Sewerage and Drainage System Improvement: Initial … REPORT FINAL... · 2013-09-26 · IEE Report...

in association with Brisbane City Enterprise Pty Ltd – Australia AQUA Consultant and Associates Ltd – Bangladesh Building Design Authority – Nepal CEMAT Consultants – Nepal

Biratnagar Sub Metropolitan City, Nepal

FINAL REPORT Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) on

Sewerage and Drainage System Improvement

SECONDARY TOWNS URBAN ENVIRONMENTAL IMPROVEMENT PROJECT, BIRATNAGAR

April, 2013

Initial Environmental Examination (IEE)

on

Sewerage and Drainage System Improvement

Secondary Towns Integrated Urban Environmental Improvement Project (STIUEIP)

Biratnagar Sub-metropolitan City, Biratnagar

Submitted to:

Ministry of Urban Development (MoUD)

Government of Nepal

Submitted by:

Project Implementation Unit (PIU)

Secondary Towns Integrated Urban Environmental Improvement Project (STIUEIP)

Biratnagar Sub-metropolitan City, Biratnagar

Nepal

April, 2013

IEE Report on Sewerage and Drainage System Improvement in Biratnagar

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Abbreviations …………………………….………………………………………………………………………………………….xii Executive Summary in Nepali …………………………….…………………………………………………………….1 Executive Summary in English …………………………….……………………………………………………………2 CHAPTER- I: SUMMARY OF THE PROPOSAL

1.1 Name and address of institutions preparing the report 5

1.2 Objectives 5

1.3 Rationale for conducting IEE 6

1.4 Impact on land use 6

1.5 Adverse impact on the environment, impact on human life and population pressure

6

1.6 Damage to be suffered by local goods or objects 7

1.7 Methodology adopted 8

1.7.1 Detailed field investigation 8

a) Physical environmental assessment 8

b) Biological environmental assessment 9

c) Socio-economic and cultural environmental assessment 9

1.7.2 Development of mitigation and monitoring measures 9

1.7.3 Public notification and information disclosure 9

CHAPTER – II: DESCRIPTION OF THE PROPOSAL

2.1 Type of proposal 10

2.2 Nature and type of goods delivered 10

2.3 Proposed project 10

2.3.1 Installation capacity 10


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2.3.2 Operation time 11

2.3.3 Materials to be used and the year of accomplishment 11

2.3.4 Emission resulting from the implementation of the project 11

2.3.5 Project sub-components 11

2.3.6 Energy to be used 18

2.3.7 Manpower requirements and employment generation 18

2.3.8 Resource required 18

2.3.9 Detailed particular of the project 18

a) Location and accessibility 19

b) Service area 19

c) Sensitive things or object located close to the service area 21

2.3.10 Current situation 21

a) Storm water 21

b) Sewerage 21

c) Roads 21

d) Water sources 21

e) Paths for movement in the project area where project is to be

implemented

13

2.3.11 Salient features of the sub-projects 22

a) Storm water 22

b) Sewerage 22

c) Waste water treatment plant 23


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CHAPTER- III: ENVIRONMENTAL BASELINE OF THE PROJECT

3.1 Location 24

3.2 Climate 24

3.3 Water quality 24

3.3.1 Background 24

3.3.2 Selection of sites for monitoring 25

3.3.3 Physical characteristics of surface water 27

3.3.4 Biological and microbiological characteristics of surface water 29

3.3.5 Chemical (heavy metals) characteristics of surface water 30

3.3.6 Physical characterization of grey water 31

3.3.7 Biological and microbiological characterization of grey water 32

3.3.8 Chemical (heavy metals) characteristics of grey water 33

3.3.9 Physical characteristics of black water 33

3.3.10 Biological and microbiological characteristics of black water 34

3.3.11 Chemical (heavy metals) characteristics of black water 35

3.3.12 Physical characteristics of groundwater 35

3.3.13 Biological and microbiological characteristics of ground water 36

3.3.14 Chemical (heavy metals) characteristics of groundwater 36

3.4 Soil quality 36

3.5 Air quality 38

3.6 Flora 39

3.7 Fauna 39

3.8 Socioeconomic and cultural environment 39

3.8.1 Population, communities and occupation 39

3.8.2 Health 42


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3.8.3 Drainage system 42

3.8.4 Sewerage system and sanitation 42

3.8.5 Solid waste management 43

3.8.6 Industries 45

3.8.7 Agricultural development 45

3.8.8. Mineral development 45

3.9 Infrastructure facilities 45

3.9.1 Water supply 45

3.9.2 Communication 46

3.9.3 Roads and transportation 46

3.9.4 Electricity 46

3.9.5 Institutions 46

3.10 Cultural characteristics 47

3.10.1 Items of significance 47

3.10.2 Quality of life/values 47

CHAPTER- IV: IMPACT OF THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE PROPOSAL ON THE

ENVIRONMENT

4.1 Beneficial impact 48

4.1.1 Separation of waste water from sewage 48

4.1.2 Improvement in health and hygiene 48

4.1.3 Increase in land value 48

4.1.4 Increase in business opportunities 48

4.1.5 Employment generation 49

4.1.6 Aesthetic look 49

4.1.7 Use of byproduct 49


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4.1.8 Quality of life 49

4.2 Adverse impacts 49

4.2.1 Construction phase 49

4.2.1.1 Bio-physical 49

a) Soil erosion, landslide, and instability 49

b) Impact on rivers due to flooding and river bank cutting 49

c) Overflow and flooding of wastewater 50

d) Air, noise, and water pollution 50

e) Interception of chambers and sewer 50

f) Groundwater and river water pollution 50

g) Temporary silt runoff 50

h) Clearing of vegetation 50

i) Loss of agricultural land, crops and properties 50

4.2.1.2 Socio-economic and cultural 51

a) Impact to neighboring areas 51

b) Health of workers 51

c) Structures 51

d) Occupational health and safety 51

e) Pollution from outside work force 51

f) Socio-economic values 51

g) Archaeological and historical values 52

4.2.2 Operation phase 52

4.2.2.1 Bio-physical 52

a) Blocking of sewer lines particularly in dry weather 52

b) Nuisance odour from the sewer lines in the street 52


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c) Groundwater seepage from treatment plant 52

d) Impact on aquatic life 52

e) Impact on flora and fauna 53

4.2.2.2 Socio-economic and cultural 53

a) Public conflict 53

b) Migration of public from other places and economic condition of people 53

CHAPTER- V: ALTERNATIVE ANALYSIS 54

5.1 Project Sites 54

5.2 Project design, technology selection, and operation 54

5.3 Operation plan 55

CHAPTER- VI: MEASURES TO REDUCE OR CONTROL THE IMPACT OF THE

IMPLEMENTATION OF THE PROPOSAL ON THE ENVIROMENT

56

CHAPTER – VII: MATTERS TO BE MONITORED WHILE IMPLEMENTING THE

PROPOSAL

72

7.1 Types of monitoring 72

a) Baseline monitoring 72

b) Impact monitoring 72

c) Compliance monitoring 72

7.2 Monitoring plan 73

7.3 Mechanism for monitoring 78

7.4 Compliance monitoring 78

7.5 Impact/effects monitoring 78

7.6 Flow measurement 79

7.7 Water quality monitoring 79

7.8 Monitoring costs 80


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CHAPTER- VIII: PUBLIC CONSULTATION

8.1 Mechanism 81

8.1.1 High level consultation 81

8.1.2 Local level consultation 83

CHAPTER IX: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS 85

9.1 Conclusion 85

9.1.1 Results of ADB environmental assessment 85

9.1.2 Environmental clearance in Nepal 85

9.2 Recommendations 85


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LIST OF TABLES CONTENTS PAGE NO.

Table 2.1a: Summary of project components and subcomponents 12

Table 2.1b: Details of sewer line component 13

Table 2.1c: Details of storm water component 15

Table 2.1d: Details of wastewater treatment plant component 17

Table 2.2: Manpower requirement for the sanitation and drainage

project

18

Table 3.1: Location of sampling sites for water quality monitoring 26

Table 3.2: Results of the basic physio-chemical parameter analysis

of SInghiya Khola and Basta Nala

28

Table 3.3: Results of the basic microbiological and biological

parameters analysis of SInghiya Khola and Basta Nala in

Biratnagar municipality (April-May, 2012)

30

Table 3.4: Results of the heavy metals analysis of Singhiya Khola

and Basta Nala

31

Table 3.5: Grey water composition and its physico-chemical

characteristics in Biratnagar (April-May 2012).

32

Table 3.6: Grey water composition for its

biological/microbiological characteristics in Biratnagar

((April-May 2012).

32

Table 3.7: Greywater composition for heavy metal

characterization in Biratnagar (April-May 2012).

33


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Table 3.8: Blackwater quality for its basic physico-chemical


34

Table 3.9: Blackwater quality for its biological/microbiological

characteristics in Biratnagar ((April-May 2012).

34

Table 3.10: Blackwater quality for its heavy metals characteristics

in Biratnagar (April-May 2012).

35

Table 3.11: Groundwater quality and its physico-chemical


35

Table 3.12 Groundwater quality for its biological and

microbiological characteristics in Biratnagar ((April-May

2012).

36

Table 3.13: Groundwater quality for its heavy metal characteristics

in Biratnagar (April-May 2012).

36

Table 3.14: Results of soil quality analysis, Biratnagar 37


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LIST OF FIGURES CONTENTS PAGE NO.

Figure 1.1: Location of wards in the project area 7

Figure 2.1: Storm water drains and point of discharge 16

Figure 2.2: Location of the project site 19

Figure 2.3: Service area proposed sewerage drainage system 20

Figure 2.4: A schematic diagram showing salient features of

WWTP

23

Figure 3.1: Change in ammonia concentration in Singhiya Khola 27

Figure 3.2: Economic status and literacy rate by gender 41

Figure 3.3: Commonly occurring diseases in Biratnagar

municipality

42

Figure 3.4 Total volume of waste generated in Biranagar

municipality

44

Figure 3.5 Volume of solid wastes generated in Biratnagar

municipality

44

Figure 3.7: Number of academic institutions in Biratnagar 47


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ABBREVIATIONS

ADB Asian Development Bank

AEP Annual Exceedance Probability

BSMC Biratnagar Sub-metropolitan City

BOD Biological Oxygen Demand

CFC Chloro Fluoro Carbons

COD Chemical Oxygen Demand

DUDBC Department of Urban Development and Building Construction

EC Electrical Conductivity

ECG Electrocardiogram

EIA Environmental Impact Assessment

EMP Environmental Management Plan

EPA Environmental Protection Act

EPR Environmental Protection Rules

GoN Government of Nepal

H&S Health and Safety

HDPE High density Polyethylene

IEE Initial Environmental Examination

INGO International Non Governmental Organization

KV Kilo Volt

MUD Ministry of Urban Development

NGO Non Governmental Organization

OPD Out Patient Department

PCO Project Coordination Office

PIU Project Implementation Unit

PPTA Project Preparation Technical Assistance

PVC Poly Vinyl Chloride

RBT Reed Bed Treatment

RPM Revolution per Minute

SAR Specific Absorption Rate

SEAM Strengthening of Environmental Administration and Management

STIUEIP Secondary Town Integrated Urban Environmental Improvement Project

STP Stabilization Treatment Plant

TDF Town Development Fund

TDS Total Dissolved Solid

ToR Terms of Reference

TSS Total Suspended Solid


STIUEIP Biratnagar 1 | P a g e

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY (IN NEPALI)

;f/f+z

K[fi7e'dL (Background)

Pl8la (ADB) Pj+ g]kfn ;/sf/ (GoN) af6 PPTA, 2010 cGtu{t demf}nf zx/ Plss[t

zx/L aftfj/0f ;'wf/ cfof]hgf (STIUEIP) sf] tof/L ul/Psf] xf] f k|f/Dedf dO{ @))( df

Pl8aL / g]kfn ;/sf/ af6 :jLs[t ePsf] o; of]hgfsf] zx/L lasf; dGqfno af6 ;+rfns

;ldlt (Streering Committee) ] u7g eO{ sfo{s|d ;+rfngsf nfuL la/f6gu/nfO{ 5gf}6,

ul/of] To; kZrft a'6jn / la/u+h gu/kflnsfx?sf] 5gf}6 ug]{ sfo{ ul/of] . PPTA sf]

k|ltj]bg cg'zf/ cS6f]j/ @^, @)!) df sfo{s|d ;+rfngsf nfuL Pl8aL / g]kfn ;/sf/ lar

C0f ;Demf}tf eof] f o; kl5 PPTA af6 la/f6gu/ / la/u+h g=kf= x?sf] ;e]{, laleGg

;/f]sf/jfnfx? ;+u 5nkmn tyf ;fdflhs, cfly{s Pj+ aftfj/l0fo k|f/lDes cWoog ;DkGg ug]{

sfo{ eof] h; cGt{ut 9n lgsf;, ;/;kmfO km]fx/ Joj:yfkg Pj+ ;8s lgdf{0f nfO{ k|fyldstf

leq /flvof] f t]>f,] a'6jn g=kf= df k|fyldstfsf] If]qsf ?kdf ;kmf lkpg] kfgL afx]s ;8s

tyf k}bn af6f] lgdf{0fnfO{ /flvof] f la/f6gu/ pk cfof]hgfdf ;~rfng ul/g] lasf; tyf

lgdf{0f sfo{x?af6 pGgt ?kdf zx/L aftfj/0f tyf :jf:y / ;/;kmfO{ hgtf dfem k'/fpg]

nIosf ;fy lgdf{0f Pa+ ;r]tgf ;DalGw sfo{ ;+rfng ug]{ lg0f{o eof] f

K|ff/lDes aftfj/0fLo cWoog (IEE), Pl8lasf] gLlt tyf g]kfn ;/sf/sf] sfg"g Pj+ gLltsf]

p2]Zo (Purpose of IEE, ADB policy, GoN acts and rules):

o; cWoogsf] d'Vo p2]Zo k|:tfljt cfof]hgf ;+rfngaf6 kg{;Sg] s'g} k|lts"n aftfj/l0fo

c;/ tyf c;/ sd ug]{ pko'St pkfo kTtf nufpg' xf] f k|Ztflat cfof]hgfdf g]kfn

;/sf/af6 tf]lsP adf]lhd aftfj/0fLo ;+/If0f P]g !((^ Pj+ aftfj/0fLo ;+/If0f lalgod !((&

(z+;f]wg @))&) sfo{ kfngf ul/Psf] 5 f k|:t't IEE cWoogn] EPR sf] lgod #, !((& tyf

ADB sf] Safeguard Policy @))( cg';f/ ;'emfj ;+sng ul/Psf] 5 f

cfof]hgfsf sfo{x? (Components of the project):

STIUEIP la/f6gu/n] # d'Vo sfo{ ;d]6\g] 5 f != Ps kmf]xf]/ kfgL k|zf]wg;+oGq

(wastewater treatment plant) ;lxt 9n Pj+ 9nlgsf; ;'wf/ ug]{, @= 9nsf] nfuL

vlgPsf ;8sx?sf] k''g:yf{kgf ug]{ ug]{ #= aftfj/l0fo ;r]tgf hufpg] f



cfwf/e"t hfgsf/L (Baseline Informations):

la/f6gu/, k"j{df l;+luof vf]nf, klZrddf s]zlnof vf]nf, pQ/df 6+lsl;gjf/L uf=lj=;= /

blIf0fdf ef/tsf] l;dfgf ;+u hf]l8Psf] 5 f hDdf %(=( au{ ls=dL= If]qkmn cf]u6]sf] o;

gu/df s]lGbo tYof+s ljefu @)!! sf] hgu0fgf cg';f/ hg;+Vof @,&!,#%$ 5 f la=p=g=kf=

4f/f gu/sf] pQ/ blIf0f ;8s df s]lx 9n lgdf{0f ul/Psf] 5 f k/Gt' cfjZos outlets

lgsf; tyf ef}uf]lns tl/sf af6 slopes u/L lgdf{0f ul/Psf] kfOGb}g f s]lx gu/ ljsf; sf]if

(TDF) af6 algPsf] 9n cfjZos lgsf;sf] cefjn] aiff{tdf hfd eO{ 8'jfgsf] ;d:of

b]lvPsf] 5 f

oxf cl3sf+; hgtf ;+u rkL{ 5}g pgLx? v'Nnf :yfg, gbLdf zf}r ub{5g f !% k|ltzt ;+u

;]km\6L 6}+s / #) k|ltzt ;+u vfN9] rkL{ 5g eg] 9n lgsf;sf] Joj:yf 5}g f oxf b}lgs ^) 6g

kmf]x/ ;+sng x'g] ub{5 eg] Jojl:yt Nof08lkmN8sf] cefjdf sl/j $% 6g hlt kmf]x/ gbL tyf

xf]rf] hldgdf Joj:yfkg x'g] ub{5 f kfgLsf] u'0f k/LIf0fsf] nllu b'O{ leGGf ;dodf l;+luof /

a:tfgfnf sf] cf7 j6f site :ynx?df k/LIf0f If]q 5flgPsf] 5 f b'O{ e"dLut kfgL sf] ;|f]t

afx]s physic-chemical and microbiological baseline tYof+s cg';f/ b'O{ water

bodies :yfkgf ul/Psf] 5 f cfwf/e"t physiochemical / heavy metals nfO{ Wofgdf /flv

