGA was founded in 1965 in Heidelberg and the 2015 SGA biennial meeting

will celebrate the 50th

anniversary of the Society.

Suggested citation for the entire volume: André-Mayer AS, Cathelineau M, Muchez Ph, Pirard E, Sindern S (eds) Mineralresources in a sustainable world. Proceedings of the 13th Biennial SGA Meeting,24-27 August 2015, Nancy, France, 2134 pages

Suggested citation for an individual paper: André-Mayer AS, Turlin F, Vanderhaeghe O, Gervais F, Ohnenstetter D,Moukhsil A, Solgadi F (2015) REE mineralizations associated to Late- to Post-Grenvillian Orogeny peraluminous pegmatites, Québec. Proceeding of the 13th Biennial SGA Meeting, 24-27 August 2015, Nancy, France

This publication cannot be reproduced in whole or in part without the permissionof The Society for Geology Applied to Mineral Deposits (SGA).

 A digital version of theses volumes is available from the SGA website at www.e-sga.org 

Cover photograph. Migmatized gneiss of the Kola series, Namvara uraniumoccurrences (Kola Peninsula, Russia) (A.S. André-Mayer)

Set of 5 volumesLayout: Anne-Sylvie André-Mayer, Maia Riehl, GeoRessources, Université de Lorraine

Emmanuel Gauthier, ENSG, Université de Lorraine

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1

PREFACE 

From Source, Transport and Metal deposits….…to Mineral Resources in a Sustainable World 

The first biennial meeting of the Society for Geology applied to Mineral Deposits took placein Nancy in 1991, and some of the present day participants were certainly already some ofthe first actors of the 1st  biennial SGA meeting, dealing with the basics of metallogeny:“Source, Transport and Metal deposits”. 

The 13th SGA-meeting is hosted again in Nancy 2015 to celebrate the 50 th anniversary ofthe society. Growing economy results in a global increase in demand for mineral rawmaterials, which have to be supplied in a reliable but also responsible way to meet allrequirements of a sustainable world: this justifies the focus of the 2015 meeting: “MineralResources in a Sustainable World”. 

International research on mineral deposits and related topics is presented and discussedwithin 16 scientific sessions, 5 symposia and 8 plenary sessions. Field trips with variousdestinations between Poland and Morocco offer excellent opportunity to discover themetallogeny of Europe and northern Africa.

The 13th  biennial meeting of the SGA is organized by CNRS (Centre National de la

Recherche Scientifique) and a consortium of Universities, including the Université deLorraine in Nancy, the KU Leuven, the Université de Liege and RWTH Aachen Universityrepresenting the regions of Lorraine, Flandres, Wallonie and North-Rhine-Westphalia alongthe borders of France, Belgium and Germany, regions that still express significant historicalheritage of both coal and iron mining activities.

The five volumes of these proceedings present 518 extended abstracts over 2134 pages,e.g. the state of the art all along the entire spectrum of scientific topics from economicgeology to mine environment and geometallurgy. These abstract volumes give also anexpression of the high scientific quality of the 13th SGA-meeting. We would like to expressin this foreword our sincere gratitude to the local organizing committee with the scientific,technical and student staff. We also thank warmly all the conveners of sessions, workshops

and excursions, and all who made this meeting possible by their tremendous work duringthe last months.

 August 2015

 Anne-Sylvie André-Mayer Michel Cathelineau, Philippe Muchez, Eric Pirard, Sven Sindern

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MINERAL RESOURCES IN A SUSTAINABLE WORLD • 13th SGA Biennial Meeting 2015. Proceedings, Volume 12

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REE Mineralizations Associated to Late- to Post-GrenvillianOrogeny Peraluminous Pegmatites, Québec

Anne-Sylvie André-Mayer, François Turlin, Daniel OhnenstetterGeoRessources lab., Université de Lorraine, CNRS, CREGU, Campus Aiguillettes, Faculté des Sciences et Technologies,

rue Jacques Callot, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, F-54506, FranceOlivier Vanderhaeghe Géosciences Environnement Toulouse, UMR 5563, Université de Toulouse, France

