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ALWN[ HTC

\BTHII@ \@IHC@\

WAB KB\W HCWB[B\W ND WAB LAHIG HC WABORTBCHIB OR\WHLB(BI HCWB[\ \RUB[HN[ GBI CHN,I@ CH@ X BI @GNIB\LBCWB BC I@ OR\WHLH@UBC@I GB @GNIB\LBCWB\)

Ouvbchib Gbtbcthnc Lbctbr hc Chl`r`mu`.Uantnmr`pa ky Fhlabi [bgncgn.

Thsht www.fhlabirbgncgn.lnf tn vhbwfnrb pantnmr`pas

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HCW[NGRLWHNC

Ouvbchib lnurts `rb cnt sblncg-li`ss lrhfhc`i `mbclhbs (Dbig, 0888) tn prnlbss ynucmstbrs ta`t

a`vb g`f`mbg snlhbty. Hc sphtb nd tab stufkihcm kinljs, ouvbchib lnurts `rb spblh`i ousthlb

bcththbs ta`t `rb suppnsbg tn prntblt fhcnrs drnf `ii ta`t f`y ib`g tabf tn lnffht fnrbhcdr`lthncs: ouvbchib lnurts `rb ` fb`cs tn lnctbct `cg rbgulb tab puchthvb pnwbr nd tab st`tb

hc nrgbr tn rb`ihzb ` gbfnlr`ly (_`dd`rnch, @i`mh` & \inj`r, ;552).

@ st`tb ta`t rb`snc`kiy bcsurbs ta`t lahigrbc `cg tbbc`mbrs whii cnt suddbr kbl`usb nd hts

pnwbr, hs ` st`tb ta`t gnbs cnt trb`t fhcnrs `s sblncg-li`ss lrhfhc`is, kut `s uchqub

hcghvhgu`is ta`t ucgbr p`rthlui`r lncghthncs a`vb krnjbc tab i`w: ht hs `isn ` st`tb ta`t hcstb`g

nd ushcm tab strncmbst s`clthncs `v`hi`kib, lannsbs tab fnst `pprnprh`tb trb`tfbct tn gbvh`tb

lahigrbc drnf lrhfb: ` st`tb nd tahs typb kuhigs ` c`thnc ta`t pr`lthlbs auf`c rhmats ky

rblnmchzhcm ta`t hts ynuta cbbgs spblh`i `ttbcthnc `cg prnvhgbs ht `pprnprh`tbiy.

Kut anw hs ht pnsshkib ta`t ` st`tb gbvbinps tahs `pprn`la hc tab lrhfhc`i i`w dhbig> \ula `hf hs

pnsshkib ky pursuhcm tab kbst hctbrbst nd lahigrbc `cg `gnibslbcts. Wahs p`pbr a`s kbbc gr`dtbg

tn pnhct `t tab spblhdhl `ppihl`thnc nd tahs prhclhpib whtahc tab lrhfhc`i i`w, `cg tn hcghl`tb ta`t

dniinwhcm ht up hs tab kbst w`y tn `llnfpihsa ` ouvbchib ousthlb systbf bcm`mbg tn tab

Lncvbcthnc nd tab [hmats nd tab Lahig (L[L).

GBDHCHWHNC

Kbdnrb ghslusshcm anw tab prhclhpib nd tab kbst hctbrbst nd tab lahig fust ruib tab ouvbchibousthlb systbfs `cg anw wnrjs hc tab ibmhsi`thnc nd snfb st`tbs nd tab @fbrhl`c lncthcbct, ht hs

hfpnrt`ct tn bxpnsb tab spblhdhl la`r`ltbrs tahs prhclhpib t`jbs wabc ht a`s tn kb `ppihbg tn

tab ouvbchib lrhfhc`i lnurts.

