Sex, Marriage and Sex, Marriage and FamilyFamily

Part IIIPart III

FamilyFamily

However each culture may define what However each culture may define what constitutes a family, this social unit forms constitutes a family, this social unit forms the basic cooperative structure that the basic cooperative structure that ensures an individual’s primary needs and ensures an individual’s primary needs and provides the necessary care for children to provides the necessary care for children to develop as healthy and productive develop as healthy and productive members of the group and thereby help members of the group and thereby help ensure its future.ensure its future.

Family: two or more people related by Family: two or more people related by blood, marriage, or adoption.blood, marriage, or adoption.

HouseholdHousehold

An effective way to facilitate economic An effective way to facilitate economic cooperation between men and women and cooperation between men and women and simultaneously provide for a close bond simultaneously provide for a close bond between mother and child is through the between mother and child is through the establishment of residential groups that establishment of residential groups that include adults of both sexes. include adults of both sexes.

Household: basic residential unit in which Household: basic residential unit in which economic production, consumption, economic production, consumption, inheritance, child rearing, and shelter are inheritance, child rearing, and shelter are organized and carried out.organized and carried out.

HouseholdHousehold

A household is not the same as A household is not the same as family, although a household may family, although a household may contain related people, non-kin may contain related people, non-kin may also be part of the household group. also be part of the household group. – In addition, members of a family may be In addition, members of a family may be

spread out over several households spread out over several households

QuestionQuestion

Family and household are not Family and household are not always synonymous.always synonymous.

A.A. TrueTrue

B.B. FalseFalse

QuestionQuestion

Family and household are not Family and household are not always synonymous.always synonymous.A.A. TrueTrue

Forms of the FamilyForms of the Family

Conjugal family: a family established Conjugal family: a family established through marriage through marriage

Consanguineal family: related Consanguineal family: related women, their brothers, and the women, their brothers, and the women’s offspring.women’s offspring.

Forms of the FamilyForms of the Family

Nuclear family: a group consisting of Nuclear family: a group consisting of one or more parents and dependent one or more parents and dependent offspring, which may include a offspring, which may include a stepparent, stepsiblings, and adopted stepparent, stepsiblings, and adopted children.children.

Extended family: a collection of Extended family: a collection of nuclear families, related by ties of nuclear families, related by ties of blood, that live in one household.blood, that live in one household.

Nuclear FamilyNuclear Family

The family form that most Americans, The family form that most Americans, Europeans, and many others now regard as Europeans, and many others now regard as the normal or natural nucleus of larger family the normal or natural nucleus of larger family units units

Industrialization and market capitalism have Industrialization and market capitalism have played a historical role in shaping the nuclear played a historical role in shaping the nuclear family most of us are familiar with today.family most of us are familiar with today.

Larger kin groups are not involved in any Larger kin groups are not involved in any substantial way in mate selection or the substantial way in mate selection or the transfer of goodstransfer of goods

Nuclear Families and the InuitNuclear Families and the Inuit

Among Inuit people in Canada who still hunt for much of Among Inuit people in Canada who still hunt for much of their food, nuclear families are typical. Their isolation from their food, nuclear families are typical. Their isolation from other relatives is usually temporary. Much of the time they other relatives is usually temporary. Much of the time they are found in groups of at least a few related families.are found in groups of at least a few related families.

QuestionQuestion

The nuclear family is typically found The nuclear family is typically found inin

A.A. The Nayar societyThe Nayar society

B.B. The Mbuti societyThe Mbuti society

C.C. The United States and CanadaThe United States and Canada

D.D. IndiaIndia

QuestionQuestion

The nuclear family is typically found The nuclear family is typically found in the United States and Canada.in the United States and Canada.

Extended FamilyExtended Family

Extended family: two or more closely related Extended family: two or more closely related nuclear families clustered together into a large nuclear families clustered together into a large domestic group. domestic group.

Common in traditional horticultural, Common in traditional horticultural, agricultural, and pastoral societies around the agricultural, and pastoral societies around the worldworld

Typically consists of siblings with their spouses Typically consists of siblings with their spouses and offspring, and often their parents. and offspring, and often their parents.

Extended family is a way of keeping land intact, Extended family is a way of keeping land intact, providing additional security for individuals in providing additional security for individuals in times of crisis times of crisis

Extended FamilyExtended Family Extended families have built into Extended families have built into

them particular challenges. them particular challenges. – Among these are difficulties that the in-Among these are difficulties that the in-

marrying spouse is likely to have in marrying spouse is likely to have in adjusting to his or her spouse’s family.adjusting to his or her spouse’s family.

In many societies, the extended In many societies, the extended families are the primary unit of social families are the primary unit of social organization. organization.

QuestionQuestion

One explanation for the existence of One explanation for the existence of extended families in many cultures is thatextended families in many cultures is that

A.A. Raising children is more difficult in traditional Raising children is more difficult in traditional societiessocieties

B.B. Religious beliefs make it difficult for children Religious beliefs make it difficult for children to leave home.to leave home.