Abdelali Moukhsil, Fabien Solgadi 

Ministère de l’Energie et des Ressources Naturelles du Québec, Bureau de la connaissance géologique du Québec, 400,boulevard Lamaque,

 

Val-d'Or, J9P 3L4, QC, Canada

Felix GervaisEcole Polytechnique Montréal, 2900  boul. Édouard-Montpetit, Campus de l'Univ. de Montréal, Montréal, QC H3T1J4 Canada

Armin ZehInstitut für Geowissenschaften, Altenhöferallee 1, D-60438 Frankfurt, Germany.

Abstract. The Grenville Province in Quebec has a longMesoproterozoic history of accretionary events, along thefull length of the southeastern margin of Laurentia, thatculminated in the Grenvillian Orogeny between 1090 and980 Ma. It contains many alkaline and carbonatiticmagmatic complexes complemented with widespreadREE-rich pegmatites, which makes it an economic targetfor magmatic Rare-Earth Elements (REE) mineralization.Preliminary field investigations in the Lac Okaopéo region(Côte-Nord, south from the Manicouagan impact, Quebec)particularly rich in REE-rich pegmatites, show that thesedykes are REE-rich undeformed pegmatite dykes whichseem to be late- to post-orogenic according to their

undeformed state and crosscutting relationships with thesurrounding foliation. These dykes are rooted inmigmatites representing partial melting of the middle crustunder P-T   conditions up to granulite facies and areintrusive upsection in the upper continental crust (inmetasedimentary complexes). From the middle to theupper crust, pegmatite aspect evolves concurrently withthe REE-minerals, from allanite-rich pinkish dykes tomonazite bearing white pegmatites.

Further mineralogical, textural and geochronologicalinvestigations will be conducted in order to complementthese preliminary field observations.

Keywords: REE, Pegmatites, Late-orogenic, Grenville

1 Introduction

The Grenville Province is the exposed part in theCanadian Shield (mostly in Quebec) of an orogen thatformed during late Mesoproterozoic to early

 Neoproterozoic along the full length of the southernmargin of Laurentia, from Norway to Texas (Carr  et al.2000; Rivers 1997, 2009; Rivers et al. 2012). In Quebec,the Grenville Province represents the northern shore of theSaint-Laurent River (Rivers et al. 2012). It contains astrong REE metallogenic potential due to the presence ofnumerous alkaline and carbonatitic magmatic complexes,

 but also many REE-rich pegmatite dykes (Hébert 1995;Lentz  1996; Moukhsil et al. 2014; Rivers et al. 2012;Sangster  et al. 1992).

The Ministry of Energy and Natural Resources of

Quebec (MERN) carries out cartography and metal-logenic potential inventory campaigns every summer,specifically from 2010 to 2013 in the Côte-Nord(Quebec). The Grenville team identified seven magmaticREE occurrences related to peraluminous pegmatitesdykes in 2013 (Moukhsil et al. 2014). These occurrenceshave been identified in the Lac Okaopéo region (Fig. 1,Côte-Nord, south from the Manicouagan meteoriticimpact, Quebec), more specifically in the 22K07 and22K10 SNRC sheets where these dykes intrude severaldifferent lithotectonic units (Moukhsil et al. 2014).

This study presents mineralogical, textural, structural

and geochemical data from field investigations of theREE-pegmatite dykes in order to connect these peg-matites with their Grenvillian structural framework anddiscuss their genetic link with this Mesoproterozoicthickened orogenic crust. The next step will be to discussthe processes and sources that lead to the formation ofthese highly differentiated REE-rich dykes. 

2 Regional geology

Paleoproterozoic juvenile crust accretion to thesoutheastern margin of Laurentia occurred from ca. 1850to ca. 1600 Ma (Rivers 1997, 2009; Rivers et al. 2012).The Granite-Rhyolite Igneous Province represents anactive margin characterized by plutonism and volcanism,especially calc-alkaline and A-type magmatism, thatformed during the early-Mesoproterozoic, from ca. 1500to 1340 Ma (Rivers 1997; Rivers et al. 2012).