$ j6f wldnf] kfgL (greywater) / $ j6f sfnf]kfgL (Blackwater) gd"gf kl/If0f tyf

laZn]if0f klg ul/Psf] 5 f oxf !)! 7"nf / **^ ;fgf pwf]u ;+rflnt 5g f l;ldt dfqfdf

vfg]kfgL ;'ljwf k'u]sf] oxf !^=( k|ltzt kfOk, %=^ k|ltzt /f]c/ kDk / &!=* k|ltzt x]08

kDk ;+rflnt 5g .

jftfj/l0fo c;/, ;dfwfgsf pkfo / cg'udg (Environmental impacts, mitigation

and monitoring):

cWoog cg';f/ o; cfof]hgfdf jftfj/l0fo s'g} klg k|lts"n c;/ gkg]{ k"jf{g'dfg ul/G5 o2kL

a]nfa]nfdf afl9sf] ;d:of 9n hfd x'g] ;d:of b]lvFG5 sf/0f s[ifL hldg af6 cfpg] df6f]

afn'jf, kmf]x/d}nfsf] Joj:yfkgsf] cefjdf hDdf ePsf] kmf]x/, af6f]df y'kf/LPsf] lgdf{0f

;fdfu|L, ;fFu'/f] af6f]sf sf/0f 9n hfd x'g] ub{5 f kfgLsf] gd"gf (Water sample) cg';f/

l;+luof vf]nfdf a9Ldfqfdf cdf]lgof (ammonia) hDdf x'g] k|f/lDes cWoogn] b]vfpF5 f

p2f]u af6 lg:sg] ck|zf]lwt kmf]x/ af6 a:tfgfnfdf clDnokgf kfOPsf] 5 f la=p=g=kf=df 9n

lgsf;sf] cefjdf ;]km\6Ls 6}+ssf] sf/0f BOD range (dfqf) 147-239 mg/ / COD



range (dfqf) 297-445 mg/L kfOPsf] 5 f Scientific Center for Environmental

Consulting 2f/f la/f6gu/df 9n cj/f]w x'g glbg 9n lgsf;sf] cfjlws k|jfx tyf

Jojl:yt kmf]x/ Joj:yfkg (Periodic flushing of sewer lines and proper

management of solid wastes) sf] dfWod af6 ;dfwfg ug]{ ;'emfj l;kmfl/; u/]sf] 5 f

o; df]8nsf] cjnDag af6 u}/sfg"gL 9nsf] k|of]uaf6 x'g] ;fdflhs ;d:of sdL Pj+ ;dfwfg

x'g ;Sg] cg'dfg klg ug{ ;lsG5 .

lgisif{ / l;kmfl/; (Conclusion and Recommendation):

o; cfof]hgfsf] d2t af6 la/f6gu/ p=d=g= df jiff{tsf] kfgLsf] lgsf;sf ;fy} kmf]x/ kfgLsf]

;d'lrt Joj:yfkg eO{ kfgLsf] u'0f:t/df ;'wf/, kfgLhGo /f]usf] ;+qmdgdf sdL NofO{

hg:jf:Yodf ;'wf/ x'g]5 f lgdf{0f sfo{sf] ;dodf Joj;fo ;+u ;Dj2 sfdbf/x?sf] vt/f nfO{

sdL ug{ ;'/lIft / :j:y sfo{ k|0ffnL pRrtd ?kdf kl/rfng ul/g]5 f kmf]xf]/ kfgLsf] k|zf]wg

;+oGqsf] :yfkgf af6 ;d'bfoaf6 lg:s]sf kmf]x/ kfgLsf] pT;h{g (emission) af6 x'g] c;/

nfO{ sd ul/g]5 f+ k|zf]wg x'g] If]q nfO{ ;'/lIft ug{ cfjZos sf+8]tf/sf] af/ tyf u]6 Pj+

j[Iff/f]k0f af6 k|lt/f]ws If]q (Buffer Zone) sf] Joj:yf ul/g]5 .



EXECUTIVE SUMMARY (IN ENGLISH) Background:

Secondary Towns Integrated Urban Environmental Improvement Project (STIUEIP), the Department of Urban Development and Building Construction (DUDBC), under the Ministry of Urban Development (MUD) through the government of Nepal has received the loan from Asian Development Bank (ADB) Loan 2650-NEP. The PPTA report was finalized and accordingly Loan Agreement was signed between the GoN and ADB on 26 October 2010. In each of these Biratnagar, Birgunj, Butwal and Kavre towns, the PPTA work included municipality-wide surveys, numerous meetings with stakeholders, and extensive analyses of the engineering, institutional, social, financial, economic and environmental aspects of the proposed project. STIUEIP conducted a survey in all the three cities and the several preliminary visits of the municipalities by the project consultants showed that Biratnagar and Birgunj listed Drainage and Sanitation as number one priority followed by Solid Waste Management and Roads. The third municipality - Butwal – had clean and pure drinking water instead of Road and footpaths as one major need. This is in the above context that the subproject in Biratnagar was proposed with the objective to improve urban environment and health and hygiene of the people through development of basic infrastructure services and promotion of sanitation awareness.

Purpose of IEE, ADB policy, GoN acts and rules:

The purpose of this Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) is to identify the likely

environmental impacts due to proposed project activities and to recommend suitable

mitigation measures that will minimize such adverse environmental impacts and to

augment the positive ones to improve overall performance of the project activities.

The statutory requirement of the Government of Nepal, that has to be adhered to for

the proposed project, is the Environmental Protection Act, 1996 and Environmental

Protection Regulation, 1997 (and amendments 2007). The present IEE study fulfils

the requirements of Schedule 1, pertaining to Rule 3, of EPR, 1997 (including

amendments). Similarly, as per ADB Safeguard Policy Statement (SPS) 2009, the

project is classified Environment Category B and IEE is required as per the checklist

suggested by ADB.



Components of the project:

STIUEIP, Biratnagar will consist of three components (i) drainage and sewerage system improvement including one wastewater treatment plant, (ii) urban roads and lanes improvement, and (iii) awareness creation.

The Drainage and Sewerage system improvement will involve: • the improvement of storm water drainage systems, together with the

construction of one waste water treatment plant, and reinstatement of urban roads and lanes where drainage and sewerage work is undertaken;

• design and construction supervision, including technical capacity development, support for setting and collecting tariffs, repayment to TDF and assessment of PPP opportunities in service delivery;

• capacity development of municipality including establishment or strengthening of O&M units; and

• community development programs will involve conduct of awareness raising activities on health and hygiene education, promotion of household and/or community level 3R (reduce, reuse, recycle) activities, skills training, investment in small scale facilities, and support of the access of the poor to sanitation services.

Baseline information:

Biratnagar, with an area of 59.48 sq. km, is the second largest city of Nepal with reported population of 271,354 as per the census of 2011. The project area is drained by river Singhiya to the east and the river Kesaliya to the west. The municipality has constructed some drains along the North-South arterial road in the city core area and several nearby streets. However, these drains were constructed without taking into account for the topographic slopes and do not have adequate outlets. Some trunk drains with assistance of Town Development Fund (TDF) has been built. Still these drains are not adequate. So, inundation and flooding during rainy season are common. There is no sewerage system in Biratnagar. It is estimated that about 15% of total population has septic tanks and another 30% have pit latrines. The town seriously lacks public toilets. There are only 4 public toilets. Most of people not having toilet facilities are defecating either in open field or in stream/river side. The total volume of waste generation in Biratnagar is 60 tons per day. Out of the total solid waste generation, only 45 tons have been managed, but in the absence of proper landfill site, these wastes are dumped on low land area for filling or along the river banks. Eight sites were selected in two different seasons along the river Singhiya, and two in Basta Nala, as sites for water quality monitoring. A detailed physico-chemical and



microbiological baseline data is generated from these two water bodies besides two groundwater sources. Four greywater and other four black water samples are also analyzed from typical households for basic physicochemical and heavy metals concentration. There are more than 101 big and 886 small and cottage industries in the municipality. Water supply consists of tap water, which is still limited to 16.9% of total population followed by rower pump (5.6%) and hand pump (71.8per cent). Environmental impacts, mitigation and monitoring:

No significant adverse environmental impacts are anticipated in this project. Screening of potential environmental impacts however revealed flooding as becoming more frequent in Biratnagar. This is caused as drains are blocked by solid waste disposal and silt coming down from agricultural areas, or from unpaved roads or, more often construction materials deposited on roadsides also wash into drains and contribute to their blockage. Preliminary analysis of water samples from the river Singhiya showed high organic load as revealed by elevated ammonia concentration in the lower reach of the river. Similarly, untreated industrial effluents discharge into Basta Nala added by disposal of solid wastes has caused heavy acidification of this channel. Water samples were analyzed from typical households for grey and black water. Most of the analyzed parameters of grey water are within the recommended level for the protection of aquatic ecosystem. As there is no sewerage system in BSMC, analysis of water samples from septic tank revealed a BOD range of 147-239 mg/L and a COD range of 297-445 mg/L. Periodic flushing of sewer lines and proper management of solid wastes adopting the existing modal as suggested by Scientific Centre for environmental Consulting is recommended to avoid blocking of sewer lines due to solid wastes in Biratnagar. The social conflict due to illegal connection to the sewer lines can also be minimized by adopting this modal. Conclusion and Recommendation:

The subproject will significantly improve inland surface water quality, lower risks

to public health from waterborne diseases, and improve quality of life. Healthy

living and safety of workers at the time of construction is highly recommended for

minimization of hazards associated with occupation. Another concern is

minimization of exposure of communities to emissions from waste water

treatment plant. Buffer zones and structural safety such as fencing and gates are

the recommended mitigation measures to minimize the impacts of emissions.



Chapter I

SUMMARY OF THE PROPOSAL 1.1 Name and address of institution preparing the report: The proponent of the project entitled “Secondary Towns Integrated Urban Environmental Improvement Project (STIUEIP) is Project Implementation Unit (PIU), Biratnagar Sub-metropolitan City”. The Ministry of Urban Development is the Executing Agency (EA), working through its Department of Urban Development and Building Construction (DUDBC), which has established a project coordination office (PCO) for the Project headed by project director. A Project Coordination Office (PCO), responsible for coordination and monitoring is established in Kathmandu. Biratnagar Sub-metropolitan City is the Implementing Agency (IA) for the Project. Project Implementation Unit (PIU) headed by Project Manager is established under the umbrella of the Biratnagar Sub-metropolitan City. Address Project Implementation Unit (PIU) Secondary Towns Integrated Urban Environmental Improvement Project (STIUEIP) Project Implementation Unit (PIU), Biratnagar Sub metropolitan City, Biratnagar, Nepal; Telephone: +977 21524816, Facsmile: +977 21524816 Email: [email protected] 1.2 Objectives: The main aim of this project is “to improve urban environment, health and hygiene of the people through improvement of municipal drainage system and promotion of sanitation awareness”, keeping in view the following objectives;

i. To follow Rule 7 and Schedule 5 of EPR, 1997 (2054) including its amendment, 2055. The norms for this study will be guided by the National Environmental Impact Assessment Guidelines, 1993 and the spirit of EPA, 1997.

ii. To identify likely environmental impacts, both beneficial and adverse, on biophysical, socio‐economic & cultural resources, from the location, design & construction works in the project area.

iii. To propose suitable mitigation measures that will minimize the adverse environmental impacts and to augment the positive ones to improve overall performance of the project activities.

iv. To prepare appropriate environmental monitoring and management plan for the socio‐economic benefits to the communities in the project area.



1.3 Rationale for conducting IEE: As stated in the Schedule – 1 of EPR 1997, for the waste management project that includes operation of sewerage schemes relating to waste emitted from houses and residential areas, an IEE study has to be carried out. Taking in view this stated statutory requirement of the Government of Nepal adhered to for the environmental assessment of any development projects under EPA-1996 & EPR-1997, an IEE study is necessary and thus TOR is prepared for conducting an IEE report. The project does not lie in any places of cultural, historical and archeological importance/ monuments, conservation areas, wildlife national parks, and any other places where the law of the land prohibits any construction activities. Also the scale of human settlement or human lives affected because of project activities is quite insignificant. 1.4 Impact on land use: The Sludge Stabilization Treatment Plant covering an area of 9 ha in Jatuwa at ward no. 18 is targeted towards conversion of fertile alluvial agricultural land to ponds and wetlands. Other proposed major infrastructures (sewerage line and storm water drainage) are to be covered underground either along the roadsides or through the middle of the road. A new land use plan is also proposed to guide the future developmental activities in BSMC, which includes beside others an extension of airport to the east; promoting ward no 20 to economic zone; developing land area close to the Indian border in south to a Dry Port; constructing an outer ring road covering ward nos. 5, 6, 7, 15, 16, 17, 18, and 20 followed by a mixed area in ward no. 5 (figure 1.1). 1.5 Adverse impact on the environment, impact on human life, and population pressure: Environmental examination indicates that the proposed Biratnagar subproject falls within Category B of the ADB’s environmental categorization of projects. The planned subproject components would only have small-scale, localized impacts on the environment and can be mitigated. This project intends to improve health and quality of life of the people living in the project town by facilitating waste water and sanitation facilities. This is done by draining household waste water and sewage to the river course after the treatment. The users are benefited with 24-hour service within the project area. The project will provide domestic needs through private house connections. The proposed sub project will not have any notable adverse effect on environment and human life.



1.6 Damage to be suffered by local goods or objects: There is not any significant damage to be suffered by local goods or objects. However, in the areas where sewerage and drainage lines are proposed, the existing roads will be damaged for sometime but will later benefit from better improvement.

Figure 1.1: Location of wards in the project area



1.7 Methodology adopted: This IEE report was prepared following the approval of the Terms of Reference obtained from the Ministry of Urban Development, Government of Nepal. It was undertaken as per the provision of Environment Protection Act 1996 and Environment Protection Regulation, 1997 (with Amendment). The principle steps undertaken in the preparation of this report are briefly mentioned below; Literature review & other sources of information:

i. Data generated by the Project Preparation Technical Assistance (PPTA) team fielded from May 2009;

ii. Inception report (Feb 29, 2012), STIUEIP, Biratnagar; iii. Meetings in Biratnagar with representatives from an NGO “Friends of peace

building and Development (Fri PAD)” in the issues of the water, waste, and environmental management sectors and with other stakeholders, including beneficiaries and affected people;

iv. Secondary data from Environmental Profile and Plan, 2007 of Biratnagar prepared by Water, Environment and Life Organization (WEL);

v. Fieldwork at the project locations; and vi. Public consultation.

1.7.1 Detailed field investigation: Field visits were conducted to the project sites frequently during the period. The overall objective was to expound the baseline conditions for the specific impact assessment which has been outlined in the ToR. During the visit, the team had meetings with different stake holders, experts and the environmental managers where the main purpose was for the field examinations, data gathering and processing for the purpose. The team also made walk through and meandering survey to identify the environment structure and potential areas which needs to be taken into account. The team has explored environmental aspects by gathering information on physical, biological, socio-economic, and cultural environments. The details are given below; a) Physical environmental assessment: Existing environment constraints and potential impacts in the project area during the field surveys were studied and were complemented by secondary information from reports and interviews with some of government officials, stakeholders, experts and representative of the local bodies. During the detailed field investigation, the data and information on hydro meteorological information,



topography, geology, land use, air quality etc were collected secondarily, and information on the quality of soil and water was performed primarily in two different seasons such as in April/May 2012 and Nov/Dec 2012. b) Biological environmental assessment: Biological environment data were gathered by the team through reconnaissance survey of the project and surrounding area. These sites were mainly focused on vegetation, wild life, and aquatic life. Composition of vegetation in the project impact area was investigated by field observation. The local names of plant species found in the project area were collected. Identification of wild fauna was based mainly on field observation, rapid rural appraisal, and questionnaire survey. Related secondary data/books were also studied to find scientific names of the animals. c) Socio-economic and cultural environmental assessment: With regard to socio-economic and cultural environment; group discussion, public consultation and secondary data analysis was done to collect as much information as possible on socio-economic conditions and cultural practices of local people. Fri PAD (local NGO) is actively engaged in this process by involving TLO (Tole Lane Organization). There are 22 wards in BSMC constituting 460 TLOs. Each ward constitutes 5 executive members and from 20-40 total members in each organization. Minutes of the high level and ward level meeting held at ward no. 1 are attached (see Annex 8.5 and Annex 8.6). 1.7.2 Development of mitigation and monitoring measures: The mitigation and monitoring measures were developed considering the identified impacts. These measures were proposed based upon findings of the present study. Monitoring plan is formulated to assess the effectiveness of the mitigation measures and the status of their implementation. Both environmental as well as performance monitoring of the project is proposed considering performance indicators. For this a reporting format is also developed that will help in order to monitor and evaluate the project impacts. 1.7.3 Public consultation and information disclosure: A public notification was announced on 16th Oct 2012 in the Kantipur daily national newspaper. Prior to this, several group meetings were held to ensure public’s view in decision making process.



