SEWER SYSTEM STABILITY

TOPICS:

– HYDRAULIC CONSIDERATIONS

– INSTALLATION CONDITIONS

– CORROSION IN SEWERAGE SYSTEMS

SEWER SYSTEM STABILITY

HYDRAULIC

CONSIDERATIONSCLASSIFICATION OF PIPE WALLS:

SMOOTH WALL: Concrete pipe, PE, GRP, PVC

ROUGH WALL: Steel, stone sewer and brick sewer

Melquisedec Cortés Zambrano IC, MSc, PhD (c)

MANNING COEFICIENT

RESEARCH

INSTITUTE YEAR TITLE CONCRETE PVC

Universidad de Alberta,

Canada1986

Study of Manning´s roughness

coefficient for comercial

concrete an plastic pipe

n = 0.010 n=0.009

Universidad de Utah,

EEUU1986

Friction factor test on concrete

pipe

n=0.010 a tubo lleno

'n=0.010 a tubo

parcialmente lleno

Universidad de

Minnesota, EEUU, 1946

Manning coefficient for pipes

flowing full n=0.010 a tubo lleno

Centro tecnico CERIB,

Francia1997

Estudio tuberías concreto y

plastico

Formula Manning

70<k<90;

0.011<n<0.143

70<k<90;

0.011<n<0.143

Melquisedec Cortés Zambrano IC, MSc, PhD (c)

MANNING COEFICIENT

FIELD TESTResponsible: Environmental Department of AlbertaCanada

(16 PVC and Concrete sewer systems. Edmonton city).

Activities: Flow measurement, flow velocity, depth inthe manhole and average slope.

Results:

DIAMETRO

(in) PVC CONCRETO

24 0,018 0,018

36 0,019 0,016

48 0,017 0,018

Coeficiente n

MANNING COEFICIENT

RECOMENDATIONS

INSTITUTION YEAR TITLE CONCRETE PVC

American Society of

Civil Engineer1993

"Standard guidelines for

installation of urban subsurface

dranaige". Tabla 7-1

n = 0.010-0.014 n=0.010-0.013

American Society of

Civil Engineer1982

Gravity Sanitary sewer desing

and constructionn=0.011-0.015 n=0.011-0.015

Ministerio de desarrollo

economico2000

Reglamento técnico del sector

de agua potable y saneamiento

básico. Tabla D 2.2

n=0.011-0.015 n=0.010-0.015

Melquisedec Cortés Zambrano IC, MSc, PhD (c)

INSTALLATION

INSTALLATION

Melquisedec Cortés Zambrano IC, MSc, PhD (c)

PROTECTION

STRUCTURES

PROTECTION

STRUCTURES

BOX CULVERT

CORROSION IN

SEWERAGE SYSTEMS

Corrosion is an imminent process

in nature that affects all types of

materials. In sewer systems, the

corrosion process caused by

microorganisms, also known as

biogenic sulfuric acid attack, has

been studied. This affects the

structural integrity of the concrete

drainage pipes and the sewage

treatment plants.

Fig 1. Main outlet pipe of deep sewerage system in Mexico City

affected by biogenic sulfuric acid corrosion

Fig 2. Biogenic sulfuric acid corrosion of concrete sewege

system of Flanders (Belgium)

HISTORY

1900

1936

1945

The first research was

carried out in California,

where a rapid and extensive

degradation of the concrete

structures in the sewerage

system was seen.

The reaction that occurred in

the drainage pipes was

considered a purely chemical

process.

Parker separated and assigned

responsibility for the corrosion

process to the acidophilic

organisms

Melquisedec Cortés Zambrano IC, MSc, PhD (c)

DESCRIPTION OF THE

CORROSION PROCESS

Font: Durability of concrete exposed to sulfuric attack

CONCRETE CORROSION

Fig 3. Corrodep pipe

Font: Biogenic Sulfuric Acid corrosion of concrete: microbial

interaction, simulation and prevention

The goal of most of the research projects that have studied BSA

corrosion is to seek a solution or possible mitigation of this

pathology. With this in mind, researchers have tried to control the

stages that occur in the process, developing techniques that

increase the strength of concrete, prevent the formation of hydrogen

sulfide, or act as bactericides.

METHODS OF CORROSION

CONTROL

TYPE I: CONTROL OF

HYDROGEN SULFIDE (H2S)

The emission and production of hydrogen sulfide inside the sewerage

systems is one of the important stages in the corrosion process

caused by sulfuric acid.

DECREASE IN THE

CONCENTRATION OF SULFATES

• Electrodialysis

• Ion exchange

• Reverse osmosis

• Addition of chemical compounds such as Ca(OH)2, Mg(OH)2 y Al2(OH)2

INCREASE IN REDOX POTENTIAL

TO CONTROL THE FORMATION

OF SULFUR

• Injection of air

• Injection of oxygen

• Addition of a nitrate solution

Melquisedec Cortés Zambrano IC, MSc, PhD (c)

INHIBITION OF THE ACTIVITY OF

SULFUR-REDUCING BACTERIA

The use of caustic soda to raise pH levels is considered to be the most

common method of eliminating the activity of bacteria.