Wab Hctbrc`thnc`i A`cgknnj nd Ouvbchib Ousthlb inl`tbs twn hfpnrt`ct lht`thncs rbi`tbg tn tab

kbst hctbrbst nd tab lahig kbdnrb `cy ntabr tbxt. Ibts rb`g tabf `cg st`rt putthcm tnmbtabr tab

bibfbcts ta`t gbdhcb tab kbst hctbrbst nd tab lahig rbm`rghcm tab ouvbchib ousthlb.

Hc `ii `lthncs lnclbrchcm lahigrbc, wabtabr ucgbrt`jbc ky pukihl nr prhv`tb

snlh`i wbid`rb hcsthtuthncs, lnurts nd i`w, `gfhchstr`thvb `utanrhthbs nr ibmhsi`thvb

knghbs, tab kbst hctbrbsts nd tab lahig sa`ii kb ` prhf`ry lncshgbr`thnc.

Lncvbcthnc nc tab [hmats nd tab Lahig (RC Gnl. @rt.

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up hctn rbspncshkib lhthzbcs. ]nrjhcm mrnup nc Ouvbchib Ousthlb (Burnpb`c \nlhbty

nd Lrhfhcninmy) (Oucmbr-t`s & Gbljbr, ;551? 2).

F`cy bxpbrts, ihjb Gb i` Lubst` (hc Ouvbchib I`w Thni`tnrs, Auf`c [hmats, `cg tab

Gbvbinpfbct nd Cbw Ouvbchib Ousthlb \ystbfs, ;554) `cg Bstabr Dbrccgbz rbsb`rlabr nd tab

Hcvbsthm`thnc Lbctbr nc Lrhfhcninmy nd tab Rchvbrshty nd L`sthii`-I` F`cla` (\p`hc)`mrbb ta`t

tab L[L gnbs cnt prnvhgb ` gbdhchthnc nd wa`t tab kbst hctbrbst nd tab lahig hs, taus hts us`mb

f`y kb sukoblt tn ghddbrbct hctbrprbt`thncs. Anwbvbr, tab ruib cufkbr 05 nd tab Lngb nd tab

Lahiganng `cg @gnibslbclb nd Chl`r`mu` hcghl`tbs ta`t bvbry `lthnc d`vnrhcm tab payshl`i,

psylaninmhl`i, luitur`i, `cg snlh`i gbvbinpfbct nd ynucmstbrs `llnrghcm tn tab bvniuthnc nd

tabhr l`p`lhthbs hs `c `ppihl`thnc nd tab prhclhpib nd tab kbst hctbrbst nd tab lahig. Wahs gbdhchthnc

ihfhts tab ibcmta, inl`thnc, `cg hctbcshty nd tab hctbrvbcthnc nd tab st`tb hc tab ihdb nd tab

`gnibslbcts hc trnukib whta tab i`w.

Ht hs hfpnrt`ct tn rb`ihzb ta`t tab `ppihl`thnc nd tabsb lnclbpts tn tab lrhfhc`i i`w `rb cnt

`sjhcm us tn p`y `ttbcthnc nciy tn tansb `gnibslbcts ta`t gn cnt kba`vb `llnrghcm tn tab i`w.

Ht hs `isn hcliugbg `cy `lt cnt gncb ky fhcnrs kut `ddblthcm fhcnrs. Lu`rbzf` & _`p`t` (;557)

mhvb us `c bxlbiibct bx`fpib nd tahs: taby `c`iyzb ` rblbct `goughl`thnc hc Chl`r`mu` hc wahla `

lnurt gblhgbg cnt tn hfprhsnc ` fntabr `s abr hcl`rlbr`thnc wnuig `ddblt tab gbvbinpfbct nd

abr twn jhgs: `s tab fntabr `cg tab lahigrbc lncsthtutbg ` inw hclnfb d`fhiy whtanut tab

pnsshkhihty nd kbhcm `sshstbg ky `cy rbi`thvb tn t`jb l`rb nd tab fhcnrs, tab lnurt gblhgbg tn

mr`ct tab fntabr prnk`thnc `itanuma sab ghg cnt fbbt tab rbquhrbfbcts tn nkt`hc ht. Hd tab

lnurt a`g f`gb hts gblhshnc ky dniinwhcm strhltiy tab lrhfhc`i i`w, tab lahigrbc wnuig cnt a`vb

a`g tab nppnrtuchty tn a`vb tabhr gbvbinpfbct`i cbbgs s`thsdhbg whtahc tab kbst bcvhrncfbct

pnsshkib dnr tabf, tabhr d`fhiy.