Chapter II

DESCRIPTION OF THE PROPOSAL

2.1 Type of Proposal: This project is classified under the category as a ‘Service Delivery Type’ based on the nature of it as a project that aims to improve health and quality of life of the people living in the project towns by facilitating storm water drainage, wastewater and sanitation facilities. Wastewater in this context is defined as domestic (grey and black) water that has been adversely affected in quality by anthropogenic influence, which is to be conveyed in a sewer and treated at a Waste Water Treatment Plant (WWTP). Treated wastewater is to be discharged into receiving water via an effluent sewer. Sewage (also called black water) is considered as the subset of wastewater that is contaminated with faeces and urine. The major components of wastewater treatment plant comprises of bar screen, oil and grease chamber, grit chamber, sump well, waste stabilization ponds consisting of anaerobic and facultative ponds and sludge treatment facility. 2.2 Nature and type of goods delivered: The project aims to create hygienic and safe environment by draining household wastewater to the river course after proper treatment in a treatment plant. The project will provide 24-hour service to the users within the project area. It will meet domestic needs through private house connections. The project area does have an existing storm water drainage and sewer system, but it has been proposed to construct a separate sewer system to accommodate household sewer connections. The flow from sewer will be taken to Waste Water Treatment Plant (WWTP) that is to be constructed at Jatuwa of Biratnagar municipality. 2.3 Proposed Project 2.3.1 Installed Capacity: The proposed WWTP plan covers the project area in two phases due to the high cost of the project and limited land available at the WWTP site. The Phase I will include all the priority area as selected by the Biratnagar Sub-metropolitan City while rest of the areas will be covered in Phase II. Phase I will serve the areas south of Barghachi Chowk which forms the main core areas of the Biratnagar Sub-metropolitan City while Phase II will serve the areas north of the Barghachi Chowk. Phase I will cover a population of 96,433 which is the population of the Phase I areas in 2020 and the remaining population of 152,182 will be covered in Phase II.



2.3.2 Operation Time: The WWTP is designed to operate 24 hours a day depending on the population of Biratnagar and wastewater flow projections. 2.3.3 Materials to be used and year of accomplishment: The entire sewerage system has been designed using concrete, PVC or HDPE pipe with a minimum diameter of 200 mm. These pipes are locally manufactured in Nepal. Other construction materials to be used are cement, bricks, sand, reinforcement steels etc. Initial 30 months have been set for construction period, thereby setting the accomplishment year as 2015. 2.3.4 Emission resulting from the implementation of the project The current volume of waste generation related to emission is calculated using water supply rate at 90 liters per person per day in the design year 2035, out of which 80% is converted into wastewater. Maximum quantity of wastewater is calculated taking peak factor of 1.99 to 2.5. Minimum quantity of sewage is taken as 30% of the average quantity. The quantity of wastewater generated in Phase I (year 2015-2020) is shown below;

2.3.5 Project sub-components The summary of the project components and respective subcomponents identified in the proposed project are given in Table 2.1a, 2.1b, 2.1c, and 2.1d.The scope of drainage and sanitation includes sewerage (Table 2.1b), storm water drainage (figure 2.1c), and waste water treatment (Table 2.1d). Similarly, the roads and lanes component includes upgrading of roads, footpaths and walkways. The awareness program will cover health and sanitation.

Parameter Phase I

2015 2020

Domestic wastewater quantity (lps)

48.23 62.39

Commercial/Institutional/Industrial wastewater quantity (lps)

35.92 41.91

Total wastewater quantity (lps) 120.07 152.20



Table 2.1a: Summary of project components and subcomponents

Components and Subcomponents

Function /purpose Description of the activities

1. Drainage and sanitation

1.1 Sewer line Develop basic infrastructure for the improvement of urban environment, and health and hygiene of the people

Construction of major and minor sewer line and manholes

1.2 Storm water drainage

Develop basic infrastructure for the improvement of urban environment, and health and hygiene of the people

Construction of storm water drainage

1.3 Waste water treatment plants

Develop infrastructure for the treatment of waste water and reduce environmental risk associated with health hazard

Construction /upgrading of access roads, side clearance and surface dressing, excavation of pond, construction of surface drainage, manholes, collection champers, boundary wall, administrative and laboratory buildings, generator house, watchmen quarter, workers changing room, parking lots, transformer yard, pump operation and control panel building, overhead tank, hand dug well, water supply distribution network, and tree plantation, turfing and landscaping.

2. Roads and Lanes

2.1 Roads associated with drainage lines

Improve environment, health and hygiene of the people reducing the risk of adverse environmental impacts associated with establishment of basic drainage

Resurfacing of roads dismantled during construction, upgrading roads to blacktopped, construction of footpaths and kerbs



Table 2.1b: Details of sewer line component

Sl no. Description Unit Qty.

B. Sewerage System

1 Sewerage Pipe Supply and Installation 62835.0

Reinforced Concrete Pipe laying and jointing 15748.0

Line T1 (Secondary m 3788.0

Line T2 (Trunk) m 7506.0


Line T4 (Secondary) m 318.0

HDPE laying and jointing 47087.0

Line T1 (Secondary m 7124.0



Line T4 (Secondary) m 2212.0

2 Manhole no. 2019

i) Type I (Brick Manhole) no. 1218

Line T1 (Secondary no. 180

Line T2 (Trunk) no. 574


Line T4 (Secondary) no. 27

ii) Type II (RCC Manhole) no. 433






Line T4 (Secondary) no. 53

iii) Type III (RCC Manhole) no. 171




Line T4 (Secondary) no.

iv) Type IV (RCC Manhole) no. 197




Line T4 (Secondary) no.

3 Sewer Inlet no. 3766.00

Line T1 (Secondary no. 546.00

Line T2 (Trunk) no. 1650.00

Line T3 (Trunk) no. 1410.00

Line T4 (Secondary) no. 160.00

4 House connection no. 5930.00

5 Reinstatement of Roads



Table 2.1c: Details of storm water component

Northern Part

Name of the Outlet

Line Name Contributing Area (Ha)

Contributing Discharge (Cumec)

S13 S13 Line 1 65.892 3.338

S13 Line 2 21.159 0.882

S13 Line 3 4.722 0.368

S12 S12 Line 1 106.265 4.152

S11 S11 Line 1 11.590 0.893

S11 Line 2 7.412 0.667

S9 S9 Line 1 106.183 5.036

S7 S7 Line 1 25.589 1.761

S7 Line 2 6.299 0.542

S6 S6 Line 1 84.065 3.980

S6 Line 2 54.788 2.657

S5 S5 Line 1 149.662 6.562

B1 B1 Line 1 36.381 1.766

B1 Line 2 57.093 2.628

A1 A1 Line 1 32.269 1.374

A1 Line 2 74.843 3.045

B2 B2 Line 1 36.663 2.302

B2 Line 2 65.521 3.203

B3 B3 Line 1 69.632 3.846

B3 Line 2 54.932 4.543

B3 Line 3 35.294 2.901

B3 Line 4 3.009 0.331

CN3 CN3 Line 1 35.033 2.139



CN3 Line 2 16.835 1.480

CN3 Line 3 1.344 0.508

CN3 Line 4 1.379 0.127

CN2 CN2 Line 1 39.033 2.875

CN2 Line 2 25.166 1.956

Total 1228.053 65.862

Southern Part

1 Line 1 24.312 1.625

2 Line 2 13.800 1.104

2Q Line 2Q 8.132 0.601

3 Line 3 20.370 1.482

4 Line 4 11.719 1.055

5 Line 5 12.965 1.053

6 Line 6 4.536 0.408

6A Line 6A 0.252 0.023

Total 96.086 7.351



Figure 2.1: Storm water drains and point of discharge into the river Singhiya/Basta/ Chanbari



Table 2.1d: Details of waste water treatment plant component

S.No. WWTP Component Number Length

(m)

Diameter

(m)

Width

(m)

*Total

Depth

(m)

1 By Pass Chamber 1 - 3.00 - 5.60

2 Distribution Chamber 1 3.00 - 2.50 1.97

3 Bar Screen 2 3.00 - 0.55 0.75/0.90

4 Sum Well with Pumping 2 6.00 10.00 3.35

5 Collection Chamber 1 1 3.00 - 3.00 1.50

6 Oil and Grease Chamber 2 5.40 - 4.80 1.60

7 Collection Chamber 2 1 2.40 - 2.20 1,41

(attached to Grit Chamber)

8 Grit Chamber 2 14.40 - 1.10 1.71/2.07

(Incl.CollectionChamber-1)


10 Anaerobic Pond(at mid depth) 3 96.00 - 32.00 4.50

11 Facultative Pond(at mid depth) 3 142.750 - 55.750 3.30


(with Straight overflow weir) depth)

13 Outfall Structure 1 1.42 - 1.00 -

14 Sludge drying bed 34 25.00 - 6.00 0.45



2.3.6 Energy to be used: The system is designed to function on gravity flow. No external energy will be used for operation. However, there may be the possibility of a pump to lift the wastewater to a desired height for treatment on waste stabilization pond. 2.3.7 Manpower requirements and employment generation: A large number of people will be involved in this project (Table 2.2), from

seasonally hired labors to full time engineers.

Table 2.2: Manpower requirement for the sanitation and drainage project

S/N Description of Items No Period

1 Sanitary/ Environment Engineer 1 13 months

2 Civil Engineers 3 13 months

3 Supervisors 6 13 months

4 Operators 4 13 months

5 Helpers/ Sweepers 8 13 months

6 Seasonally Hired Labors

Storm Drains 20 75 days

Sewer lines 20 75 days

2.3.8 Resources required: A total of NPR. 3,278,140,000 is estimated for the project with the following breakdown;

SI. No. Description of works Amount (NRS)

1 Bill no. 1 : Preliminary and General Items 12,030,794.00

2 Bill no. 2 : Sewer lines 795,874,000.00

3 Bill no. 3 : Storm Water Drains 831,089,000.00

4 Bill no. 4 : Sewage Treatment Plant (Stabilization Pond) 198,437,000.00

5 Bill no. 5 : Road Improvement 656,311,000.00

6 Bill no. 6 : Electromechanical 9,985,000.00

7 Bill no. 7 : Lab Equipment 7,414,000.00

8 Bill no. 8 : Provisional Items 32,454,000.00



9 Bill No. 9: O/M for one Year 31,119,000.00

10 Bill No. 10: O/M Equipment 27,567,000.00

11 Provisional sum (Environmental safe guard + Social safe

guard and others)

25,000,000.00

Sub-Total 2,637,281,000.00

Physical contingencies @ 5% 131,864,050.00

Price contingencies @ 5% 131,864,050.00

Total 2,901,009,000.00

VAT @ 13% 377,131,170.00

Grand Total 3,278,140,000.00



2.3.9 Detailed particular of the project a) Location and accessibility: The Biratnagar municipality lies in the eastern part of Nepal in Koshi zone and Morang district (figure 2.2). It is the second largest city of Nepal lying in the Terai plain, and is considered an economic, industrial and administrative hub. The proposed sewerage, drainage and sanitation project area lie within the municipality.

Figure 2.2: Location of the project site

b) Service area: The service area of the proposed sewerage and storm water drainage improvement subproject is limited to parts of Jatuwa only covering an area of 10 ha. The Rani area could not be included because of the environmental and socio-economic constraints. Major environmental factor limiting this include low lying area and influence from the existing lather factory. Similarly, the socio-economic part includes low economic level of the people and the ethnic community residing in the area. The three trunk sewers running along the main roads discharging the sewage to the Singhiya River on the east, after treatment, serves as the main service area of Biratnagar (figure 2.3).



Figure 2.3: Service area of the proposed sewerage drainage system



c) Sensitive things or object located close to the service area: The sewer line and storm water drain are aligned within the right of way of the existing roads. No significant adverse environmental impacts are found with present location of the project activities.

2.3.10 Current situation a) Storm water: Biratnagar is low lying with shallow gradient of some 0.1 per cent from north to south. Flooding is becoming more frequent in Biratnagar during monsoon season affecting public as well as private houses and industries. Storm water is observed generally flowing along roadways, eroding the surface and edges of the roads and damaging buildings. This is caused as drains are blocked by solid waste disposal and silt coming down from agricultural areas, or from unpaved roads or, more often construction materials deposited on roadsides also wash into drains and contribute to their blockage. Singhiya Khola flows to the east of the city and Keshaliya river to the west, both of which are supposed to receive storm water through several tributaries that discharge water finally into these rivers. Ghogha Khola flows through middle of the city and is supposed to collect storm water from this area. Likewise Basta Nala to the west of the city also receives storm water. But the flow of storm water into Ghogha Khola and Basta Nala is obstructed due to dumping of wastes into river banks. b) Sewerage: Biratnagar municipality has no sewerage system. It is estimated that some 30% have pit latrine, and about 15% of total population has septic tanks. Open defecation along river banks and farm land is common as there are not enough toilets in the city. Raw sewage from built- up areas open directly into Singhiya Khola and Basta Nala. Singhiya Khola not only receives raw sewage but also outfalls from the hospitals. The water quality of these streams is extremely polluted, by both human activity and industrial discharges upstream. c) Roads: Roads in Biratnagar municipality can be categorized as metallic roads (226 km), graveled road (195 km), earthern road (69 km), and track (114 km). d) Water sources: The present water supply system in Biratnagar city is insufficient to meet the existing water demand and the population generally suffers from the scarcity of



water. Centralized water supply is managed by the Nepal Water Supply Corporation (NWSC). An extensive scheme managed at community level includes Mangadh Drinking Water Project, with the grant aid from Japan. In 2001, 65.62 per cent households were drawing drinking water from public taps, wells and tube wells. By then, only 33.35 per cent households had their own water source, and 1.03 per cent used other sources. By 2006-7, the dependency on public sources is found to have increased to 67.8 per cent, indicating an increased supply of these facilities.

e) Paths for movement in the project area where project is to be Implemented: The gravel and earthen road is available for the movement of the necessary materials in the project area. The Koshi Highway is the main road in the city; it continues from Rani in the south towards the north and currently comprises of four lanes, but a proposal is to increase the highway to 6 lanes.

2.3.11 Salient features of the subprojects a) Storm water: A separate system of storm water drainage is proposed for Biratnagar municipality. The distinctive advantage of having separate system is that the size of the pipes is greatly reduced (300 mm to 1000 mm dia) compared to the required size of 300 mm to 1500 mm diameter for the combined sewer. The other advantage is that the pipes can be laid under the foot paths, and lower loading (NP2) pipe size can be utilized. The Master Plan (figure 2.4) proposed 19 priority storm drains, of which 2 to be constructed under TDF funding. Of the remaining 17, the PPTA selected 11 major storm water drains for inclusion in the project, together with important secondary drains. Six of these major drains discharge to Singhiya River, and the remaining drains discharge to the Keshaliya River.

b) Sewerage: Separate sewerage system is proposed, which includes 3 trunk sewers (excluding one major sewer proposed in the Master Plan as illustrated, figure 2.4, on cost grounds). Collector sewers shall be provided on either side of the road to pick up house connections, and shall not be connected direct to the trunk sewers. The length of collector sewers would normally be 4 or 5 times the length of trunk sewers, and 5,900 house connections.



Figure 2.4: Master Plan of Sewer



c) Waste Water Treatment Plant: A Waste Water Treatment Plant (WWTP) is to be constructed, draining the wastewater finally to Singhiya River after treatment. The wastewater treatment plant will treat sanitary sewage and will not include storm water.. The WWTP proposed at Jatuwa comprises of the various components as shown in the Figure 2.5.

