Sex, Gender, and the Sexual Disorders
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Transcript of Sex, Gender, and the Sexual Disorders
Sex, Gender, and the Sexual Disorders
Classifying Sexual Disorders: The DSM-IV-TR Categories
• Paraphilias• Disorders involving persistent sexual desires
or preferences that are considered abnormal
• Gender identity disorder (transsexualism)• Disorder in which individuals feel that they
have the body of the wrong sex and want to change sexes
Paraphilias
• Exhibitionism
• Recurrent, intense sexually arousing fantasies, sexual urges, or behaviors involving the exposure of one’s genitals to an unsuspecting stranger
• Voyeurism
• Recurrent, intense sexually arousing fantasies, sexual urges, or behaviors involving the act of observing an unsuspecting person who is naked, in the process of disrobing, or engaging in sexual activity
Paraphilias
Paraphilias
• Fetishism
• Recurrent, intense sexually arousing fantasies, sexual urges, or behaviors involving the use of nonliving objects
Paraphilias• Transvestic fetishim
(transvestitism) • Recurrent, intense sexually
arousing fantasies, sexual urges, or behaviors involving crossdressing in a heterosexual male
Paraphilias• Sexual sadism • Recurrent, intense
sexually arousing fantasies, sexual urges, or behaviors involving acts in which a victim’s psychological or physical suffering is sexually exciting
Paraphilias• Sexual masochism • Recurrent, intense sexually arousing fantasies,
sexual urges, or behaviors involving the act of being humiliated, beaten, bound, or otherwise made to suffer
Paraphilias
• Pedophilia • Recurrent, intense sexually arousing
fantasies, sexual urges, or behaviors involving sexual activity with a prepubescent child or children
Paraphilias• Frotteurism • Recurrent, intense sexually arousing fantasies,
sexual urges, or behaviors involving touching and rubbing against a nonconsenting person
Paraphilias• Paraphilias not otherwise specified• Necrophilia • Zoophilia (or bestiality) • Coprophilia• Urophilia • Telephone scatologia
Explaining And Treating Sexual Disorders: The Paraphilias
• Psychodynamic Components• Freud’s emphasized the idea that these
represented the direct expression in adulthood of “fixated” sexual interests from the developmental phases of childhood
• Contemporary theorists view paraphilias as a defense mechanism in response to an childhood experiences that resulted in humiliation.• Turning passive into active (identification with the
aggressor)
Explaining And Treating Sexual Disorders: The Paraphilias
• Cognitive-Behavioral Components• Classical conditioning• Social learning
• Cognitive-behavioral interventions• Phallometric assessment• Masturbatory satiation• Cognitive restructuring
Explaining And Treating Sexual Disorders: The Paraphilias
• Biological Components• Disinhibiting brain injuries or illness• Among women, mental retardation
plus history of abuse
• Biological interventions• Chemical castration• Antidepressant medications
Gender Identity Disorders• Disorder involving intense
discomfort with one’s biological sex…
and the desire to change it• Gender • A person’s psychological
sense of being male or female
Gender Identity Disorders• Strong and persistent cross-
gender identification
• Persistent discomfort with one’s sex or discomfort in the gender role of that sex
• Significant distress or functional impairment related to the condition
Gender Identity Disorders• Prevalence data:
extremely rare condition
• Male to female more common• GID more common
among children than among adults
Explaining Gender Identity Disorders• Biological components• Temperament issues
• Hormonal theories
• Psychodynamic components• Attempt to connect with a
depressed, withdrawn mother
Explaining Gender Identity Disorders• Behavioral components• Environmental reinforcement for cross-gender
behavior
• Sociocultural and family systems components• Family variables associated with GID: GID boys
often have many brothers and are among younger siblings; significant family-wide psychopathology
• Multiple causality in GID
Treating GID• Childhood GID:
Practical and ethical issues
• Adult GID: Sex change/reassignment protocols