Tectonic accretion of terranes to the southeasternmargin of Laurentia, took place during mid- to late-Mesoproterozoic (Rivers 1997; Rivers et al. 2012). Theseorogenic events are (i) the Pinwarian Orogeny (ca. 1470-1450  Ma, Rivers 1997; Rivers et al. 2012); (ii) theElzevirian Orogeny (ca. 1245-1225 Ma, Carr et al. 2000;Indares and Dunning 2004; Rivers et al. 2012) and (iii) theShawinigan  Orogeny (ca. 1200-1140 Ma, Indares andDunning 2004; Rivers 1997; Rivers et al. 2012).

Two spatially and temporally distinct orogenic eventsconstitute the subsequent continent-continent collision

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referred to as the Grenvillian Orogeny, which took placealong the full southeastern margin of Laurentia: (i) theOttawan orogenic phase (ca. 1090-1020 Ma) in thehinterland (referred to as the allochtonous) and (ii) theRigolet orogenic phase (ca. 1005-980 Ma) in the

northwestern margin (referred to as the parautochtonous)(Carr  et al. 2000; Indares and Dunning 2004; Rivers 1997;Rivers  et al. 2012). The eastern part of the GraniteRhyolite Igneous Province was extensively reworkedduring the Grenville orogen (Rivers et al. 2012).

Figure 1. Geological map of the Lac Okaopéo zone (22K01, 22K02, 22K07, 22K08, 22K09 and 22K10 SNRC sheets) (modified afterMoukhsil et al. 2014).

3 Lithotectonic units

This study focuses on the Côte-Nord region, south fromthe Manicouagan meteoritic impact, where the REE-rich

 pegmatite dykes have been identified, more precisely inthe 22K07 and 22K10 SNRC sheets (Lac Okaopéo zone,Fig. 1, Moukhsil et al. 2014). Three lithotectonic unitsfrom the allochtonous belts (Indares and Dunning 2004)are intruded by these dykes and differ in theiremplacement conditions (Moukhsil et al. 2012, 2013,2014). Their migmatitic texture and/or mineralogy

(sillimanite, orthopyroxene from charnockite ormangerite) suggest that these lithotectonic unitsunderwent high  P-T   metamorphic conditions (up togranulite facies) during Grenvillian Orogeny. These unitsare, from middle to upper orogenic crust:

(i) the Castoréum plutonic Suite (1393±8 Ma, U-Pb onzircon, Moukhsil et al. 2014) composed mainly of

 porphyric to porhyroclastic strongly deformed graniteswith minor charnockite, mangerite, granitic gneiss, anddeformed and hematized tonalite (Moukhsil et al. 2013,2014);

(ii) the Bardoux plutonic Suite (ca. 1487.6±6.8-1497±5 Ma, U-Pb on zircon, Moukhsil et al. 2012, 2014)

mainly composed of grey foliated granite containinggarnet (up to 10%), biotite and augen porphyroclasts ofmicrocline with minor monzonite and monzodiorite(Moukhsil et al. 2012, 2014);

(iii) the Plus-Value metasedimentary Complex (ca.1765-1528 Ma, U-Pb on detrital zircon, and age of anintruding plutonic suite, Moukhsil et al. 2012, 2013, 2014)composed of migmatitic paragneiss with minor boudins ofquartzite and calc-silicate rocks. The whole complex isintruded by numerous pegmatite dykes (Moukhsil et al.2012, 2013, 2014).

4 REE-rich pegmatite dykes characteristics

Even though they present several different charac-teristics, all the REE-rich pegmatite dykes are (i)undeformed, (ii) peraluminous (Fig. 2a, Maniar andPiccoli 1989) and (iii) plot in the Type S domain (Fig. 2a,Chappell and White 1974).