Figure 2.5: A schematic diagram showing salient features of WWTP

Chapter III



ENVIRONMENTAL BASELINE OF THE PROJECT 3.1 Location: Biratnagar, with an area of 59.48 sq. km, is the second largest city in the country. The altitude of the municipality ranges from only 62 m from the mean sea level in the south to 76 m in the north within a distance of 14 km. The municipality is bordered by two rivers - Singhiya in the east and Kesaliya in the west. It is located in the Terai (Indo-Gangetic plain) at 26028’N and 86019’E and is bordered by international boundary with India in the south. The Terai is composed mainly of quaternary sediments with very fertile soil mixed with clay, silt and sand. 3.2 Climate: The climate is subtropical monsoon type. The mean annual temperature ranges from about 25°C to 30°C and the maximum and minimum temperature is 42oC and 0oC respectively. The annual precipitation ranges from about 1595-2279 mm. More than 80 percent of the total annual rainfall occurs in four summer months (June to September). Average sunshine duration ranges from 6.97-7.23 hrs/day and average wind speed ranges from 1.2 km/hr -1.8 km/hr. 3.3 Water quality: 3.3.1 Background: The subproject area is drained by Singhiya and Kesaliya rivers. These rivers are flooded during summer monsoon and river bank cutting, particularly at the meander bend during flooding, which is common. During dry winter period, the water in these rivers is very low. There is absolute lack of information on the behavior of surface and ground water. Groundwater depth is between 9-15 m with 1-2 m fluctuation during dry and wet seasons. In one of the earlier studies reported by SEAM-N in 2007, it indicated cadmium and lead concentration in water samples followed by high contents of BOD and COD. In Keshaliya River, draining western part of the Biratnagar municipality, nitrogen, iron and sometimes aluminum and cadmium were found in elevated concentration indicating its pollution level. It has absolutely become essential that a complete water quality survey be performed in two different seasons for two years to understand the latest state of the art and also at different stages of project implementation, a comparison against which will provide clear picture as to the impacts on environment due to project activities. Selection of parameters was based on Environmental Monitoring Plan. Some additional parameters of importance were also included for analysis. Site selection was done in such a way



that a reference sample be available for comparison of the results obtained. Any samples taken from streams/rivers must be both from upstream and downstream stretch of the river receiving discharge either from untreated drainage or treated sewerage, as described in the table 3.1. 3.3.2 Selection of sites for monitoring: There are two major rivers in Biratnagar municipality, flowing through the east is river Singhiya Khola and to the west is river Keshaliya. Sites for monitoring were selected as illustrated in annex 3.1, and tabulated in table 3.1. Basic physico-chemical parameters (table 3.2, table 3.3, and table 3.4) were considered for analysis from sites such as S5-S7, S10-S13, and SG4 in Singhiya Khola and B2 and B3 in Basta Nala. Altogether ten samples, each at the outlets before and after the discharge were selected. Groundwater contamination is also a major problem observed in Terai with the over abstraction of water for drinking and irrigation. Basic physico-chemical parameters from groundwater samples were also analyzed at two selected sites (G1 and G2). Two samples were analyzed close to the Industrial Estate in Duhabi (TB3 and TB4). Typical households were chosen for grey water (TG1-TG4) and for black water (TB1-TB4). Grey water is wastewater generated from domestic activities such as bathing, laundry, and dishwashing. Because grey water use reduces demand on conventional water supplies and pressure on sewage treatment systems, its use is very beneficial. Black wastewater is the term used to describe wastewater containing faecal matter and urine. It is also known as sewage, brown water or foul water. Blackwater contains pathogens that must decompose before they can be released safely into the environment.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pathogens



Table 3.1: Location of sampling sites for water quality analysis (T indicates typical and G for grey water except G1 and G2, B for blackwater except for B2 and B3)

Sample ID Coordinates (deg./min.) Location

S5 N 26o26.219' and E 87o18.021' Singhiya Khola, Downstream from Jatuwa Bridge, Jatuwa

S6 N 26o26.536' and E 87o17.940' Singhiya Khola, Ashok Chowk/Swagatum Chowk

S7 N 26o27.223' and E 87o17.887' Singhiya Khola, Balgopal Chowk

S10 N 26o28.320' and E 87o17.450' Singhiya Khola, Bhupal Gram Road, UEIP Guest House

S11 N 26o28.692' and E 87o17.377' Singhiya Khola, Downstream from Paropkar Ghat

S12 N 26o28.755' and E 87o17.374' Singhiya Khola, Upstream from Paropkar Ghat

S13 N 26o30.018' and E 87o17.573' Singhiya Khola, Pushpalalchowkghat

TB1 N 26o26.269' and E 87o17.980' Blackwater to the proposed WWTP site 1, Jatuwa

TB2 N 26o24.138' and E 87o16.637' Effluent from Leatherfactory, proposed WWTP site 2, Buddhanagar

TB3 N 26o30.730' and E 87o16.897' Industrial effluent, Industrial Estate, Duhabi (left side of the road)

TB4 N 26o30.728' and E 87o16.887' Industrial effluent, Industrial Estate, Duhabi (right side of the road)

TG1 N 26o27.275' and E 87o16.738' Greywater Hotel Sindhi, Biratnagar

TG2 N 26o26.402' and E 87o16.805' Greywater Asian Boys' Hostel, Biratnagar

TG3 N 26o26.342' and E 87o17.119' Greywater from a medium level residential house

TG4 N 26o26.191' and E 87o16.505' Greywater from Regional Irrigation Directorate

B2 N 26o26.164' and E 87o15.996' Basta Nala between Airport and Nobel Hospital

B3 N 26o28.204' and E 87o15.649' Basta Nala near Delhi Public School

SG4 N 26o27.800' and E 87o17.708' Singhiya Khola near CBR Office

G1 N 26o30.135' and E 87o17.278' Deep boring, Mangadh Drinkingwater Project

G2 N 26o28.692' and E 87o17.377' Tubewell, Local household



3.3.3 Physical characteristics of surface water quality: Singhiya Khola was surveyed at eight different places along the river course, where storm water drains are proposed. Similarly Basta Nala was also studied at two different stations. Results revealed that the water pH exceeded the National Standards Tolerance Limit of 5.5-9.0 scale for effluents discharge into inland waters in Basta Nala measuring a pH of 2.68 scale in B3 (near Delhi Public School) to 3.94 scale in B2 (Airport area). Ammonia concentration was found within the target water quality range in all five sites but exceeded the Nepal Water Quality Guidelines for the Protection of Aquatic Ecosystem (<7 µg/l) in S5- site downstream of Singhiya Khola from Jatuwa bridge.

Figure 3.1: Change in ammonia concentration in Singhiya Khola. Note the rise in ammonia at S5, exceeding the limit, indicating the impact caused by discharge of untreated sewage. Photo 3.1. Showing foam which is produced as ammonia builds up close to the outlet pipes, near Jatuwa bridge.

Target Water Quality Range



Basta Nala in both the sites (B2 and B3) indicated very high concentration of ammonia as well as chloride exceeding the tolerance limit for aquaculture. Fish can survive at chloride value <600 mg/l with very low productivity (table 3.2). Table 3.2: Results of the basic physico-chemical parameter’s analysis of Singhiya Khola and Basta Nala in Biratnagar (April-May 2012). Source: Kathmandu University, Aquatic Ecology Centre, Soil and Water Analysis Laboratory.

Sample

ID

Temp pH EC N-NH3 N-NO2 N-NO3 P-PO4 SO4 TH

Ca as

CaCO3

Mg as

CaCO3 Cl

(0C) ( - ) (µS/cm) (mg/L) (mg/L) (mg/L) (mg/L) (mg/L) (mg/L) (mg/L) (mg/L) (mg/L)

S5 28 7.82 304 0.78 0.07 0.62 0.18 9.97 170 114 56 11.00

S6 28.5 7.33 311 0.23 0.04 0.46 0.08 7.40 166 110 56 13.50

S7 29.1 8 358 0.33 0.01 0.27 0.10 10.53 176 120 56 23.30

S10 23.5 7.3 305 0.14 0.01 <0.05 0.07 9.30 176 118 58 8.00

S11 25.5 7.58 300 0.09 0.01 <0.05 0.05 7.28 176 120 56 6.50

S12 25.1 7.34 301 0.08 <0.01 0.08 0.06 7.96 178 122 56 6.50

S13 23.6 7.5 295 0.08 <0.01 0.08 0.03 8.07 178 118 60 5.50

SG4 26.8 8.72 650 0.16 <0.01 0.23 0.09 28.24 220 160 60 133.0

B2 29.7 3.94 1222 7.35 <0.01 0.50 <0.05 21.18 350 250 100 563.0

B3 30.5 2.68 2130 10.30 0.01 0.34 <0.05 22.97 250 160 90 823.0



Photo 3.2: Photo showing Basta Nala at different sites (B3- left, and B2-right). The river bank

is used in dumping of wastes that causes inflow of leachate into river making the water acidic.

3.3.4 Biological and microbiological characteristics of surface water quality: Nepal Generic Standards, Tolerance Limits for Wastewater Discharged into Inland Surface Water from Combined Waste Water Treatment Plant has indicated a BOD5 value at 20o C, 50 mg/l as maximum tolerance limit. Except for the Basta Nala at Airport area, all other sites are within the tolerance limit. According to the Nepal Water Quality Guidelines for Recreation, Faecal coliform (F. coli) should not exceed 130 counts per 100 ml of water, but the results showed all the sites studied (except B3- Basta Nala near Delhi Public School) exceeded this value making river unsuitable both for livestock watering and any recreational activities. The dissolved oxygen concentration in a particular site must not exceed the range of 5-8 mg/l for intermediate water species as mentioned in Nepal Water Quality Guidelines for Aquaculture. Results revealed Singhiya Khola in the upsteam stretch of the river, clearing indicating oxygen depletion due to heavy influence of industrial effluents. Basta Nala at B3 (near Delhi Public School) indicates favourable dissolved oxygen condition for fish species, whereas in B2, the conditions are deteriorating. Nepal Water Quality Guidelines for Industries recommended a COD value of <50 mg/l for category 1 waterbodies to <1200 mg/l for category 4 waterbodies, which means Singhiya Khola in all the sites investigated fall under category 1, whereas Basta Nala is very close to category 2.



Table 3.3: Results of the basic microbiological and biological parameter’s analysis of Singhiya Khola and Basta Nala in Biratnagar (April-May 2012). TNTC stands for Too Numerous To Count, T.coli for Total Coliform and F. coli for Faecal coliform.

Parameters DO BOD T. coli F. coli

unit (mg/L) (mg/L) (CFU/100ml) (CFU/100ml)

S5 1 22.00 TNTC TNTC







SG4 1.5 24.00 TNTC TNTC

B2 1.56 460.0 TNTC TNTC

B3 6.77 40.00 88 84

(CFU- Colony Forming Unit; TNTC meaning Too Numerous To Count- high bacterial contamination)

3.3.5 Chemical (heavy metals concentration) characteristics of surface water quality: Results showed iron concentration at all sites in Singhiya Khola in much lower concentration compared to Basta Nala. The later is very rich in Iron concentration as well as Manganese exceeding the permissible limit. Target Water Quality Range of Manganese for the Protection of Aquatic Ecosystem is <180 µg/l. All the sites at Singhiya Khola were found in compliance with the Nepal Water Quality Guidelines for Manganese as well as Arsenic level in water, whereas in Basta Nala Manganese concentration exceeded the Target Water Quality Range. Cadmium concentration is within the permissible limit (<0.15 to <0.35 µg/l), so is the chromium level (7 to <12 µg/l), however lead (<0.2 to <1.2 µg/l) has exceeded the Target Water Quality Range at B3 (Basta Nala near Delhi Public School) and zinc (<2µg/l) at B2 (Basta Nala near Airport) and B3 for the protection of aquatic ecosystem (table 3.4).



Table 3.4: Results of the heavy metals analysis of Singhiya Khola and Basta Nala in Biratnagar (April-May 2012).

Parameters Fe Mn As Zn Cu Ni Pb Cr Cd

Unit (mg/L) (mg/L) (mg/L) (mg/L) (mg/L) (mg/L) (mg/L) (mg/L) (mg/L)

S5 2.18 0.39 <0.005 0.03 <0.02 <0.02 <0.01 <0.02 <0.003

S6 2.26 0.44 <0.005 <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 0.02 <0.02 <0.003

S7 1.87 0.26 <0.005 <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 <0.01 <0.02 <0.003

S10 1.83 0.37 <0.005 0.02 <0.02 <0.02 <0.01 <0.02 <0.003

S11 1.31 0.21 <0.005 0.02 <0.02 <0.02 <0.01 <0.02 <0.003

S12 1.53 0.23 0.005 0.02 <0.02 <0.02 <0.01 <0.02 <0.003

S13 1.13 0.10 0.007 0.84 <0.02 0.02 0.02 <0.02 <0.003

B2 46.5 2.00 0.005 3.32 <0.02 0.13 0.05 0.03 <0.003

B3 44.8 2.60 <0.005 7.02 0.12 0.13 2.51 0.04 <0.003

3.3.6 Physical characterization of greywater quality: According to the Nepal Water Quality Guidelines for the Protection of Aquatic Ecosystem, an ammonia concentration for the target water quality range is <7µg/l, whereas under the present study, its concentration has exceeded the recommended level. Ammonia concentration up to 15µg/l is considered chronic and at 100µg/l its effect becomes acute for the aquatic ecosystem. Total hardness as CaCO3 recommended by Nepal Water Quality Guidelines for Aquaculture is 20-100 mg/l, whereas in this case at TG1 and TG2, results have shown higher concentration of it (table 3.5).



Table 3.5: Grey water composition and its physico-chemical characteristics in Biratnagar

(April-May 2012).

Parameter

Temp pH EC N-NH3 N-NO2 N-NO3 P-PO4 TP SO4 TH

Ca as

CaCO3

Mg as

CaCO3 Cl

Unit (0C) ( - ) (µS/cm) (mg/L) (mg/L) (mg/L) (mg/L) (mg/L) (mg/L) (mg/L) (mg/L) (mg/L) (mg/L)

TG1 23.9 6.52 975 17.56 0.01 1.39 0.71 1.10 48.75 640 190 450 153.0

TG2 25 7.9 543 0.37 0.01 1.06 0.32 0.46 20.95 280 170 160 <1

TG3 23.8 7.0 489 2.51 0.01 1.24 4.27 - 15.13 270 170 100 2.50

TG4 27.2 7.8 639 17.36 0.04 0.95 1.14 1.82 28.58 120 100 20 143.0

3.3.7 Biological and microbiological characterization of greywater quality: Dissolved oxygen level of 5-8 mg/l is considered optimum for intermediate water species as recommended by Nepal Water Quality Guidelines for Aquaculture. In this case, in all the places, grey water was poor in dissolved oxygen concentration. BOD level was also very high in comparison to the recommended level of <15 mg/l for aquaculture. Similarly, COD level also exceeded compared to the recommended level of <40 µg/l (table 3.6). Table 3.6: Grey water composition for its biological/microbiological characteristics in Biratnagar ((April-May 2012). TNTC – Too Numerous To Count; CFU- Colony Forming Unit.

Parameter DO BOD T. Coli F Coli

unit (mg/L) (mg/L) (CFU/100ml) (CFU/100ml)

TG1 1 158 4 4

TG2 1 520 20 15

TG3 1 187 TNTC TNTC

TG4 1 142 304 176



3.3.8 Chemical (heavy metals concentration) characteristics of greywater quality: Most of the analyzed parameters are within the recommended level. Nepal Water Quality Guidelines for the Protection of Aquatic Ecosystem recommended a level of <10µg/l of arsenic, and the present study revealed a value much lower than the recommended. Same is the case with the concentration of cadmium, chromium, copper, lead, and manganese (table 3.7). However zinc concentration exceeded the recommended level in TG4 (Basta Nala near Delhi Public School).

Table 3.7: Greywater composition for heavy metal characterization in Biratnagar (April-May 2012).

Parameter Fe Mn As Zn Cu Ni Pb Cr Cd

unit (mg/L) (mg/L) (mg/L) (mg/L) (mg/L) (mg/L) (mg/L) (mg/L) (mg/L)

TG1 0.42 1.13 <0.005 0.20 0.04 0.02 0.03 <0.02 <0.003

TG2 7.10 0.36 0.006 0.16 <0.02 0.02 <0.01 0.02 <0.003

TG3 0.29 1.86 <0.005 0.03 <0.02 0.02 <0.01 <0.02 <0.003

TG4 5.94 1.17 0.005 7.35 0.12 0.04 0.08 0.03 <0.003

3.3.9 Physical characteristics of blackwater: Biratnagar municipality has no sewerage system, which means most of the sewage is managed at the household level into septic tanks. These tanks are mostly sealed or tighten with a lid, which are difficult to open. As a result of which the samples collected during the present study for analysis were mostly from industrial effluents (tannery, chemical industries, and mixed drainages). Nepal Water Quality Guidelines for Industries recommended the level of chloride as <20 mg/l for category 1 industries. In this case all the sites exceeded the level of chloride except TB1. Similarly the present level of Total Hardness (TH) also exceeded the recommended level (<50 mg/l to a max of 100 mg/l) (table 3.8).



Table 3.8: Blackwater quality for its basic physico-chemical characteristics in Biratnagar (April-May 2012).

Temp pH EC N-NH3 N-NO2 N-NO3 P-PO4 TP SO4 TH

Ca as

CaCO3

Mg as

CaCO3 Cl

unit (0C) scale (µS/cm) (mg/L) (mg/L) (mg/L) (mg/L) (mg/L) (mg/L) (mg/L) (mg/L) (mg/L) (mg/L)

TB1 24.4 7.6 327 9.17 0.01 0.69 1.04 1.58 20.28 112 80 32 3.40

TB2 31.4 7.8 4800 36.30 0.10 15.00 1.28 1.92 945.8 760 450 310 83.00

TB3 28.9 8.84 2510 2.81 0.06 0.50 <0.05 0.08 136.7 1650 1560 90 733.0

TB4 25.7 7.53 532 8.05 0.01 0.46 0.10 - 21.85 315 260 55 253.0

3.3.10 Biological and microbiological characterization of blackwater quality: Nepal Water Quality Guidelines for Industries recommended COD level from <10mg/l for category 1 industries to <75mg/l for category 4 industries. COD value measured in this case was much higher in TB1 (Jatuwa drainage) and TB2 (tannery at Rani). Generic Standards, Tolerance Limits for Wastewater Discharged into Inland Surface Water from Combined Waste Water Treatment Plant recommended Tolerance Limit of BOD5 at 20o C as max 50 mg/l. Except in TB1 all other samples exceeded recommended Tolerance Limit (table 3.9).

Table 3.9: Blackwater quality for its biological/microbiological characteristics in Biratnagar ((April-May 2012).

Parameter BOD

Unit (mg/L)

TB1 30.00

TB2 56.00

TB3 880.0

TB4 76.00



3.3.11 Chemical (heavy metals concentration) characteristics of blackwater: Iron concentration was measured exceeding the recommended value for the category 1 industries, and fall within the category 2 and 3, but not 4. Manganese, zinc, copper, lead, chromium, and cadmium are slightly exceeding the Target Water Quality Range for the Protection of Aquatic Ecosystem, whereas arsenic is within the targeted range (table 3.10).