C.C. A lack of money or wealth makes it impossible A lack of money or wealth makes it impossible for family members to leave.for family members to leave.

D.D. The need for a large labor pool and The need for a large labor pool and cooperation in economic activities keeps cooperation in economic activities keeps family members together.family members together.

QuestionQuestion

One explanation for the existence One explanation for the existence of extended families in many of extended families in many cultures is that the need for a large cultures is that the need for a large labor pool and cooperation in labor pool and cooperation in economic activities keeps family economic activities keeps family members together.members together.

Nontraditional and Nonfamily Nontraditional and Nonfamily HouseholdsHouseholds

In North America and parts of Europe, In North America and parts of Europe, increasing numbers of people live in increasing numbers of people live in nonfamily households, either alone or nonfamily households, either alone or with nonrelatives. with nonrelatives.

Many others live as members of what Many others live as members of what are often called nontraditional are often called nontraditional families.families.– These include single-parent households.These include single-parent households.

Household Types in the Household Types in the United States in 2000United States in 2000

Five Basic Residence Five Basic Residence PatternsPatterns

Where some form of conjugal or Where some form of conjugal or extended family is the norm, family extended family is the norm, family exogamy requires that either the exogamy requires that either the husband or wife, if not both, must husband or wife, if not both, must move to a new household upon move to a new household upon marriage.marriage.

Five common patterns of residence: Five common patterns of residence: patrilocal, matrilocal, ambilocal, patrilocal, matrilocal, ambilocal, neolocal and avunculocal.neolocal and avunculocal.

Residence PatternsResidence Patterns

Patrilocal residence: a residence Patrilocal residence: a residence pattern in which a married couple pattern in which a married couple lives in the locality associated with lives in the locality associated with the husband’s father’s relatives.the husband’s father’s relatives.– This arrangement is favorable in This arrangement is favorable in

situations where men play a situations where men play a predominant role in subsistence predominant role in subsistence

– Where patrilocal residence is customary, Where patrilocal residence is customary, the bride often must move to a different the bride often must move to a different band or community. band or community.

– 80% of societies are patrilocal and 80% of societies are patrilocal and patrilineal patrilineal

Residence PatternsResidence Patterns

Matrilocal residence: a residence Matrilocal residence: a residence pattern in which a married couple lives pattern in which a married couple lives in the wife’s mother’s place of in the wife’s mother’s place of residence.residence.– Is likely to result if ecological Is likely to result if ecological

circumstances make the role of the circumstances make the role of the woman predominate for subsistence. woman predominate for subsistence.

– Found most often in horticultural societies, Found most often in horticultural societies, where political organization is relative un-where political organization is relative un-centralized and where cooperation among centralized and where cooperation among women is important. women is important.

Residence PatternsResidence Patterns

Ambilocal residence: a pattern in Ambilocal residence: a pattern in which a married couple may choose which a married couple may choose either matrilocal or patrilocal either matrilocal or patrilocal residence.residence.– For people like food-foragers, who find For people like food-foragers, who find

their food in nature and who maintain their food in nature and who maintain an egalitarian social orderan egalitarian social order

– Can be a crucial factor in both survival Can be a crucial factor in both survival and conflict resolution. and conflict resolution.

Residence PatternsResidence Patterns Neolocal residence: a pattern in which a Neolocal residence: a pattern in which a

married couple may establish their married couple may establish their household in a location apart from either household in a location apart from either the husband’s or the wife’s relatives.the husband’s or the wife’s relatives.– Occurs where the independence of the Occurs where the independence of the

nuclear family is emphasized nuclear family is emphasized Avunculocal residence: a residence Avunculocal residence: a residence

pattern in which a married couple lives pattern in which a married couple lives with the husband’s mother’s brother.with the husband’s mother’s brother.

QuestionQuestion

The residence pattern in which a The residence pattern in which a woman leaves her family after woman leaves her family after marriage to live with the family in marriage to live with the family in which her husband grew up is the which her husband grew up is the

A.A. Patrilocal residence patternPatrilocal residence pattern

B.B. Neolocal residence patternNeolocal residence pattern

C.C. Matrilocal residence patternMatrilocal residence pattern

D.D. Ambilocal residence patternAmbilocal residence pattern

QuestionQuestion

The residence pattern in which a The residence pattern in which a woman leaves her family after woman leaves her family after marriage to live with the family in marriage to live with the family in which her husband grew up is the which her husband grew up is the patrilocal residence pattern.patrilocal residence pattern.

Marriage, Family, and Household Marriage, Family, and Household in our Globalized and in our Globalized and Technologized WorldTechnologized World

In many countries marriage, family, and In many countries marriage, family, and household forms have become more household forms have become more varied in recent decades. varied in recent decades.

Contributing factors include new Contributing factors include new reproductive technologiesreproductive technologies– In vitro fertilizationIn vitro fertilization– Open adoptionOpen adoption