The rate of sulfur production in the biofilm decreases by between 70% -

90%

Melquisedec Cortés Zambrano IC, MSc, PhD (c)

CHEMICAL REMOVAL OF

SULFURChemical

substance Reaction volume

Concentration of

sulfur upstream

(mg S L−1)

Average sulfur

removal (%) Cost (€ kg-1 S)

FeCl2·4H2O 59, 000 m3c More than 4.0 90 22.4–26.1

FeSO4·7H2O 25,000 m3 d−1 18.0–25.0 95–97 4.8

H2O2 25,000 m3 d−1 20 87–100 3.5

Cl2 90,000 m3 d−1 18 100 2.7

Cl2 – – – 2.8–4.2

NaClO 25,000 m3 d−1 20 96–100 2.6

Ca(ClO)2 25,000 m3 d−1 20 93–100 1.9

NaClO y

NaOHd25,000 m3 d−1 18.2 100 1.9

KMnO4 – – – 18.9–22.0

NaNO3 0.05 L 54 100 12.2

NaNO3 1.37 L 35 65 0.4

NaNO3 1.00 L 10.2 100 2.5

NaNO3 3.00 L 2.5–3.5 90–95 2.5–8.3

Nutriox™e 200 L 9.6 95 1.5

Ca(NO3)2 2000 m3 d−1 2.6 100 4.4

TYPE II: IMPLEMENTATION OF

ADDITIVES AND COATINGS

ON CONCRETE

• The techniques used in this type of control aim to increase the

durability, strength and properties of the concrete or the surface

of the concrete that is exposed to sulfuric acid attack, minimising

the impact of the attack or prolonging the service life of

structures.

SUPPLEMENTARY

CEMENTITIOUS MATERIALS

• Silicate hydrates

• Pozzolanic cement.

• Blast furnace slag.

• Silica fume.

• Fly ash.

• Limestone.

• Metakaolin.

Fuente: Durability of proprietary cementitious materials for usein wastewater transport systems.

Font: Durability of concrete exposed to sulfuric acid attack

POLYMER CONCRETE AND

POLYMER MODIFIERS

Polymer concrete is used in non-reinforced pipes with small diameter.

Some of the mechanical characteristics of these concretes are greater

than those of conventional concrete.

• Styrene-acrylic ester

• Styrene-butadiene

• Polyvinyl chloride

• Polyvinyl acetate latex

• Melamine

• Styrene-butadiene latexFont: Influence of polymer addition on biogenic sulfuric acid attack of concrete

PROTECTIVE COATINGS

• Epoxy.

• Polyurea.

• Polymer cement.

• Polyurethane.

• Mortar mixture prepared with a cement that has a high content of

calcium aluminate.

Font: Effectiveness of admixtures, surface treatments and antimicrobial compounds against biogenic sulfuric acid corrosion of concrete

FIBRE REINFORCEMENT

Microfibres and fibres are used to improve the toughness and impact

resistance of concrete.

Font: Enhancement of the durability characteristics of concrete nanocomposite pipes with modified graphite nanoplatelets.

TYPE III: ANTIMICROBIAL

METHODS

• The use of antimicrobial coatings such as nanomaterials,

metal oxides or additives that aim to reduce or eliminate the

activity of the various microorganisms in drainage pipes is a

relatively new field of research.

Melquisedec Cortés Zambrano IC, MSc, PhD (c)

• The addition of calcium protects the concrete

• Fibres treated with biocides.

• Zeolites.

Font: Hydrophilic and antimicrobial low-silica-zeolite LTA and

high-silica-zeolite MFI hybrid coatings on aluminum alloys

Font: Restistance of biofilm-covered mortars to microbiologically influenced deterioration simulated

by sulfuric acid exposure

Biofilm of Escherichia coli DH5

Font: Evaluation of the bactericidal characteristics of nano-copper oxide or functionalized zeolite coating for bio-corrosion control in concrete sewer

pipes

The copper nano oxides

Aydın, S., Yazıcı, H., Yiğiter, H., & Baradan, B. (2007). Sulfuric acid resistance of high-

volume fly ash concrete. Building and Environment, 42(2), 717-721. doi:

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2005.10.024

Bassuoni, M. T., & Nehdi, M. L. (2007). Resistance of self-consolidating concrete to

sulfuric acid attack with consecutive pH reduction. Cement and Concrete Research,

37(7), 1070-1084. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2007.04.014

Beving, D. E., O’Neill, C. R., & Yan, Y. (2008). Hydrophilic and antimicrobial low-silica-

zeolite LTA and high-silica-zeolite MFI hybrid coatings on aluminum alloys. Microporous

and Mesoporous Materials, 108(1–3), 77-85. doi:

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.micromeso.2007.03.029

Chen, G.-H., & Leung, D. H.-W. (2000). Utilization of oxygen in a sanitary gravity sewer.

Water Research, 34(15), 3813-3821. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0043-

1354(00)00143-3

De Muynck, W., De Belie, N., & Verstraete, W. (2009). Effectiveness of admixtures,

surface treatments and antimicrobial compounds against biogenic sulfuric acid corrosion

of concrete. Cement and Concrete Composites, 31(3), 163-170. doi:

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2008.12.004

Girardi, F., & Maggio, R. D. (2011). Resistance of concrete mixtures to cyclic sulfuric acid

exposure and mixed sulfates: Effect of the type of aggregate. Cement and Concrete

Composites, 33(2), 276-285. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2010.10.015

REFERENCES

Girardi, F., Vaona, W., & Di Maggio, R. (2010). Resistance of different types of concretes

to cyclic sulfuric acid and sodium sulfate attack. Cement and Concrete Composites,

32(8), 595-602. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2010.07.002

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http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2013.10.021

Haile, T., Nakhla, G., & Allouche, E. (2008). Evaluation of the resistance of mortars

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http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0964-8305(02)00054-9