Table 3.10: Blackwater quality for its heavy metals characteristics in Biratnagar (April-May 2012).


Unit (mg/L) (mg/L) (mg/L) (mg/L) (mg/L) (mg/L) (mg/L) (mg/L) (mg/L)

TB1 0.73 0.28 0.008 0.07 <0.02 <0.02 <0.01 <0.02 0.005

TB2 0.30 0.21 0.005 0.02 0.03 0.07 0.08 0.15 0.015

TB3 0.61 1.37 <0.005 1.50 0.02 0.05 0.12 0.09 0.011

TB4 3.36 0.45 0.005 0.70 <0.02 0.03 0.04 0.02 <0.003

3.3.12 Physical characterization of groundwater quality for drinking and irrigation purpose: The findings are in compliance with the Nepal Drinking Water Quality Standards in case of pH, EC (electrical conductivity), ammonia, nitrate, chloride, TH (total hardness), and sulphate (table 3.11).

Table 3.11: Groundwater quality and its physico-chemical characteristics in Biratnagar (April-May 2012).

Temp pH EC N-NH3 N-NO2 N-NO3 P-PO4 SO4 TH

Ca as

CaCO3

Mg as

CaCO3 Cl

unit (0C) scale (µS/cm) (mg/L) (mg/L) (mg/L) (mg/L) (mg/L) (mg/L) (mg/L) (mg/L) (mg/L)

G1 25.4 6.78 454 0.11 <0.01 <0.05 0.08 10.42 240 140 100 4.00

G2 24.2 7.6 509 0.20 <0.01 <0.05 <0.05 27.78 84 60 24 233.0



3.3.13 Biological and microbiological characteristics of groundwater The deepwater is free from Faecal coliform, but the presence of Total Coliform is an indication of possible contamination. Shallow tubewells are contaminated by Faecal coliform, indicating sewage inflow into the system (table 3.12).

Table 3.12: Groundwater quality for its biological and microbiological characteristics in Biratnagar ((April-May 2012).

Parameter DO T. Coli F. Coli

unit (mg/L) (CFU/100ml) (CFU/100ml)

G1 7.0 10 0

G2 3.9 10 8

3.3.14 Chemical (heavy metals concentration) characterization of groundwater quality: Except for the manganese in shallow tubewell, other heavy metals are in compliance with the Nepal drinking water quality standards (table 3.13).

Table 3.13: Groundwater quality for its heavy metal characteristics in Biratnagar (April-May 2012).


unit (mg/L) (mg/L) (mg/L) (mg/L) (mg/L) (mg/L) (mg/L) (mg/L) (mg/L)

G1 0.29 0.51 <0.005 0.05 <0.02 0.02 <0.01 0.02 <0.003

G2 2.02 8.55 <0.005 0.03 <0.02 0.02 <0.01 <0.02 <0.003

3.4 Soil quality: Although it is believed that the soil in Biratnagar municipality is mostly silt mixed with clay, responsible for causing water logged conditions, there are no scientific evidences proving this hypothesis. In order to bridge this gap, soil samples were taken from two different sites proposed for wastewater treatment plants. Samples were collected from digging a pit of 10 cm depth, and the results obtained are tabulated in table 3.14. Samples from proposed wastewater treatment plants are acidic. Findings from the sample ID S1 further support this statement as this site is more acidic. In an acidic condition, phosphorous becomes



tied up with the soil as indicated in the result with Available Phosphorous content of 52.2 ppm in sample ID S1. It was finally revealed that the soil in the study area is of the type silty-loam. Soil texture, nitrogen, phosphorous and potassium are essential elements in soil, knowhow of which helps in understanding the proper functioning of the wastewater treatment plants. Of soil characteristics, soil texture is one such properties of great significance to land use and management. The amount of nutrients in soil (NPK) contributes to plant nutrition and explains the soil’s ability to supply the nutrients to plants. In a reed bed type wastewater treatment plant, it is essential to understand the nutrient available in soil. Table 3.14: Results of soil quality analysis, Biratnagar (sample received: 8th April 2012, sample analyzed: 20th April - 10th June 2012 at Kathmandu University, Aquatic Ecology Centre, Soil and Water analysis laboratory, Dhulikhel) S. N. Analyzed parameters Sample ID Method/

Instrument Used

S1 S2 S3 S4

1. Soil pH (pH scale) 4.90 5.24 5.82 5.83 Probe Method

2. Total Nitrogen (%) 0.062 0.045 0.073 0.05 Kjeldahl Method

3. Available Phosphorus (ppm) 52.2 39.5 43 41.8 Modified Olsen’s

Method

4.

Available Potassium (ppm)

38.10 39.80 34.10 32.60 Atomic Absorption Spectrometer (AAS)

5.

Text

ure

Clay (%) 10 16 9 9.4

Hydrometer Method

Sand (%) 13.49 14.84 25.25 26

Silt (%) 76.51 69.16 65.75 64.6

Soil Textural Class

Silt Loam Silt Loam Silt Loam Silt Loam

Sample Code: S1: Proposed sludge stabilization pond (top soil); S2: Proposed sludge stabilization

pond (bottom soil); S3: WWTP top soil and S4: WWTP bottom soil.



Photo 3.3. Showing the land purchased with demarcation (left) , and soil profile (right) at proposed sludge stabilization pond at Rani, Biratnagar.

3.5 Air quality: Strengthening Environmental Administration and Management at Local level (SEAM-N, 2007) studied Golchha Chowk and Mahendra Chowk for air quality, that exceeded TSP, PM10 and PM2.5 values recommended by Nepal Ambient Air Quality Standards (provisional). A 24 hour study in Golchha Chowk measured TSP, PM10 and PM2.5 values respectively as 234, 229, and 190. Similarly in Mahendra Chowk, same parameters were measured respectively as 338, 321, and 166, indicating the later as more polluted than Golchha Chowk. One of the obvious reasons for this is that the Mahendra Chowk is situated along Koshi Highway, where the numbers of vehicles are more in numbers and with old modeled vehicles, the problem is escalated. The other reason is the poor unpaved condition of the roads in the outskirts of the municipality.



1.

3.6 Flora The areas within the municipality are under the cultivation and are built up area. There is no natural forest area with considerable size except a presence few patches of orchard and nurseries scattered in different places. The flora species found in Biratnagar area are Siris (Albizia procera), Kadam (Anthocephalus chinensis), Bakaino (Melia azederach), Sisau (Dalbergia sissoo), Simal (Bombax ceiba), and groves of Bamboo (Dendrocalamus hamiltoni). Other fodder tree species reported are Padari (Stereospermum personatum), Amaltas (Cassia fistula), and Pipal (Ficus religiosa). Groves of bamboo are common in the area. Common roadside and canal species include Masala (Eucalyptus spp.) and Jacaranda (mimosifolia). Kans (Saccharum spontaneous) is found in the flood plain and banks along the river.

3.7 Fauna Mammals reported from the subproject area are Nyauri (Herpestes auropunctatus), Syal (Canis aureus) and Musa (Rattus rattus). Major bird species reported are Battai (Turnix suscitator), Bhangera (Passer domesticus), Lahanche (Chrysocolaptes lucidus), Bakula (Bubulcus ibis), Saras (Ciconia episcopus), Suga (Psittacula himalayana), Koili (Cacomantis merulinus), Parewa (Columba livia), Dhukur (Streptopelia chinensis), Dangre (Acriotherus tristis) and Kauwa (Corvus splndens). Among aquatic fauna, the most commonly reported ones in the upper reach of Singhiya river are baetidae, thiaridae, heptageniidae, notonectidae, and in the lower reach are viviparidae, chironomidae (red), and tubificidae. Empty shells of bivalve mollusks (Parreysia spp.) and potamidae were also observed. Buduna (Garra spp.) was reported as one of the most common fish species in Singhiya River.

3.8 Socio-economic and cultural environment 3.8.1 Population, communities, and occupation: According to the 2001 census, the total population of Biratnagar was 166,674. The Population Census of 2011 reported population of Biratnagar as 271,354.



As per 2001 census, about 71% of the total population is economically active. About 46.2% of the economically active population is engaged in agriculture followed by 32.4% in service and rest in trade and labor (figure 3.2). Total literacy rate is 50.5%, comprising of 59.5% among male and 39.6% among female. The town is experiencing very high level of in-migration. This has resulted into the emergence of squatter settlement in several areas of the town. A brief socio-economic profile of Biratnagar sub metropolitan city (BSMC) is shown in Table 3.15, taken from PPTA.

Table 3.15: Socio-economic profile of BSMC



Figure 3.2: Economic status (left) and literacy rate by gender (right, in percent) of Biratnagar

3.8.2 Health: Biratnagar has three hospitals. They are Koshi Zonal Hospital, Maternity Hospital and Golcha Eye Hospital. Koshi Zonal Hospital has facilities such as X-ray, laboratory, Operation Theater, OPD and ECG. Beside these, Biratnagar has several private clinics and pathology labs. There are more than five nursing homes, 50 private clinics and 10 pathology laboratories within the municipality. One veterinary hospital is also located within the municipality. The common diseases reported are stomach ache/problem (25% cases), cough/asthma (19%), typhoid/pneumonia (19%), diarrhea (6%), malaria (6%), head ache (6%), eye infection (6%) and throat/nose infection (6%) as illustrated in figure 3.3. The main cause for gastroenteritis and diarrhea may be due to poor water quality, lack of proper surface drainage systems and solid waste management.

Agriculture

Service

Trade and labour 0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

Male Female

pe

rce

nta

ge



stomach ache

cough/asthma

typhoid/pneumonia

diarrhea

malaria

head ache

eye infection

throat/nose infection

Figure 3.3: Commonly occurring diseases in Biratnagar Municipality

3.8.3 Drainage System: According to the Periodic Plan (2007), there is approximately 43 km of kerb side drains for storm water discharge. The municipality has constructed some drains along the North-South main road in the city core area and several nearby streets. However, these drains were constructed without taking into account for the topographic slopes and do not have adequate outlets. Some trunk drains with assistance of Town Development Fund (TDF) have been built. Still these drains are not adequate. So, inundation and flooding during rainy season are common. 3.8.4 Sewerage System and Sanitation: There is no sewerage system in Biratnagar. It is estimated that about 15% of total population has septic tanks and another 30% have pit latrines. The town seriously lacks public toilets. There are only 4 public toilets. Most of people not having toilet facilities are defecating either in open field or in stream/river side. A large proportion of people still discharge the waste water/liquid in the public area and fallow land. This increases the risks of infection from water borne diseases including germination of mosquito in the region. An assessment of the public toilet requirements was performed. The project has planned to promote and provide financial support for the construction of the private toilets, school toilets and public toilets. Required number of private toilet has been identified based on the poverty mapping report and need assessment at community level. There are insufficient public toilets in Biratnagar and there is a requirement for public toilets in the main markets to serve the needs of large numbers of visitors and passersby. Other community level programs have also



been identified through intensive consultations using participative methods in community level. Skill development and capacity building trainings have been planned to implement as per need identification from the communities. Capacity development training focused to women and disadvantage groups has been initiated for the targeted groups. Land owned by the government in Jute Mills area, ward 19; Jogbani Bus Park (In front of Custom Office, Ward 20, Gudri Bazar, Ward 14 and near the CDO Office , Ward 10, are identified for the construction of public toilets covering an area of 0.033 ha. 3.8.5 Solid Waste Management: Prior to 1997, Biratnagar did not include any household collection. Common practice was dumping waste on streets or vacant places. The concept of private sector participation in the delivery of municipal services was introduced in Biratnagar in 1997 to 1998. In 2001, Biratnagar municipality has started partnership with a private solid waste management company named SILT (P.) Ltd and new models for solid waste management were introduced. The major activities under this model consisted of door-to-door collection service, source base segregation of biodegradable and non-biodegradable wastes, street sweeping and waste collection, transportation of collected waste to a landfill/composting site, development of landfill site, establishment of community compositing units, training, community mobilization, training and networking for sustainable urban waste management. According to the Periodic Plan (2007), the total volume of waste generation in Biratnagar is 60 tons per day. The major source is from domestic (80%), followed by industry and commerce (7%), hat bazaar (weekly market, 6%), festivals (3%) and institution (1%). The estimated medical waste is 500 kg/day. Nearly 72.5% of the total solid waste generated in the municipality comprises organic/biotic, 10.9% plastic, 5.7% paper, 2.4% cloth, 1.9% glass, 0.2% metal, 0.2% leather/rubber and 6.2% others. Out of the total solid waste generation, only 45 tons have been managed, but in the absence of proper landfill site, these wastes are dumped on low land is for filling or along the river banks. A Regional Sanitary Landfill site in Dangraha has been identified and acquisition of land, EIA study, and planning for infrastructure development is in the process. Strengthening of Environmental Administration and Management at Local Level in Nepal (SEAM-N) project with financial and technical support from the Government of Finland has been assisting to develop this regional landfill site. This project has also established a well equipped environmental laboratory in Biratnagar for water and wastewater monitoring and environmental research.



Domestic

Industry and Commerce

Haat Bazaar

Festivals

Institution

medical

Figure 3.4: Total Volume of waste generated in Biratnagar municipality

Organic/ Biotic

Plastics

Paper

Cloth

Glass

metal

Leather/ Rubber

Others

Figure 3.5: Volume of solid waste generated in Biratnagar municipality



Photo 3.4: Waste dumping in the project area for filling in lowland area (left) or into the open drains (right)

3.8.6 Industries: There are more than 101 big and 886 small and cottage industries in the municipality. Different types of big industries such as sugar mill, jute mill, textiles and dairy are located here. However, many big industries such as plastic industry, Biratnagar Jute Mill, Judda Match Factory, Morang Cotton Mill, Morang Sugar Mill, and Ganapati Cotton Mill are in the situation of nearly closing. Many industries do not have affluent treatment facilities and it is directly disposed into local streams. As a result, local streams downstream from the site of such industries are polluted. 3.8.7 Agricultural Development: Agriculture is still the major source of family income of majority of people living outside the city core. More than 46% of the total population is engaged in agriculture. Average landholding size is about 0.17 ha per household. Paddy, wheat, maize, jute, sugarcane, potato are the major crops grown in this area. Lentils and peas are also grown. The fruits commonly grown are mango, leechee, pineapple, banana and lemon. Similarly, vegetables like cauliflower, cabbage, lady finger are also grown. 3.8.8 Mineral development: No mineral deposit has yet been reported from Biratnagar area. 3.9 Infrastructure Facilities 3.9.1 Water Supply: Water supply in Biratnagar is under the jurisdiction of Nepal Water Supply Corporation. The municipality is also involved in some tube-well water supply extension works. The majority of people have their own tap, but accessibility to



tap water is still limited to 16.9% of total population followed by rower pump (5.6%) and hand pump (71.%). 3.9.2 Communication: Biratnagar has good communication system. More than 18,000 telephone line has been distributed. However, the demand for telephone line, prepaid and post paid mobiles is higher than the capacity to supply. The demand for public telephone booth is also high. There are four postal offices, more than 4 FM stations. Internet facilities are also available. 3.9.3 Roads and transportation: Biratnagar is quite accessible. It is linked with different places via Koshi and East-West highways. This city is one of the major gateway towns to India. There is a total of 620 km of road within municipality out of which 226 km is black toped, 160 km is graveled, and 300 km is earthen. An estimate shows that about 2,500-3,000 heavy and light vehicles shuttle daily in the municipality. There are four bus parks for long and short distance vehicle flow. All of these bus parks are narrow and small and not managed well. There is a need for a properly managed bus park for long distance traffic flow. Biratnagar is also linked by air service. Airport is located within municipality. There are more than 15,000 rickshaws in Biratnagar providing transportation services (Periodic Plan of Biratnagar Municipality, 2007). Traffic congestion particularly in the city centre is observed. 3.9.4 Electricity: Electricity supply operated by the Nepal Electricity Authority is from the national power grid via an 11 KV transmission line from Duhabi substation. There is also an additional multi-fuel plant for providing additional and emergency power supply. There are more than 12,000 service connections covering about half of the urban population. Electricity is mainly used by the majorities for lighting purpose whereas wood is still found to be major source of energy for overall domestic purposes, i.e., cooking and boiling. Kerosene and dung patch/cake are also used by large number of people. It shows the higher possibility of infection from the indoor pollutions. 3.9.5 Institutions: Biratnagar became the city of administrative importance when the district headquarters of Morang shifted from Rangeli to Biratnagar in 1914. Currently



Biratnagar serves both as the district and zonal headquarters. The city also serves as the major food grain-trading centre for the Eastern Development Region. There are more than 59 primary schools, 16 lower secondary, 57 secondary, 7 higher secondary schools, 7 campuses and 5 training institutions within this municipality. Besides, over 50 INGOs and NGOs are working in the district.

2. Figure 3.7: Number of Academic Institutions in Biratnagar

3.10 Cultural characteristics 3.10.1 Items of significance: Kalikasthan, Samsarimaisthan and Panaskhandi are the major places with historical and religious importance in Biratnagar. These temples are not just worshiping places; they also denote the cultural, art (including music, dance drama), Martial art, and depiction of history. It is also for meditation, center for passing knowledge from generation to generation. Some places it is used as storage center of food grains for the entire village or town. 3.10.2 Quality of life/ values: The proposed subproject is not expected to adversely affect any cultural or recreational resources but will improve the existing quality of life, add values due to the improvement in hygiene and health. Several mitigation measures have been proposed in the Environmental Management Plan (EMP) in order to reduce adverse environmental impacts wherever it is necessary.