4.1 Dykes intruding the Castoréum plutonicSuite

Two dykes have been identified as intruding theCastoréum plutonic Suite and are referred to as 13-AE-2149 B and 13-FS-1202 C (Moukhsil et al. 2014). Thesedykes are pinkish and their width may reach respectively1 m and 5 m. They respectively intrude a foliatedmangerite and a foliated quartziferous monzodiorite(Moukhsil et al. 2014). The dykes are mainly composedof (i) quartz, feldspar, biotite, magnetite, garnet andcentimetric allanite (13-AE-2149 B) and (ii) quartz,

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feldspar, biotite, and centimetric allanite (13-FS-1202 C).The 13-AE-2149 B dyke present a diffuse contact withintruded mangerite and is concordant to sub-concordantto the mangerite foliation (Fig. 3), contrasting with the 13-FS-1202 C dyke whose contact with its host quartziferousmonzodiorite is straight and discordant (Fig. 3). Bothdykes’ REE mineralization is expressed as allanite. Thetwo dykes also display differences in their REE pattern:(i) the 13-AE-2149 B dyke’s pattern is flat and display astrong Eu positive anomaly (Fig. 2b); (ii) whereas the 13-FS-1202 C dyke’s pattern is much more fractionated (theLREE concentration much higher than the HREE one)with a strong negative Eu anomaly and an important slopefrom Gd to Lu (Fig. 2b).

4.2 Dykes intruding the Bardoux plutonic Suite

One outcrop containing several REE-rich pegmatite dykesintruding the Bardoux plutonic Suite has been identifiedand is referred to as 13-TC-5072 B (Moukhsil et al. 2014).These dykes’ width may reach up to 4 m, they are greyish,mainly composed of quartz, feldspar, allanite (up to 5%)and a few monazite grains. They present a straightdiscordant contact with the foliation of the grey foliatedto mylonitic monzogranite they intrude (Fig. 3). Thismonzogranite may contain up to 3 cm K-feldspar

 porphyroblasts. The mineralization is mainly expressed ascentimetric allanite. The REE pattern of this dyke isfractionated, and presents a negative Eu anomaly, muchless important than the 13-FS-1202 C dyke (Fig. 2b). Animportant slope from Gd to Lu is also to note (Fig. 2b).

4.3 Dykes intruding the Plus-Value Complex

Four REE-rich pegmatite dykes intrude the Plus-ValueComplex and are referred to as 13-AM-07 A, 13-AM-10B, 13-AM-13 A and 13-TC-5008 D (Moukhsil et al.2014). The dykes’ width may reach up to 10 m. They areleucocratic, mainly composed of quartz, feldspar, biotiteand monazite, and present a straight discordant contactwith the foliation of the paragneiss they intrude (Fig. 3).Contacts are marked by porphyroblasts of feldspar(several centimeters in length) that crystallized

 perpendicularly within dykes’ margins. The REEmineralization is expressed as millimetric monazitegrains. Their REE patterns are all fractionated with a more

or less strong Eu negative anomaly (Fig. 2b). Theamplitude of this anomaly seems to be linked with theimportance of the slope from Gd to Lu: it tends to decreasewith the negative Eu anomaly (Fig. 2b).

5 Discussion

These field investigations have been conducted on REE-rich pegmatite dykes, intruding different lithotectonicunits. The emplacement conditions of these intrudedlithologies evolve from middle (mangerite, Castoréum

 plutonic Suite) to upper orogenic crust (paragneiss, Plus-Value Complex). Concurrently, the pegmatite aspects and

the mineralogy bearing the REE mineralization evolvesfrom an allanite-rich pinkish color of the dykes intrudingthe Castoréum plutonic Suite, to a monazite-rich whitishcolor for those intruding the Plus-Value metasedimentary

Complex. All these dykes plot in the peraluminous andType S domain (Fig. 2a, Chappell and White 1974;Maniar and Piccoli 1989) suggesting they derive from a

Figure 2. Geochemical signatures of REE-rich pegmatite dykesfrom the Lac Okaopéo zone. Several analyses are sometimesconducted on a same pegmatite dyke. a: chemical compositionsof REE-rich pegmatite dykes. Al/Ca+Na+K vs Al/Na+Kdiagram from Maniar and Piccoli (1989). Type I = igneoussource; Type S = sedimentary source from Chappell and White(1974). b: REE patterns of REE-rich pegmatite dykes,normalized to the chondritic abundances (McDonough and Sun1995).