A`vhcm t`jbc hctn `llnuct tabsb prbvhnus hgb`s, tab hctbrvbcthnc nd tab prhclhpib nd tab kbst

hctbrbst nd tab lahig hc tab ouvbchib ousthlb systbfs ghspnsbs ta`t kbdnrb `cy `ltnr nd tab

ouvbchib ousthlb systbf -h.b. lnurts, prnsblutnrs, `cg `gvnl`tbs- hssub `cy gblhshnc rbm`rghcm

ucgbr`mb, taby fust lncshgbr hd sula gblhshnc f`y `ddblt tab gbvbinpfbct nd lahigrbc `cg

`gnibslbcts ghrbltiywabc taby `rb tab ncbs prnsblutbgnr hcghrbltiywabc `c `goughl`thnc

rblbhvbg ky ntabrs f`y hfp`lt tabhr ihvbs.

WAB KB\W HCWB[B\W ND WABLAHIG HC WAB ORTBCHIB OR\WHLB

\n d`r, tab slnpb nd tab prhclhpib nd tab kbst hctbrbst nd tab lahig `ppihbg tn bvbry gblhshnc `cg

`lthnc bcgnrsbg ky `cy ousthlb `mbct a`s kbbc li`rhdhbg. Cbvbrtabibss, ht hs sthii cblbss`ry tn

lnffbct anw tab cbm`thvb bddblts nd tab lrhfhc`i ousthlb systbfs f`y kb `vnhgbg rbm`rghcm

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Ghvbrshnc hs () tab prnlbss nd ghrblthcm ` ouvbchib nddbcgbr drnf dnrf`i

prnlbsshcm tarnuma tab ouvbchib lnurt tn `c `itbrc`thvb prnlbss ta`t d`vnrs `c

hcdnrf`i rbsniuthnc ta`t f`y hcliugb sbbjhcm lnffuchty-k`sbg `sshst`clb dnr

tab fhcnr, sula `s ynuta gbvbinpfbct prnmr`fs nr tutnrhcm (Juplahj, ;55

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`c`iyzb snfb bx`fpibs nd anw nur rbmhnc hs wnrjhcm tn jbbp ynuta `w`y drnf cbm`thvb

bxpbrhbclbs hc tab lrhfhc`i dhbig?

Fbxhln, Dbgbr`i I`w dnr tab Wrb`tfbct nd Ouvbchib Nddbcgbrs? Wahs i`w hcliugbsgbt`hchcm `cg sbcghcm ouvbchibs tn spblh`ihzbg gbtbcthnc lbctbrs. D`fhihbs `rb rbquhrbg tn

p`rthlhp`tb hc tab rbp`hr nd tab g`f`mb l`usbg ky tab fhcnr, `cg `gnibslbcts mn tarnuma

` prnlbss wabrb ht hs lncliugbg wa`t bgul`thnc`i fb`surbs (b.m. `gfnchthncs: w`rchcms:

nllup`thnc`i tabr`py) `cg prntblthvb fb`surbs (b.m. prnahkhthnc drnf vhshthcm lbrt`hc

pi`lbs, grhvhcm) `rb `ppihl`kib.

Ancgur`s, Lngb nd tab Lahiganng `cg tab @gnibslbclb? Ancgur`s Lngb rbmui`tbs tabdniinwhcm trb`tfbct `ppihl`kib tn ouvbchib nddbcgbrs? muhg`clb `cg snlh`i `cg d`fhiy

suppnrt, w`rchcms, hfpnshthnc nd ruibs nd lncgult, prnvhshnc nd sbrvhlbs tn tab

lnffuchty, nkihm`thnc tn rbp`hr ` g`f`mb, lnfpuisnry rbshgbclb hc ` p`rthlui`r pi`lb,

prnk`thnc, sbfh-ihkbrty, `cg gbtbcthnc `s i`st rbsnurlb.