Chapter IV

IMPACT OF THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE PROPOSAL ON THE ENVIRONMENT

A number of impacts can be observed with the implementation of any projects. These impacts are basically categorized according to physical, biological and socio-economic and cultural environment based on the magnitude, duration and extent of the project. The proposed STIUEIP of Biratnagar will improve sanitation facilities over the existing ones with minimum physical interventions. It is assessed that there will be minimal impact on environment, which can be easily mitigated. All the impacts/issues as mentioned in ToR were considered while preparing this report. The prioritized issues and impacts are described below; 4.1 Beneficial impacts 4.1.1 Separation of waste water from sewage: Waste water is less contaminated compared to sewage. It is therefore wise to treat these two systems separately. There is separate system designed for waste water and sewage under this project scheme. Waste water generated/collected will be discharged through horizontal drains into the rivers Singhiya and Kesaliya, whereas sewage, which carries household wastewater and septic tank sludge, will be collected and discharged into respective watercourse only after treatment.

4.1.2 Improvement in health and hygiene: After the implementation of this project, human health and hygiene condition of the people of the project area will be improved due to better sanitation condition of the settlement. This helps to control the water borne diseases and promote cleaner and healthier environment to the local people.

4.1.3 Increase in land value: Due to improved sewerage facility in the project area, the value of the land might increase and local people may be benefitted.

4.1.4 Increase in business opportunities: After the construction of sewerage and sanitation facility, there may be rural to urban migration, which may create opportunities to various business markets in the growing urban areas.



4.1.5 Employment generation: The proposed project will generate the direct employment opportunities to some technical and non-technical manpower. The employment opportunities are the direct benefits to the local peoples. Similarly, this project generates employment opportunities for many people for short period during construction phase and for some people for long period in operation. This way it helps in the local economy. 4.1.6 Aesthetic look: Planting of reeds in the treatment plant will increase the greenery and enhance aesthetic environment. The aesthetic look will be further enhanced by developing the site to a flower garden when possible. 4.1.7 Use of byproduct: The harvested reeds can be used as thatching material for low-income group of the society and/or can be used as cooking fuel. The dried sludge can be converted to briquette that can be used as cooking fuels and or powder of dried sludge can be used as organic fertilizer. 4.1.8 Quality of life: The project is not expected to adversely affect any cultural or recreational resources but will increase the existing quality of life values due to improvement in personal households and community hygiene practices and community health. 4.2 Adverse impacts 4.2.1 Construction phase 4.2.1.1 Bio-physical

a) Soil erosion, landslide and instability: Erosion and landslide eventually affects the stability of the road from concentrated water from the road outlets. If the soil spoil is not managed properly, this accelerates the process of soil erosion and makes the road unstable. b) Impact on rivers due to flooding and river bank cutting: Disasters associated with flooding and river bank cutting have also been reported. Such disasters are likely to be increased in the context of increasing events of heavy precipitation due to global warming. The river bank cutting in different reaches of Keshaliya and Singhiya rivers in Biratnagar has threatened settlements, infrastructures and cultivated land located in the bank along these rivers.



c) Overflow and flooding of waste water: There might be the risk of health hazard due to overflows and flooding of waste water. Overflows occur when the collection system cannot manage the volume of wastewater, for example due to high flows during rain events or as the result of power loss, equipment malfunctions, or blockages. It can also cause pollution to the river water. d) Air, noise and water pollution: Use of blasting material will expedite the work. However, the use of blasting material will trigger landslides (which is the fundamental reason) and other adverse impacts on environment such as noise, air pollution and safety. There might be the risk of air pollution due to vehicle operation during construction but the duration is temporary and there is insignificant impact in terms of magnitude. There shall be a risk of water pollution due to disposal of treated effluent and sludge, which carries permanent and significant impacts on the environment. There are also health risks due to air, water pollution, dust, and noise. e) Interception chambers and sewer: There is risk of domestic water pollution from interception chambers and sewer. This is caused when interception chambers are not properly maintained and sewer overflow reaches sources of water supply. f) Ground water and river water pollution: River water pollution leads to groundwater contamination. Seepage from river bed may cause pollution of ground water. To prevent it, rivers must be kept clean with no direct disposal of solid wastes or the discharge of untreated sewerage. g) Temporary silt runoff: There is a risk to temporary silt runoff due to construction or due to disposal of excavated soil. The impact is however temporary and moderate. h) Clearing of vegetation: Some roadside planted trees shall be cut down during the construction phase. This impact is temporary and insignificant. i) Loss of agricultural land, crops and properties: Since the project area and surrounding already includes some human settlements, disturbance and loss of agricultural land will be very nominal.



4.2.1.2 Socio-economic and cultural a) Impact to neighboring areas: It also causes nuisance to neighboring areas due to odor, insects and rodent. It is likely that the sludge stabilization pond will emit some foul ammonic smell or methane to the environment, this is felt very strongly at the time of drying of sludge and emptying of the ponds. b) Health of workers: Health of workers in sewerage system is a prime issue. Workers involved in treatment plants and sewerage system maintenance are exposed to contaminated water. c) Structures: There is an Impacts on public/private utilities, access to them or damages due to vibration depending on the methods of construction used. The impact is however temporary and moderate. d) Occupational health and safety: During the construction phase the labor involved in the construction activities may expose to different level of risks. The potential impacts to health are respiration and eye diseases due to the exposure on dust, risk of accident during works. e) Pollution from outside work force: Absence of proper sanitation system and haphazard disposal of solid waste generated by the outside workforce may cause the pollution of surrounding environment and it affects the health of local people. The lack of proper sanitary measures and increase in waste and water pollution can lead to an outbreak of epidemics, diseases as jaundice, typhoid etc. f) Socio-economic values: The proposed project will create jobs to local people and will result into improvement in sanitation. The implementation of this project will have more time for income generating activities and most likely the women and girl child will be more benefited by this, as they receive facility for managing their waste water through sewer lines. The project has positive impact on socio economic values. Since the proposed project is service delivery type and requires only little land



area, therefore, physical displacement is not an issue here. Therefore, there is little impact on the social and demographic features. g) Archeological and historical values: The proposed subproject is not expected to adversely affect any cultural or recreational resources but will improve the existing quality of life values due to the improvement in hygiene and health. 4.2.2. Operation phase 4.2.2.1 Bio-physical a) Blocking of sewer lines particularly in dry weather: In dry weather, minimum flow must be maintained in order to prevent from blockage of sewer lines due to solid waste disposal. It will create nuisance odor in the surrounding area of the sewer lines. It will also create unhygienic condition in the settlement area and reduces the aesthetic value of the settlement. The impact will be significant. Periodic flushing is needed to minimize the blockage of sewer lines in dry season. b) Nuisance odor from the sewer lines in the street: These treatment plants will produce no odor in the normal operation with proper maintenance. The effect of air quality due to transportation in project area is negligible and does not seem very significant impact. Weak odor is produced while cleaning the settling tank, which is expected to be cleared once in every 3 months. This would not add significant odor to the air. This odor is temporary one. If there is any leakage in the sewer pipe nuisance odor may produce. So it can be checked by proper maintenance of the sewer lines. c) Groundwater seepage from treatment plant: During construction stage, construction of treatment plant is not done under strict supervision of technical persons and periodic maintenance is not done regularly, waste water from the treatment plant may seepage underground water directly and may pollute it. Plastic liner is proposed in bed of treatment plant to protect the ground water. Hence, chances of contamination are negligible. d) Impact on aquatic life Polluted water may also affect the aquatic life in the downstream area of the streams, where the waste water is discharged after treatment.



e) Impact on flora and fauna The proposed area is totally out of ecologically sensitive zone and does not have the forest cover. Further, no endemic protected and threatened vegetation species were reported in the project area. Therefore, the impacts of implementation of the proposal on the existing vegetation are found insignificant. Since there is no continuous forest cover, no natural habitat of wild fauna existed. The implementation of the project environmental impacts on the vegetation and natural ecosystem do not seem to be significant. 4.2.2.2 Socio-economic and cultural a) Public conflict: With the increase in population of the project area, some of the newly built houses may discharge their waste water through illegal connection to the sewer line and there will be chances of conflict due to disturbance in sewer lines and waste water management system. It is therefore essential that a waste management modality be developed to protect the sewer line and waste water system. The concept of private sector participation in the delivery of municipal services, introduced in Biratnagar in 1997 to 1998, consisted of door-to-door collection service, source base segregation of biodegradable and non-biodegradable wastes, street sweeping and waste collection, transportation of collected waste to a landfill/composting site, development of landfill site, establishment of community compositing units, training, community mobilization, training and networking for sustainable urban waste management. This model, as specified in the publications of Scientific Centre for Environmental Consulting, 2003, Environmental Profile of Biratnagar Sub-Municipal Corporation, a report submitted to SEAM-N Project, Dharan, is very effective and should be continued. b) Migration of people from other places and economic condition of people: Migration of people from other places will increase with the expansion of the urban area. On the other hand, consumption of water will also increase with the improved living standard of the people. More consumption of water means more production in quantity of waste water.



Chapter V

ALTERNATIVE ANALYSIS

5.1 Project sites: The sewer lines and storm water drains are aligned within the right of way of the existing roads. No significant adverse environmental impacts are found with present location of the project activities. The waste stabilization treatment pond at Jatuwa is located quite far from the residential areas and river bank. Keeping in view the more or less uniform lithology, hydrology and land use over large part of the municipality, these two sites were considered suitable project sites. The most important criteria used in determining the site for waste water treatment plants are the topographic direction of the drain in terms of the gradient of land (slight topographic depression), distance from streams, human settlement and international boundary (far from stream and settlement), and land value at current (cheaper one) and proposed infrastructure development activities (railway, schools, hospitals and industries) in the near future. Based upon these criteria, these two sites were found most appropriate for the location of the waste water treatment plant with comparatively small potential environmental impacts.

5.2 Project design, and technology selection: Different strategies and approaches have been adopted in designing project activities, selecting the technologies and operational procedures after reviewing best practices, guidelines and standards. While designing the project activities, emphasis was given to urban environment improvement with due consideration on integration among project components and concentration of investment in few localities; inclusiveness and equity in participation with focus to urban poor and disadvantaged groups; public-private partnership; and demand from the proponent i.e. municipality. Sewer line and storm water drainage are well integrated with the improvement of roads and are focused on urban core areas. Keeping in view the sustainability of the proposed activities and construction and operation costs, separate storm water drainage and sewerage system and waste water stabilization pond for



waste water treatment of the core area and reed bed treatment plant in the southern part of the municipality have been proposed. Priorities have been given to labor intensive technologies and community led basic sanitation for all with gender consideration. The working procedures proposed are participatory one. Awareness creation and skill development activities for the improvement of environment, health and hygiene have also been integrated with the development of basic infrastructure facilities. The project will use local materials as far as possible.

5.3 Operation plan: The Contractor will operate the entire system for one year after the completion of the construction works with the following Modus operandi;

BSMC will collect the revenue and thus revenue collecting personnel will be employed by BSMC

Energy cost ( i.e. cost of Electricity and fuel required for the Generator set) will be borne by the Contractor for initial one year.

all required personnel and chemical/ fuel cost needs to be borne by the contractor.

Details of cost that has to be borne by contractor is presented in the estimate. The operational cost of WWTP and O/M cost of Sewer Lines and Storm Drains are also included.



Chapter VI

MEASURES TO REDUCE OR CONTROL THE IMPACT OF THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE PROPOSAL ON THE

ENVIRONMENT

It is expected that the proposed project will have very small impacts on environments, which can be easily mitigated through adequate mitigation measures. There shall be significant improvement in personal, household and community hygiene practices, and environmental sanitation thereby increasing the quality of life and environmental improvement. A provision of Rs. 6.0 million has been considered for environmental mitigation activities during construction. Similarly, Rs. 6.0 million has been set aside for social safeguard reasons. During construction, primary responsibility for mitigation will lie with the contractor(s) who must implement the provisions in the contracts. Supervision and enforcement (compliance) will be undertaken by respective PIUs. During operation, primary responsibility for mitigation will lie with the operators, DUDBC and respective municipalities under the terms of their performance agreements.



Table 6.1: Summary of Potential Environmental Impacts and Mitigation Measures - Drainage and Sanitation Component

(I=implementation, M=monitoring, R=reporting, E=evaluation)

Potential adverse impacts Mitigation measures Institutional

responsibilities

A. Location and design

Clearing of vegetation Trees fall under the management of the District Forest Office and

Ministry of Forest who issue forest clearances (i) During the detailed

design stage, a cutting and replanting program has to be developed and

approved by the concerned authority and included in contract

specifications; (ii) Require Contractors to limit cutting and to consult with

District Forest Office and Ministry of Forest who issue forest clearances

when necessary; (iii) Incorporate technical design to minimize removal of

roadside plantation; (iv) Apply flexibility in decision as which side to be

widened; (iii) Plan for compensatory and compulsory plantation for each

felled tree, 25 plants of similar floral function/type; (iv) Disallow

introduction of exotic species or species with known environmental

setbacks (e.g. Eucalyptus, Prosopic).

Contractor (I)

DSC (M/R)

PIU (M/R)

PCO/PMSC (E)



Environmental risks and

public health may not

improve due to unimproved

practices

Design of methods, mode, and materials for communication of sanitation

issues and environmental risks.

Contractor (I)

DSC (M/R)

PIU (M/R)

PCO/PMSC (E)

Health hazard to workers in

treatment plant

Provision of adequate water supply, sanitation and lighting facilities

Contractor (I)

DSC (M/R)

PIU (M/R)

PCO/PMSC (E)

Health hazard to workers

involved in sewerage system

maintenance

(i) Design manholes considering man-entry inspection; (ii) Develop

Standard Health and Safety Manual for Sewerage System Maintenance;

(iii) Provide atmospheric monitoring equipment (oxygen concentration,

flammable gas/vapors, hydrogen sulfide, and carbon monoxide) which

sounds an audible alarm in addition to visual readout; (iv) Provide

personal protective equipment

Contractor (I)

DSC (M/R)

PIU (M/R)

PCO/PMSC (E)

Loss of agricultural land,

crops and properties

RP prepared and to be implemented

DSC (I/M/R)

PIU (I//R)

PCO/PMSC/NGO

(M/E)



Public health hazard due to

location

Proposed site is in cultivated land 500m from residential area and other

receptors but needs vegetative buffer and fencing the structure

DSC (I/M/R)

PIU (I//R)

PCO/PMSC/NGO

(M/E)

Public toilet may not be used

due to inconvenient location

(i) Selection of sites with due consideration of the users; (ii) Location of

toilets should not be too remote from main traffic area to avoid long

distance walking; (iii) It has to be easily accessible for those with urgency

and for better personal safety for the user.