Figure 3. Structural measures obtained on REE-rich pegmatitedykes (upper diagrams) and foliation of intruded lithotectonicunits measured in the vicinity of the dykes (lower diagrams)from the Lac Okaopéo zone.

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molten Grenvillian orogenic crust. One pegmatite dyke(13-AE-2149 B) presents a diffuse contact and is (sub-)concordant to its host mangerite (Castoréum plutonicSuite, Fig. 3), leading to propose that this dyke formed bymelt segregation during late-orogenic ductile deformationof the partially molten host rock.In addition, its flat REE

 pattern showing a positive Eu anomaly (Fig. 2b) suggeststhat it is dominated by a plagioclase cumulate. This flatREE pattern could also be related to the crystallization ofgarnet, a major carrier of HREE (Hönig et al. 2014).

In contrast, the other pegmatite dykes are notdeformed, and are mainly straight-lined, leading to theconclusion that they formed during late- to post-Grenvillian orogeny, either late- to post-Ottawan orRigolet orogenic phase. Their fractionated REE patternwith a negative Eu anomaly may indicate that they derivefrom the segregation of a magma that has left a

 plagioclase cumulate, leading to the hypothesis that these pegmatites could represent a cumulate after extraction ofa melt feeding dykes emplaced at a higher structural level.

These signatures are also found at the scale of thecontinental crust with a residual/cumulate lower to middlecrust and an enriched upper crust (Chakhmouradian andWall 2012; Rudnick and Gao 2003).

In contrast of the diffuse contact of the (sub-)concordant 13-AE-2149 B dyke with its host mangerite,the border of the discordant dykes is very often marked bythe crystallization of feldspar porphyroblasts in the

 pegmatites, perpendicular to their contact. This texturemay mark the temperature contrast between the dykes andcooler intruded lithologies, or may be related to fluidexpulsion towards the borders of the dykes during theircrystallization.

The several hypothesis developed previously will betested by complementary mineralogical, geochemical andgeochronological data.

6 Conclusions

Preliminary field and geochemical investigations on REE-rich pegmatite dykes from the Lac Okaopéo zone (Côte-

 Nord, Quebec) evidence for REE occurrences hosted bylate-Grenvillian peraluminous pegmatites which derivefrom a continental crustal fusion most probably related toGrenvillian metamorphism. An evolution in the pegmatitetype is observed from a middle to an upper orogenic crust,

witnessed by the host lithologies that express differentcrustal emplacement conditions. This pegmatite dykeevolution is marked by transitions from: (i) pinkishallanite-bearing to monazite-rich whitish pegmatites; (ii)(sub-)concordant to essentially discordant contacts

 between dykes and intruded lithologies; (iii) typicalmiddle (flat pattern with a negative Eu anomaly) to uppercontinental crust (fractionated pattern with a positive Euanomaly) origin in dykes’ REE patterns. As dykes derivefrom a partial melting of the orogenic crust, these datamay mark the differentiation of this orogenic crust duringthe Grenvillian orogeny.

Magmatic Rare-Earth Elements (REE) deposits are

currently mainly related to carbonatites, alkaline igneouscomplexes and pegmatites (Dill 2010; Chakhmouradianand  Zaitsev 2012). These first field investigations andgeochemistry studies will be complemented by

mineralogical, textural and geochronological data, andwill evidence the REE potential of these REE-rich

 peraluminous pegmatites.

Acknowledgements

The authors are grateful to the Ministry of Energy and Natural Resources of Quebec for their logistic andfinancial support for the field trip. The authors would alsolike to thank the financial support of Lorraine Region andRESSOURCES21 LabEx (ANR-10-LABX-21–LABEXRESSOURCES 21).

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