Lninfkh`,Lngb nd tab Hcd`cly `cg tab @gnibslbclb

?Lninfkh` a`s bst`kihsabg ta`t tab

s`clthncs `ppihl`kib tn ouvbchib gbihcqubcts `rb? w`rchcms, hfpnshthnc nd ruibs nd lncgult,

prnvhshnc nd lnffuchty sbrvhlbs, prnk`thnc, pi`lbfbct hc tab sbfh-linsbg d`lhihthbs, `cg

gbtbcthnc hc spblh`ihzbg lbctbrs. Ht hs hcghl`tbg ta`t sula fb`surbs fust kb sbrvbg ky tab

C`thnc`i D`fhiy ]bid`rb \ystbf, ihcjbg tn tab bgul`thnc systbf, `cg supbrvhsbg ky `

ougmb.

Tbcbzubi`, Nrm`chl I`w dnr tab Urntblthnc nd Lahigrbc `cg @gnibslbcts?Dniinwhcm tabs`fb p`ttbrc ta`t wb s`w hc tab prbvhnus lnuctrhbs, Tbcbzubi` a`s hcsthtutbg tabsb

s`clthncs dnr ouvbchib nddbcgbrs? rbprhf`cg: hfpnshthnc nd ruibs nd lncgult: lnffuchty

sbrvhlb, prnk`thnc, sbfh-ihkbrty: `cg gbtbcthnc `s i`st rbsnurlb.

@s wb l`c sbb, ghddbrbct ibmhsi`thncs hc @fbrhl` `mrbb nc mhvhcm ` spblh`i trb`tfbct tn ouvbchib

gbihcqubcts: `ii tansb bx`fpibs bxtr`ltbg drnf tab rbdbrrbg ibmhsi`thncs hcliugb tab hgb` ta`t

fhcnrs fust anig rbspncshkhihty dnr tab hiibm`i `lthncs taby lnffht, kut tab fb`surbs

`ppihl`kib gn cnt prbvbct tabf drnf a`vhcm tabhr gbvbinpfbct`i cbbgs s`thsdhbg, kut lrb`tb `

sp`lbs wabrb tabrb `rb fnrb nppnrtuchthbs tn `ttbcg tabf.

LNCLIR\HNC\

0. Wab ouvbchib ousthlb systbfs `rb ruibg ky tab prhclhpib nd tab kbst hctbrbst ndtab lahig hc nrgbr tn `ssurb ta`t bvbry `ltnr nd tahs spblh`i ousthlb systbf t`jb

ibm`i `lthncs rbi`tbg tn lahigrbc `cg `gnibslbcts `llnrghcm tn wa`t hs fnrb

kbcbdhlh`i tn tabhr wbii-kbhcm `cg bvniuthnc.

;. Wab ghvbrshnc systbfs `rb tab kbst npthnc tn turc tab prhclhpib nd tab kbsthctbrbst nd tab lahig hctn ` rb`ihty. Gbvh`thcm ynucm pbnpib drnf cbm`thvb

bxpbrhbclbs whtahc tab ouvbchib ousthlb systbf tn spblh`i fb`surbs k`sbg hc

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tab ucgbrst`cghcm ta`t ynuta a`s p`rthlui`r bfnthnc`i `cg payshl`i cbbgs

kbl`usb nd tabhr mrnwhcm, nddbrs tab nppnrtuchty cnt nciy tn f`jb tabf anig

rbspncshkhihty dnr tabhr `lthncs, kut `isn tn kblnfb duclthnc`i lhthzbcs

tarnuma psylaninmhl`i trb`tfbcts, bgul`thvb prnmr`fs, rbstnr`thvb `lthncs,

`cg d`fhiy `cg lnffuc`i hcvnivbfbct hc tabhr mrnwta.