DSC (I/M/R)

PIU (M/R)

PCO/PMSC (E

Public toilet may not be used

due to misuse and

breakdown

(i) Materials used should be durable and resistant to vandalism and

neglect. (ii) Carefully select durable materials to minimize maintenance

and prevent misuse. It is highly desirable that painted finishes are

avoided, together with any materials, which are affected by moisture or

corrosion (e.g. woodchip products and ferrous metals); (iii) Floor finishes

must be sufficiently durable to withstand the anticipated traffic levels;

(iv) Use colors to brighten the toilet, create interest, and produce a

conducive environment

DSC (I/M/R)

Municipality (I/M)



Rejection of the location by

affected families as well as

the local community since

the proposed site is located

in potential urban

development area and land

value is sky rocketing. But

there is no alternative site

other than the proposed one

keeping in view the location

of international boundary in

nearby area in the south; and

the gradient of the land and

existing natural drainage

Mutual agreement between the municipality and the community/land

owners concerned

DSC (I/M/R)

Municipality (I/M)

PIU (I/M)

Risk of environmental

pollution/pollution of

domestic water (infiltration)

due to interception chambers

and sewer

i) Do not locate sewers and chambers near from a public drinking water

supply well or private drinking water supply well; (ii) Horizontal

Separation: Whenever possible, sewers should be laid at least ten (10)

feet horizontally from any existing or proposed water line; (iii) Vertical

Separation: Whenever a sewer must cross under a water main, the sewer

DSC (I/M/R)

PIU (M/R)

PCO/PMSC (E)



shall be laid at such elevation that the top of the sewer is at least 18

inches below the bottom of the water main. When the elevation of the

sewer cannot be varied to meet the above requirement, the water main

shall be relocated to provide the separation or reconstructed with ductile

iron pipe for a minimum distance of ten (10) feet on each side of the

sewer. At least one (1) full length of water main should be centered over

the sewer so that both joints shall be as far from the sewer as possible;

(iv) When it is impossible to obtain proper horizontal and vertical

separation as stipulated, both the water main and the sewer shall be

pressure-tested to assure water tightness

Risk of hazard to public

health due to failure of

structure of stabilization

pond

Provision for the use of high quality materials in construction

Contractor (I)

DSC (M/R)

PIU (M/R)

PCO/PMSC (E)

Risk of health hazard due to

overflows and flooding of

waste water. Overflows occur

when the collection system

cannot manage the volume

of wastewater, for example

(i) Consider the installation of separate sewer systems for domestic

wastewater and storm water runoff in the overall planning and design of

new sewerage systems; (ii) Limit the sewer depth where possible (e.g., by

avoiding routes under streets with heavy traffic). For shallower sewers,

small inspection chambers can be used in lieu of manholes; (iii) Use

appropriate locally available materials for sewer construction. Spun

Contractor (I)

DSC (M/R)

PIU (M/R)

PCO/PMSC (E)



due to high flows during rain

events or as the result of

power loss, equipment

malfunctions, or blockages.

concrete pipes can be appropriate in some circumstances but can suffer

corrosion from hydrogen sulfide if there are blockages and/or insufficient

slope; (iv) Ensure sufficient hydraulic capacity to accommodate peak

flows and adequate slope in gravity mains to prevent buildup of solids

and hydrogen sulfide generation; (v) Design manhole covers to withstand

anticipated loads and ensure that the covers can be readily replace if

broken to minimize entry of garbage and silt into the system; (vi) Equip

pumping stations with a backup power supply, such as a diesel generator,

to ensure uninterrupted operation during power outages, and conduct

regular maintenance to minimize service interruptions. Consider

redundant pump capacity in critical areas

Risk of inadequate buffer

zone around pumping and

treatment plant to alleviate

nuisances and protect

facilities

Provision of buffer zone by tree plantation

Contractor (I)

DSC (I/M/R)

PIU (M/R)

PCO/PMSC (E)

Risk of nuisance and loss of

properties to neighboring

areas due overflow and

flooding of drain water as a

New systems shall be designed to cope with the design storms of at least

the Annual Exceedance Probability (AEP), with an allowance for effects of

climate change. Primary and secondary flows, shall be increased by 20%

(DSC to check with PCO and government on climate studies to confirm



result of increasing frequency

of extreme precipitation

event in the context of

climate change

this adaptation) to allow for climate change over the asset life. The

design of storage / attenuation and treatment systems shall also include

this increase in flow

Risk of nuisance to

neighboring areas due to

odor

(i) Design for the provision of water supply for cleaning; (ii) Toilet

cleaners should be properly trained and certified to perform the task

well. Supervisors should also be trained with the right knowledge and

skills to effectively supervise the cleaners; (iii) Provision of cover of drain

particularly in city core area and other densely populated areas

Contractor (I)

DSC (I/M/R)

PIU (M/R)

PCO/PMSC (E)

Risk of nuisance to

neighboring areas due to

over flows and flooding from

drain

New systems shall be designed to cope with the design storms of at least

the Annual Exceedance Probability (AEP), with an allowance for effects of

climate change. Primary and secondary flows, shall be increased by 20%

(DSC to check with PCO and government for climate studies to confirm

this adaptation) to allow for climate change over the asset life. The

design of storage / attenuation and treatment systems shall also include

this increase in flow.

Contractor (I)

DSC (I/M/R)

PIU (M/R)

PCO/PMSC (E)

Risk of pollution of ground

water or river water due to

seepage from the bed

Provision of a clay liner or geo-membrane liner at the bed

Contractor (I)

DSC (I/M/R)

PIU (M/R)



Risk of pollution of river

water due to overflows and

flooding of raw sewage

Flow shall be increased by 20 %( DSC to check with PCO and government

for climate studies to confirm this adaptation) to allow for climate change

effects.

Contractor (I)

DSC (I/M/R)

PIU (M/R)

PCO/PMSC (E)

Risk of public health due to

drinking of polluted water

from the tube wells

Locate wells away from sources of potential water pollution such as

sewer line and waste water disposal site

Contractor (I)

DSC (I/M/R)

PIU (M/R)

PCO/PMSC (E)

Risk of temporary silt runoff

due to construction

(i) Development and approval as a sediment and erosion control plan

prior to land disturbance;

(ii) Identification for spoil disposal sites at the time of detailed design

Contractor (I)

DSC (I/M/R)

PIU (M/R)

PCO/PMSC (E)

Risk of water pollution due to

disposal of treated effluent

and sludge

In case effluents and dried sludge, which are to be applied to crops, the

magnitude of pollutant removal or standard will be applied to prevent

crop contamination.

Contractor (I)

DSC (I/M/R)

PIU (M/R)

PCO/PMSC (E)

Risk to structure and public

health due to inundation and

flooding in the context of

climate change

Flow shall be increased by 20% (DSC to check with PCO and government

on climate studies to confirm this adaptation) to allow for climate change

effects.

Contractor (I)

DSC (I/M/R)

PIU (M/R)

PCO/PMSC (E)



B. Construction phase

Cultural Assets, Historical,

and Archaeological Places

There is no cultural/historical/ archaeological place in the vicinity of the

subproject right-of-way

Contractor (I)

DSC (I/M/R)

PIU (M/R)

PCO/PMSC (E)

Environmental risks and

public health may not

improve without improved

practices

Identification of target group, communication media, sufficient materials

and skilled trainers, manageable size of participants, healthy and

comfortable venue

Contractor (I)

DSC (I/M/R)

PIU (M/R)

PCO/PMSC (E)

Impacts on public/private

utilities, access to them or

damages due to vibration

depending on the methods of

construction used

(i) Full inventory of public utilities existing in construction sites by field

surveys and coordination with service providers to obtain layout plans;

(ii) If required, preparation of relocation plans with service providers to

be completed during construction; (iii) Plans for immediate attendance

by the service providers to any damages to utilities during construction;

(iv) Provision of satisfactory access to buildings, dwellings, or other

activity areas if construction works and new facilities disrupt the existing

access; (v) Replacement of (or compensation payments to) public and

private physical structures damaged due to construction or vibration; (vi)

Use of machines which adhere to standards for vibration; (vii) Keeping

the site free from all unnecessary obstructions and storing or disposing of

Contractor (I)

DSC (I/M/R)

PIU (M/R)

PCO/PMSC (E)



any contractor’s equipment or surplus material; and clearing away and

removing from the site any wreckage rubbish and temporary works which

are no longer required; (viii) Reinstate roads and lanes where storm

drainage networks works will be undertaken; (ix) DSC shall report in

writing that the roads and lanes have been vacated and restored to pre-

project conditions before acceptance of the works.

Indigenous Peoples

The Subproject will not affect any ethnic minority that qualifies under

ADB’s definition of indigenous peoples.

Contractor (I)

DSC (I/M/R)

PIU (M/R)

PCO/PMSC (E)

Loss of livelihood for

businesses due to excavation

works

Leave spaces for access between mounds of soil; (iii) Provision of

walkways and metal sheets where required to maintain access across

trenches for people and vehicles; (iv) Increase workforce in front of

critical areas such as institutions, place of worship, business

establishment, hospitals, and schools; (v) Consult businesses and

institutions regarding operating hours and factoring this in work

schedules, (vi) ) Provision of sign boards for pedestrians to inform nature

and duration of construction works and contact numbers for

concerns/complaints; compensation for lost income for duration of

impact.

Contractor (I)

DSC (I/M/R)

PIU (M/R)

PCO/PMSC (M/E)



Nuisance to pedestrian and

traffic congestion during

construction

(i) Plan transportation routes so that heavy vehicles do not enter the

urban area; (ii) Scheduling transport of spoils to avoid peak traffic periods

and other important times; (iii) Do not use narrow local roads, except in

the immediate vicinity of delivery sites; (iv) Do not block public roads; (v)

Do not deposit excavated soils/mud; on public roads; (vi) Drive vehicles in

a considerate manner. (vii) Coordinate with Municipal Traffic Office for

temporary road diversions; (viii) Provision of sign boards for pedestrians

to inform nature and duration of construction works and contact

numbers for concerns/complaints; (ix) Minimization of the period of

construction by increase workforce in front of critical areas such as

institutions, place of worship, business establishment, hospitals, and

schools.

Contractor (I)

DSC (I/M/R)

PIU (M/R)

PCO/PMSC (E)

Nuisance to public due to

excavation of roads and path

from where drains are to be

constructed

(i) Reinstate road and footpath immediately after construction of sewer

line; (ii) Provision of sign boards for pedestrians to inform nature and

duration of construction works and contact numbers for

concerns/complaints; (iii) Increase workforce in front of critical areas

such as institutions, place of worship, business establishment, hospitals,

and schools;

Contractor (I)

DSC (I/M/R)

PIU (M/R)

PCO/PMSC (E)

Nuisance to public due to

increased noise levels during

(i) Avoid noise-generating activities at night; (ii) Consult with the local

community to inform them of the nature, duration and likely effects of

Contractor (I)

DSC (I/M/R)



construction

the construction work, and to identify any local concerns so that these

can be addressed; (iii) Minimization of the period of construction

PIU (M/R)

PCO/PMSC (E)

Risk of dust pollution due to

the flow of construction

vehicle

(i) Water sprinkling on gravel roads; (ii) Scheduling transport of spoils to

avoid peak traffic periods and other important times; (iii) Do not use

narrow local roads, except in the immediate vicinity of delivery sites; (iv)

Do not block public roads; (v) Do not deposit excavated soils/mud; on

public roads; (vi) Drive vehicles in a considerate manner.

Contractor (I)

DSC (I/M/R)

PIU (M/R)

PCO/PMSC (E)

Risk of health and safety

hazards to workers from dust

and other accidents

(i) Reduce dust by spraying stockpiled soil, excavated materials, and

spoils; (iii) Cover stockpiled construction materials with tarpaulin; (ii)

Require Construction Contractor to produce and implement a site Health

and Safety (H&S) Plan and this will include such measures as: (a)

excluding the public from the site; (b) ensuring that all workers are

provided with and use appropriate Personal Protective Equipment; (c)

H&S Training for all site personnel; (d) documented procedures to be

followed for all site activities; and (e) documentation of work-related

accidents; (iii) The contractors will be responsible for employing their

own medical staff and for operating a small ambulance at the work sites.

The contractors will implement safety measures to secure all installations

from unauthorized intrusion and accident risks

Contractor (I)

DSC (I/M/R)

PIU (M/R)

PCO/PMSC (E)

Risk of non adoption of (i) Supervision and immediate action accordingly; (ii) ADB is promoting Contractor (I)



design standards and use

quality materials

the concept of environmentally responsible procurement (ERP) 35

through the Bank’s new SPS (ADB 2009). Typically, suppliers are required

to demonstrate compliance with an environmental quality-assurance

standard such as the ISO 14000 series36. ERP is an admirable concept,

but rigorous application of ERP to this relatively small subproject would

necessitate a considerable administrative overhead and is not considered

to be practical for all the Project’s procurement activities. Apart from

obvious requirements such as avoiding asbestos and CFCs, it is

recommended that ERP is limited to aspects of international

procurements such as the pumps, and possibly to wood

DSC (I/M/R)

PIU (M/R)

PCO/PMSC (E)

Risk of non-cooperation of

local people in construction

works such as toilet, ablution

block, tube wells

Good reporting and involvement of local people/user groups

Contractor (I)

DSC (I/M/R)

PIU (M/R)

PCO/PMSC (E)

Risk of temporary silt runoff

due to disposal of excavated

soil

(i) Development and approval of a sediment and erosion control plan

prior to land disturbance; (ii) Removal of spoils as soon as it is excavated;

(iii) Disposal of spoils in DSC-approved sites

Contractor (I)

DSC (I/M/R)

PIU (M/R)

PCO/PMSC (E)

Selection for Work Camps (i) Avoid residential areas to protect the human environment (i.e., to curb Contractor (I)



accident risks, health risks due to air and water pollution and dust, and

noise, and to prevent social conflicts, shortages of amenities, and crime)

DSC (I/M/R)

PIU (M/R)

PCO/PMSC (E)

Blockage of drainage by

people throwing waste

i) Building of public awareness; (ii) Timely supervision and monitoring Municipality

Nuisance to neighboring

areas due to odor, insects

and rodent

Regular operation and maintenance (and lime spreading on the bed)

Municipality

Removal and disposal of

sludge

Sludge from the drying beds will need to be cleared on a regular basis

and should be disposed of by the DSC or reputable contractor within their

designated sludge handling facility

Municipality

Risk of damages to sewer

system and danger to worker

due to discharge of

hazardous waste from the

industries and hospitals

Control industrial and medical waste discharge into drain without

treatment enforcing existing legal provisions

Municipality

Risk of health and safety

hazards to workers from

(i) Preparation and implementation of a site health and safety plan

ensuring the workers use protective equipments; (ii) Training for all

Municipality



hazardous material which

may be contained in waste

water

employees so that they understand the system and know what action to

take in particular circumstances such as during times of peak flow or

accidental releases of untreated effluent.

Risk of nuisance to

neighboring areas because of

overflow and flooding due to

blocking by solid wastes

(i) Regular cleaning of drain; (ii) Promotion of public awareness and

practices about solid waste management and sanitation issues

Risk of pollution of ground

and river water due to

seepage of waste water

Quality of effluent and river water need to be regularly monitored and

immediate action need to be taken accordingly

Municipality

Risk of poor management of

public structures such public

toilets, school toilets,

ablution blocks

Involve local community/users to regularly monitor and take action

accordingly

Municipality



Chapter VII

MATTERS TO BE MONITORED WHILE IMPLEMENTING THE PROPOSAL

Various aspects of the environment have to be monitored. Different monitoring indicators were studied and proposed for the implementation of the project with minimal environmental impact. 7.1 Types of Monitoring Monitoring is continuous measurement of proposed actions to examine what changes have been taken place, what has gone wrong and who to improve them. Usually, monitoring takes place in three aspects: a) Baseline Monitoring Baseline monitoring is conducted to identify the pre-baseline condition of the environmental parameters. It is a survey that documents detail information on the pre-project conditions of physical, biological, socio-economic and cultural resources. Baseline monitoring may not be required in case the project will be implemented immediately after the EA study. However, it is required if there is a significance time lapse between preparation of EA report and construction stage and there is a change in noticeable environmental change. b) Impact Monitoring In order to examine the occurrence of impacts identified and predicted impact, Impact monitoring is carried out. In the process, examination of impacts that has actually occurred, mitigation measures adopted and effectiveness have to be examined. c) Compliance monitoring In order to examine whether the compliance of the condition prescribed in laws and regulation have been followed in the implementation of STIUEIP project of Biratnagar municipality. Different types of monitoring have been described and monitoring schedules, parameters, method, indicators and agency responsible for all components of monitoring have been included in the report in descriptive as well as in tabulation form. A two member monitoring committee is proposed for the supervision and guidance.



7.2 Monitoring Plan

Table 7.1: Environmental Monitoring Plan and Performance Indicators

Indicators Parameters to be

Monitored

Targets Frequency Responsibility Remedial action

Construction Phase

Ambient air

quality

RPM, SPM, SO2,

NOx, CO

Government standards Once in a season (except

monsoons) for the entire

construction period

Contractor Stricter implementation of

emission norms

Dust

suppression

No. of tankers for

water sprinkling,

Timing of sprinkling,

Location of sprinkling

No dust rising from

construction site, No

dust rising from haul

roads, Twice daily

sprinkling

Random checks PIU through

DSC

Increase in frequency of

water sprinkling

Surface and

ground water

quality

pH, BOD, Fecal Coli

form, Free Ammonia,

EC, SAR, Boron

Designated best use

parameters and/or

government standards

Twice a year (pre

monsoon and post

monsoon) for the entire

period of construction

Contractor Identify source of

contamination and treat

effluent before discharge into

receiving waters. Instruct

contractor against violation

and in case of continued non

compliance invoke penalty

clauses

Silt runoff in

water bodies

location of silt fencing Locate while working

close to water bodies

Throughout construction

period

PIU through

DSC

Working condition Maintain the geo textile Throughout construction PIU through



free from clogging period DSC

Effluent

discharge from

construction

camps

TDS, TSS, pH,

Hardness, BOD, Fecal

Coli form, Free

Ammonia, EC, SAR,

Boron

Discharge standards of

government

Twice a year (pre

monsoon and post



Contractor

through

approved

Monitoring

Agency

Ambient noise Equivalent Day &

Night Time Noise

Levels

Government standards Once in a season during

construction stage

Contractor Identify noise source and

strictly regulate noise

emissions. In case of

continued non-compliance

invoke penalty clauses

against contractor

Machinery

noise

Noise dB(A) <75 dB(A) at 1m free

field from M/C

Once in a season during

construction stage

Contractor

Noise from

construction

activities

Timings of

construction

Only day time at

settlements

Continuous PIU through

DSC

OHS

Management

Plan

Plan covers all

activities

Compliance with

applicable labor laws

Continuous Contractor Identify non-compliance and

modify plan

Supply of PPE provision of PPE on

site, adequacy of

equipment

Compliance with OHS Continuous Contractor Ensure adequacy as per plan

and instruct contractor to

comply. In case of continued

non-compliance, invoke

penalty clauses

Training in

H&S

No. of sessions

conducted, Percent

Compliance with OHS Continuous



attendance

Establishing

Medical

facilities

Installation of

equipment specified in

OHS Plan

Compliance with OHS

Start of construction camp

Safety plan

implementation

Reporting compliance

Compliance with OHS

Continuous

Contractor

Ensure compliance as per

plan and instruct contractor

to comply. In case of

continued non-compliance,

invoke penalty clauses

OHS

Implementation

record

Site maintenance,

Medical facilities

maintenance, Training

sessions

Compliance with OHS

Accident

record

No. of fatal accidents,

No. of injuries, No. of

disabilities

Compliance with OHS

Community

Health and

Safety plan

Reporting compliance

Compliance with OHS

Continuous

Contractor

Ensure compliance as per

plan and instruct contractor

to comply. In case of

continued non-compliance,

invoke penalty clauses Dissemination No of community Compliance with OHS



of Community

health issues

health dissemination

sessions,

dissemination

mechanisms

Health records

No. of recorded cases

of community health

as respiratory illness,

HIV/STD,

Compliance with OHS

Operation Phase

Physio-

chemical

characteristics

pH, BOD, Fecal Coli

form, Free Ammonia,

EC, SAR, Boron

Designated best use

parameters

Continuous Municipality Identify source of


effluent before discharge into

receiving waters

Effluent

discharge

TDS, TSS, pH,


Coli form, Free

Ammonia, EC, SAR,

Boron

Discharge standards of

government

Twice a year (pre

monsoon and post



Municipality

Water quality Ca, Mg, Hardness,

TDS, TSS, pH,

Government standards Three times a year (peak

of summer, winter and

Municipality Identify source of





Coli form, Hg, Cd, Se,

Ar, Cr

monsoon) effluent before discharge into

receiving waters

Drainage

effectiveness

Time required for

draining

Within 30m of rainfall

stopping

Thrice a year, before,

during and after the

Municipality Assess need for drainage

improvements, and if

required provide

Water logging /

flooding

No of locations, extent

of retention

No water logging /

flooding

monsoons

add facilities as per design

recommendations

Economic

indicators

Income levels,

livelihood options

Equivalent to baseline

conditions

Once a year, for five years

from the completion of the

project

Municipality

Initiate detailed socio-

economic studies. Identify

reasons for economic decline

and correlation with study

interventions.

Sewerage and Drainage System Improvement in Biratnagar: Initial Environmental Examination Report

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7.3 Mechanism for Monitoring Environmental monitoring will be done during construction in three levels; namely monitoring development of project performance indicators done by the Environmental Specialist of the Design Management and Supervision Consultants, monitoring implementation of mitigation measures done by the Contractor; and overall regulatory monitoring of the environmental issues done by Environmental Specialist of the PMU. The EMoP describes: (i) mitigation measures, (ii) location, (iii) measurement method, (iv) frequency of monitoring, and (v) responsibility (for both mitigation and monitoring). It does not show specific parameters to be measured because as indicated above, most measures will be checked by simple observation, by checking of records, or by interviews with residents or workers. The purpose of the environmental monitoring (physical, chemical and biological) will be (i) compliance monitoring – to check compliance with discharge and ambient standards (discharge to sewers, discharge to outfalls, inland surface water quality, coastal waters quality), and (ii) effects monitoring - to check system performance.

7.4 Compliance Monitoring

Environmental compliance monitoring will be carried out at four levels: i. The financing agency (ADB) will monitor the compliance of the EA with the

environmental provisions in the loan agreement by (i) reviewing regular progress reports, and (ii) by periodic supervision missions;

ii. The MOE as principal environmental regulator will monitor implementation by the Project of any conditions imposed on construction through the Nepali environmental approvals system;

iii. the PIU, through the supervision consultants, will monitor the work of the contractors responsible for the physical works, which will include enhanced health, safety and environment (HSE) provisions; and

iv. the contractors’ senior staff will undertake (i) internal quality control procedures, (ii) frequent site inspections, and (iii) the direct supervision of workers, in order to implement appropriate HSE practices on site.

7.5 Impact/Effects Monitoring The selection of indicators and the design of monitoring programs require careful consideration to (i) minimize the effort and resources required whilst ensuring that potentially significant issues are covered; (ii) utilize and support the most appropriate institutions; and (iii) ensure that the sampling and analysis exercises are linked directly to a management mechanism for evaluation of the findings.


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7.6 Flow measurement monitoring As a priority, the subproject will establish a system of flow measurement by installing meters at key points in the system. This data is essential for optimizing designs, forward planning, and (in conjunction with rainfall records) in checking the effectiveness of the program to separate the surface and wastewater drainage systems.

7.7 Water quality monitoring Associated with the flow measurements system will be a program of water quality monitoring. This program will be specifically linked to wastewater management and will have both regulatory (compliance) and performance (effects and planning) aspects. It is therefore seen as the responsibility of the DUDBC rather than the regulator (MOE). Three categories of water quality monitoring will be the program’s focus: wastewater (discharges), groundwater, and inland waters.

i. Wastewater monitoring will start during the baseline study and eventually would involve regular grab sampling during construction and operational stages. In addition to pollutants (COD and BOD) concentration, it will also reflect hydrological events such as heavy rainfall or the connection of a new area to the system. The frequency of sampling and range of determinants would be greater at the beginning of the program to establish a formal baseline, and could be reduced once the normal variability has been determined.

ii. Groundwater monitoring will involve existing tube wells and water supply sources. Similarly to establish a baseline, and subsequently at a lower frequency.

iii. The inland waters sampling would involve regular grab sampling, again initially to establish a baseline, and subsequently at a lower frequency.

All analyses will be carried out by a quality-controlled lab, with results forwarded to the MOE on regular basis (at least every six months). Purpose-designed software packages are available for water quality analysis. Occupational health, public health and gender issues will be monitored as part of the Project’s overall monitoring system. DUDBC will maintain a database of standard operating parameters, occupational health and safety, and incidents such as overflows. Public health will be monitored through the usual system of public health statistical surveys and the reporting of noticeable diseases. The Monitoring and Evaluation (M&E) Unit will ensure that gender issues are incorporated in the


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program and surveys. Public involvement in the monitoring system will be obtained through input of local information through DUDBC and associated surveys.

7.8 Monitoring Cost Environmental monitoring cost for the complete duration of the project is calculated

as specified in the table 7.2 as follows;

Table 7.2: Environmental Monitoring Cost estimated


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Chapter VIII

PUBLIC CONSULTATION

8.1 Mechanism: For this subproject, consultations were carried out at two levels:

i. municipality level with participation of representatives of political parties and administrative and technical staffs in the municipality; and

ii. local level at different wards and at the site where major infrastructures such as waste water treatment plants have been proposed.

8.1.1 High level consultation: During the environmental assessment process, the Environment Safeguard Specialist visited Biratnagar municipality and the proposed project sites for consultation in order to discuss overall environmental concerns and site specific environmental issues. The authorities of municipality as well as officials from DUDBC, counter part of this subproject also visited the site and discussed with the local people about environmental risks. Local level consultation was limited to informal discussions with only a few local leaders and land owners. The consultants were advised by the authorities of Biratnagar municipality not to disclose information formally to people likely to be affected particularly in those sites where waste water treatment plants are proposed. The reasons behind it were that i) there are no elected representatives of the local bodies over the last four years and the authorities of the municipality could not take risk to go ahead for public consultation process and ii) likely inflation of land value, conflict between land owners/resource users group and municipality, and risk of the disturbances by the local people in organized way before acquisition of land for the project. Once land acquisition process was in progress (annex 8.1), people likely to be affected due to acquisition of land for waste water treatment plant were informed through local media such as local newspapers (annex 8.2), radios etc.


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Photo 8.1: Municipality level consultation between chief officials, technical staff and consultants (left) and field visit (right)

Photo 8.2: Local level participation and consultation organized for information dissemination at ward levels (Photo source: Fri PAD, Biratnagar)


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8.1.2 Local level consultation: Out of 22 wards in Biratnagar municipality, public consultation meetings were organized in nine wards (ward numbers 1, 2, 4, 6, 11, 15, 17, 20, 21) in order to discuss with locals about their concerns (table 8.1). Intense consultations are being organized by Friends of peace building and development (Fri PAD) in other wards also. During these consultations the land owners had expressed their willingness to sell their land for the subproject as documented in the Resettlement Plan prepared for the subproject, and others have expressed their concern about poor hygiene and sanitation in their wards and the role of STIUEIP.

Table 8.1: Details about ward level orientation and consultative meeting held with the locals

Ward nos.

Date in BS (local calendar) on which meetings were held

Total number of participants

Venue

1 2069.03.16 43 Samudayik Bhawan, Shankarchowk

2 2069.04.06 74 Sri Birat Nimna Madhyamik Bidhyalaya

4 2069.06.20 83 Buddha Jyoti Bachat Rin Tatha Rin Sahakari Sanstha Limited

6 2069.02.28 49 Sri Pancheswor Shiva Mandir

11 2069.02.05 46 Ashok Chowk Hall

15 2069.03.22 39 Sri Jana Path Madhyamik Vidhyalaya

17 2069.04.06 38 Anathalaya Bal Ashram

20 2069.02.30 45 Brahma Mandir Daraiya

21 2069.01.23 10 Jana Bikash Madhyamik Vidhyalaya

Additionally two separate meetings were also held; one with the secretaries of the ward committees of Biratnagar Sub-metropolitan City (annex 8.3) on dated the 2068/12/23 BS (Nepali local calender), and the other with City Coordination Committee (Nagar Samanway Samiti), Biratnagar on dated the 2068/12/24 BS (annex 8.4).


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From all the above consultative meetings held either with the chief officials or locals, there was no doubt as to the fact that during construction the primary stakeholders affected will be local residents at and near construction sites, and the traveling public. Thus local residents will be informed about planned activities prior to construction by DSC. Commercial enterprises in areas to be affected by civil works will be informed in advance, together with full details of the compensation entitlements and application procedures.

The key component of the subproject’s public consultation mechanism during operation and maintenance will be DSC PIU which will be set up under the Project. Amongst other tasks, the unit will receive record, track and respond to complaints from customers and the general public.


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Chapter IX

CONCLUSION & RECOMMENDATIONS 9.1 Conclusion 9.1.1 Results of ADB Environmental Assessment :

i. The project is not expected to give rise to any significant negative environmental impacts, and therefore does not require an Environmental Impact Assessment.

ii. The subproject will significantly improve inland surface water quality, lower risks to public health from waterborne diseases, and improve quality of life. Therefore it will have significant positive environmental impacts.

iii. Mitigation of minor adverse impacts can be carried out as an integral part of the subproject, during both the detailed design and implementation stages. Mitigation measures will be included in the tender documents for the civil works.

9.1.2 Environmental Clearance in Nepal:

Although primarily a Category B subprojects under Environmental categorization by ADB, the subproject’s sanitation component triggers a requirement for an initial environmental examination (IEE) under EPR 1997 pertaining to Rule 3. Taking in view this statutory requirement of the Government of Nepal adhered to for the environmental assessment of any development projects under EPA-1996 & EPR-1997, an IEE report is formally submitted for approval by the Ministry of Urban Development.

9.2 Recommendations

The screening process carried out in the IEE has not identified any significant negative environmental impacts likely to be caused by the subproject. Environmental issues were considered throughout development of the subproject and necessary changes were made to the designs to reduce or avoid these impacts. Potential negative environmental impacts associated with construction activities are (i) mostly of the individual elements that are relatively small and involve straightforward construction and operation, so impacts will be mainly localized and not greatly significant; and (ii) mostly predicted impacts associated with the construction process which can be mitigated by the application of standard health, safety, and environmental clauses in contract documents, close supervision, and close attention to transparency in tendering,


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and to quality control and supervision on site. Mitigation measures for other impacts are provided in detail in the report. 1. One concern is health and safety risk to the workers. Health and safety risk

can be minimized through controlling hazardous waste at the source; designing of safe work systems; provision of appropriate personal protective equipments such as gloves, safety glass, plastic hamlets, safety shoes, gowns, face mask and first aids in conjunction with training on the use and maintenance of equipments; training on safe work procedures; and emergency preparedness response such as warning and evacuation.

2. Another concern is the health and safety risk to the communities living in the

nearby areas. Exposure of the communities can be minimized by provision of buffer zones and structural safety such as fencing and gates.

3. The sites proposed for waste water treatment is located in paddy fields, with

high groundwater table, and hence proper decisions indicating low infiltration on the one needs to be provisioned.

4. The subproject components will operate without major environmental impacts, provided BSMC and the contractors follow the Operations Manual procedures. STIUEIP will provide BMSC with training, and budgets to enable them to fulfill these responsibilities.

5. If budgetary resources permit, a number of activities which would give a high

developmental return for a low investment could be added to the Project. These potential enhancement measures include: landscaping at pumping stations; investigation of best use of pumping station buildings; training in construction health, safety and environmental management practices; pilot project to explore the feasibility of energy recovery from screenings (combustion or gasification) at the sewage pumping station.


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SELECTED REFERENCES

1. CBS, 2002: Population of Nepal: Village Development Committees, Municipalities. Population Census 2001. Kathmandu.

2. Pokharel, R. 2004: Surface Water Quality Monitoring in Biratnagar Dharan Industrial

Corridor School of Environmental Management and Sustainable Development (SchEMS) Shanti Nagar, New Baneshor, Kathmandu.

3. PPTA, 2009: Preparing the Secondary Towns Integrated Urban Environmental

Improvement Project. The environmental work carried out through the PPTA by PADECO in association with METCON Consultants and with public consultations in Biratnagar Municipality on September 14-15 and October 12-14 2009, Vol. 1 to 19.

4. Scientific Centre for Environmental Consulting, 2003: Environmental Profile of Biratnagar

Sub-Municipal Corporation. A report submitted to SEAM-N Project, Dharan.

5. SEAM-N, 2007, Project Phase I (2001-2007): Annual Report of River Water Qualtiy Monitoring of Dharan-Biratnagar Corridor─May 2002 to April 2003.

6. Sharma, A. R. 2008. Assessment Report on the Implementation of Self-Monitoring System

(SMS) in the Industries of Dharan-Biratnagar Corridor. A report submitted to the Strengthening Environnmental Administration and Management at Local Level – Nepal (SEAM-N).

7. STIUEIP, 2012: Secondary Towns Integrated Urban Environmental Improvement Project,

Inception Report, Prepared on 29th Feb 2012 by Dhurba Raj Sharma and Malcolm Sterry, SMEC International Pty Ltd.

8. STIUEIP, 2013: Detailed Engineering Design of Secondary Towns Urban Environmental

Improvement Project, Final Report (Draft) Vol 1 Main Report.

Sewerage and Drainage System Improvement in Biratnagar: IEE Report- Annexure

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ANNEXURE

Annex 2.1: Site Development Plan of Jatuwa Waste Water Treatment Plant

Annex 3.1: Map Showing Water Quality Monitoring Stations

Annex 8.1: Land acquisition notification

Annex 8.2: Publicity in local newspapers

Annex 8.3: Attendance at the meeting held with the secretaries of the

ward committees

Annex 8.4: Attendance at the meeting held with the City Coordination

Committees

Annex 8.5: Minutes of the meeting of DSC Coordination Committee

Annex 8.6: Minutes of the Meeting held at Ward level, Ward no. 1

Annex 8.7: Copy of letter from Biratnagar Submetropolitan City (BSMS)

Annex 8.8: Copy of the approved TOR


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Annex 2.1

(Site Development Plan of Jatuwa Waste Water Treatment Plant)


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Annex 3.1(a)

(Water Quality Monitoring Stations)


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Annex 3.1(b)

Continued- Water Quality Monitoring Stations


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Annex 8.1

(Land Acquisition Notification)


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Annex 8.2

(Publicity in Local Newspapers)


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Annex 8.3

(Attendance at the meeting held with the secretaries of the ward committees)


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Continued Annex 8.3


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Continued Annex 8.3

(Note: Agenda and decisions made at the meeting are available at the office of FriPAD, Biratnagar)


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Annex 8.4

(Attendance at the meeting held with the City Coordination Committees)


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Continued Annex 8.4


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Continued Annex 8.4

(Note: Agenda and decisions made at the meeting are available at the office of FriPAD, Biratnagar)


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Annex 8.5

(Minutes of the meeting of DSC Coordination Committee)


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Annex 8.5 continued


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Annex 8.5 continued


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Annex 8.6 (Minutes of the meeting held at ward level, ward no. 1)


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Annex 8.6 continued


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Annex 8.6 continued


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Photographs (Photo source: S. Sharma) Singhiya Khola (Monitoring Stations)

S5- Singhiya Khola, Jatuwa (60 m downstream) S6- Singhiya Khola, Swagatum Chowk

S7- Singhiya Khola, Balgopal Chowk SG4- Singhiya Khola near CBR Office (50 m dws)

S10- Singhiya Khola, Bhupal Gram Road S11- Singhiya Khola, Paropkar Ghat


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S12- Singhiya Khola, Upstream from Paropkar Ghat S13- Singhiya Khola, Pushpalalchowkghat Basta Nala/Basta Paini (Monitoring Stations)

B2- Basta Nala between Airport and Noble Hospital B3- Basta Nala near Delhi Public School Samples of Industrial Effluents taken at Tankisinuwari VDC

TB3- Industrial effluent, Duhabi (left side of the road) TB4- Industrial effluent, Duhabi (right side of the road)


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Groundwater Sampling Stations:

G1- Deep Boring, Mangadh Drinkingwater project G2- Tubewell, local household

Sample collection and analysis:

Sample water collection Sample preservation in different sterilized

bottles

On-site measurement of physical parameters On-site analysis of microbiological samples


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Annex 8.7

(Letter from the Biratnagar Submetropolitan City)


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Annex 8.8

(Copy of approved TOR)

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